Minority-owned banks and credit unions, classified as Minority Depository Institutions (MDIs) by government agencies, are financial institutions where most board members or stockholders are people of color.
MDIs play a crucial role in helping underserved communities. While such institutions don’t solely lend to minorities, they tend to provide more loans and accounts to minority communities than non-minority-owned banks do, according to data from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. This is particularly important because members of minority communities, like African Americans, often lack access to financial services and are typically underserved by financial institutions.
Supporting Black-owned or Black-led financial institutions and lenders by doing business with them can help minority communities economically.
Black-owned and Black-led auto lenders
Note that the lenders are listed alphabetically.
Adelphi Bank
Primary location(s): Columbus, Ohio
Good for: Borrowers in Franklin County, Ohio, who want to bank with an institution that empowers the local community. Note that Adelphi is a newer institution that primarily provides commercial lending and, according to a spokesperson for the bank, has only approved a handful of auto loans thus far.
Alamerica Bank
Primary location(s): Birmingham, Alabama
Good for: Residents of Birmingham, Alabama, with great credit scores. Alamerica only provides auto loans under exceptional conditions, and applicants must have good credit scores to apply. The bank does not offer prequalification and does not provide refinance loans.
Andrews Federal Credit Union
Primary location(s): Maryland, New Jersey, Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C.
Good for: Military service members based on the East Coast. The credit union also serves nonmilitary personnel who meet other eligibility requirements, like working for one of its employer groups. In addition to loans for traditional vehicles, AFCU offers financing for new and used boats, motorcycles and recreational vehicles (RVs).
Citizens Trust Bank
Primary location(s): Alabama and Georgia
Good for: Veterans and first-time car buyers in Alabama and Georgia. Citizens also offers auto refinance loans. While any U.S. resident can apply for a credit card with the credit union, only residents of Georgia or Alabama can apply for consumer loans, like auto loans, through the institution.
Commonwealth National Bank
Primary location(s): Mobile, Alabama
Good for: Residents of Mobile, Alabama, who want to borrow from a local institution. The bank provides loans for all borrowers, with a particular focus on serving its historically underserved African American community. Commonwealth National Bank offers vehicle loans for up to 90% of the vehicle’s value, according to a spokesperson for the bank, and also offers auto loans for motorcycles, motor homes, campers, travel trailers, boats, personal water-crafts and more.
Democracy Federal Credit Union
Primary location(s): Maryland, Virgina and Washington, D.C.
Good for: Borrowers in the D.C. metro area who want a variety of auto loan options and the benefits of credit union membership. In addition to new and used purchase loans, the credit union offers refinance loans and lease buyout loans. Democracy also offers additional benefits like GAP insurance and an auto advantage program that extends borrowers’ manufacturer warranties.
First Independence Bank
Primary location(s): Detroit, Michigan, and Minneapolis, Minnesota
Good for: Detroit or Minneapolis applicants seeking a preapproved car loan with a local bank.First Independence provides car loans as well as financing for recreational vehicles like campers, motorcycles, motor homes, snowmobiles and travel trailers.
First Security Bank and Trust Company
Primary location(s): Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Good for: Auto loan borrowers in Oklahoma City who want to support the institution’s mission of serving minority communities in the area. The bank gives new and used car loans, as well as refinancing loans.
Primary location(s): Chicago, Illinois
Good for: Individuals who live in Chicago’s South Side community. The bank’s website notes that it aims to serve communities outside of Chicago, in Illinois and nationwide, in the future.
Hope Federal Credit Union
Primary location(s): Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Tennessee
Good for: Borrowers in these southern states with limited or no credit history looking for flexible auto loan terms. Hope also provides financing for RVs, boats and all-terrain vehicles.
Good for: Borrowers in primary locations that the bank serves seeking flexible new and used-car auto loans. Consumers can apply for a Liberty auto loan online or at a local branch. Some of the bank’s auto loan features include the ability to make fixed monthly payments, no prepayment penalty and a credit decision within hours of application.
Mechanics & Farmers Bank
Primary location(s): North Carolina
Good for: North Carolina borrowers who want to buy new or used cars between $7,500 and $75,000. The bank also offers auto loan refinancing. M&F has an “Outstanding” Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) rating from the FDIC, which means that it has maintained a record of meeting the needs of the low to moderate-income communities that it serves.
Municipal Employees Credit Union
Primary location(s): Maryland
Good for: Auto loan applicants in the greater Baltimore region wanting the convenience of an online car buying service and the benefits of credit union membership. Municipal members can use its online vehicle shopping service AutoSMART to search for and compare new and used cars at dealers near them. The credit union provides financing for new and used cars, as well as auto refinance loans.
Optus Bank
Primary location(s): Columbia, South Carolina
Good for: South Carolina residents, particularly those who are historically underserved people and those who were previously unbanked or underbanked.
SecurityPlus Federal Credit Union
Primary location(s): Baltimore and Ownings Mill, Maryland
Good for: Applicants who want flexible auto loan terms and rate discounts. The credit union provides new and used car loans with loan terms ranging from less than 12 months up to 84 months. SecurityPlus also features a 0.25% APR discount for setting up automatic payments.
St. Louis Community Credit Union
Primary location(s): St. Louis County, Missouri
Good for: Applicants in St. Louis County seeking a variety of auto lending options. The credit union offers new and used car loans, both external and internal refinance loans, as well as cash-out refinancing, private party loans and lease buyout loans.
Unity National Bank of Houston
Primary location(s): Texas and Georgia
Good for: Individuals in the bank’s service areas who want a preapproved auto loan from a local institution.
Methodology:We created this index of auto lenders based on lists of “minority depository institutions,” or MDIs, from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. and the National Credit Union Administration. The FDIC considers a bank or financial institution to be a MDI if at least 51% of its stockholders are “minority individuals” or most of its board of directors and the community it serves are minorities. The NCUA considers a credit union to be a MDI if more than 20% of its current members, board members and community it serves are Asian American, Black American, Hispanic American or Native American.
The American Bankers Association reported Thursday that late payments on a bevy of consumer loans rose to their highest point since the economy was grappling with a recession in 2001.
The group’s data revealed that the delinquency rate on a composite of consumer loans rose to 2.44 percent in the third quarter, up markedly from the 2.27 percent in the previous quarter.
The composite delinquency rate, which covers eight loan categories, was at its highest level since a 2.51 percent rate in the second quarter of 2001.
The ABA attributed some of the increase to rising oil prices and homeowner’s inability to keep up with mortgage payments.
“Consumer loans directly related to the housing market were hit the hardest,” said James Chessen, chief economist at the American Bankers Association.
“We anticipate delinquency rates will continue to rise on these types of loans in the fourth quarter of 2007, reflecting continued weakness in the housing sector.”
Late payments on home equity lines of credit climbed to 0.84 percent in the third quarter, up from 0.77 percent in the second quarter, marking the highest level since the final quarter of 1997.
Additionally, the delinquency rate on home equity loans in the third quarter rose to 2.28 percent from 1.99 percent in the prior quarter, marking a two-year high.
“My concern is that delinquencies will continue to rise, because the housing problem will worsen, and disposable income will not stretch as far,” he added. “Lenders will need to take a second or third look at any consumer loans they make.”
Interestingly, the delinquency rate on credit cards dropped to 4.18 percent in the third quarter, down from 4.39 percent in the second quarter, contrasting recent views that suggest credit cards are the next big bust.
The survey is based on information supplied by more than 300 banks nationwide, and a payment is considered delinquent if 30 or more days past due.
Most people in the US have at least one credit card. These cards are a popular, convenient way to pay for items as you go about your day, tapping and swiping. They can also allow you to buy items that you can’t afford to pay for in one fell swoop, such as airfare to Hawaii or a new laptop.
But they have downsides, too; perhaps most notably, their high interest rates. At the end of 2023, one analysis found that the average interest rate was nudging close to 25%; two years earlier, the rate was hovering around 15%. That’s a considerable increase.
Here, you’ll learn more about how and why credit card payments can balloon as interest rates rise. You’ll also read advice on keeping your credit card in check, which can benefit your financial wellness.
How Interest Is Calculated
If you’re confused by all of the fine print that accompanies a credit card offer or the thought of an annual percentage rate (APR) calculation makes you wince, you probably aren’t the only one. To understand how rising rates can affect your credit card payment, it helps to understand a bit about how credit card interest is calculated.
• First, there are two types of consumer loans: installment loans and revolving credit. A mortgage, student loan, or car loan are all examples of installment loans. With an installment loan, the borrower is loaned an amount of money (called the principal), plus interest to be paid back over a designated amount of time.
• Revolving credit, on the other hand, is not a loan disbursed in one lump sum, but is a certain amount of credit to be used by the borrower continuously, up to a designated limit. A credit card is revolving credit. A borrower’s monthly payment is determined by how much of the available credit they are using at any given time; therefore, minimum payments may change from month to month.
Installment credit is sometimes easier than revolving credit to understand and calculate. First, installment loans often come with fixed rates, which means that the interest rate doesn’t change (unless you miss payments). For example, the rate on a federal student loan or a 30-year fixed mortgage won’t change, even if government-set interest rates shoot to the sun.
Revolving credit almost often has a variable rate, which means that the interest rate applied to the credit balance fluctuates.
The average rate on credit cards is quoted as an annual percentage rate, or an APR. The APR is the approximate interest rate that a borrower will pay in one year. Why approximate? The prime rate could fluctuate based on when the Fed changes the federal fund target rate. 💡 Quick Tip: Need help covering the cost of a wedding, honeymoon, or new baby? A SoFi personal loan can help you fund major life events — without the high interest rates of credit cards.
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How Credit Card Interest Rates Change
Generally, when the Fed raises the federal funds rate, it can slow economic growth because it dissuades banks from lending money — and discourages consumers from borrowing at a subsequently higher interest rate. Raising rates is also used as a technique to combat rising inflation.
While this may be a normal and natural part of an economic cycle, rising rates can be frustrating for anyone who is currently carrying a credit card balance.
Credit card interest rates have risen as a result of 11 rate hikes enacted by the Federal Reserve (the Fed) since March 2022. Although the Fed does not control interest rates on credit cards directly, credit card interest rates are often pegged against the prime rate, which changes with the federal funds rate.
What Does a Rising Prime Rate Mean for Credit Card Holders?
A change in interest rates is likely to impact anyone with a variable rate on their credit card balance. When the Fed raises federal funds interest rates, it can be expected that credit card interest rates may follow.
How much would your credit card interest rate increase? It depends on your credit card. Generally, credit cards move in sync with rate hikes, which usually happen in quarter-percent increments.
However, the Fed has said, as of the end of 2023, that they don’t plan to raise rates further in the immediate future.
How to Combat a High Credit Card Bill
Here are some ideas for battling a high credit card bill and potentially paying less in interest over time:
1. Pay More Than the Minimum Payment
If at all possible, pay off as much of your credit card balance as you can each month. Making payments greater than the minimum amount due can help reduce your balance. The faster you can work on reducing the actual principal balance on your credit card, the less interest you’ll likely pay. If you only pay your credit card’s minimum payment, you may wind up in debt longer and paying more interest in the long run.
2. Switch to a Balance Transfer Card
Balance transfer credit cards typically have 0% APR introductory offers lasting for several months to a couple of years. If you’re serious about getting rid of your debt, you could transfer your debt over to one of these cards and then actively work on paying off the debt while you’re not paying interest.
If you do this, make sure to look for a card that has no transfer fee. Beware: If the root of the problem is actually overspending, this will not be a good long-term solution. Sometimes, 0% APR cards have interest rates that jump up dramatically after the trial period is over. And the 0% APR may no longer apply if you make a new purchase on the card.
3. Negotiate a Lower Rate
You might be surprised to find out that a credit card rate can be negotiable. It may be worth giving your credit card company a call and seeing whether they can reduce your rate.
When talking to the person on the other end of the line, explain your situation, be kind to them, and see what happens. Again, this isn’t a permanent solution or a guaranteed outcome, but it could help give you a leg-up on the payback journey.
4. Sign up for Credit Counseling
You might benefit from professional credit counseling to help with your credit card debt. The National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC) is a nonprofit organization that offers free and affordable advice for people who are struggling to manage debt on their own. If you’re unable to envision a path to paying down debt, it could be a good idea to ask for assistance.
5. Consider a Personal Loan
One tactic to consider in an environment where prime interest rates are rising is paying off credit card balances with a fixed-rate unsecured personal loan.
These are sometimes referred to as “debt consolidation loans” and allow a qualified borrower to pay off high-interest debt, such as credit cards, with this lower-rate personal loan. With a fixed-rate personal loan, the rate never changes (as long as payments are made on time), and it helps provide the borrower with a defined plan to pay off the debt.
If you decide to go this route, it’s a good idea to shop around to ensure that you’re getting a fair rate. You can get a personal or debt consolidation loan from banks, credit unions, and online lenders.
To compare estimated personal loan interest charges to credit card interest charges, you can use a tool like a personal loan calculator.
Shopping for a Personal Loan
Each lender sets its own terms for making these types of loans, so be sure to ask lots of questions about rates, terms, and fees.
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2023 winner for Best Online Personal Loan overall.
SoFi Loan Products SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .
Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
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Banks and mortgage lenders have tightened their underwriting guidelines for all types of home loans amid the ongoing credit crunch, according to the quarterly loan officer survey released today by the Fed.
The so-called “Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey”, based on responses from 56 domestic banks and 23 foreign banking institutions, found that roughly 55 percent of domestic respondents felt their banks were tightening lending standards, up from 40 percent in October.
And of the 39 banks that originated so-called nontraditional residential home loans, about 85 percent reported tougher lending standards on such loans over the past quarter, up from 60 percent in October.
The survey also found that five of the seven banks that originated subprime mortgages said they had tightened their lending standards, a similar proportion to the previous poll.
Home Loan Demand Down, Delinquencies to Rise
About 60 percent of domestic respondents indicated that demand for prime residential home loans had declined in the past three months, while 70 percent noted weaker demand for nontraditional and subprime mortgages during the same period.
And 35 percent of domestic banks reported weaker demand for home equity lines of credit over the past three months, likely because 60 percent of domestic respondents indicated that they had tightened their lending standards on such loans.
Regarding expected delinquencies tied to residential real estate loans, roughly 70 to 80 percent of domestic respondents expect the quality of their prime, nontraditional, and subprime residential mortgage loans, as well as of their revolving home equity loans, to deteriorate in 2008.
While about 70 percent of domestic respondents expect deterioration in the quality of both credit card accounts and other consumer loans.
With regard to loss mitigation, more than 85 percent of respondents expect individual loan modifications based on borrowers’ circumstances to be a somewhat significant strategy at their banks, though nearly two-thirds believe short sales or deed-in-lieu of foreclosures will be just as significant.
A lesser 35 percent expect streamlined loan modifications like those proposed by the Hope Now Alliance to be at least a somewhat significant loss-mitigating strategy for their banks.
Federal Reserve left its key short-term interest rate unchanged again Wednesday, hinted that rate hikes are likely over and forecast three cuts next year amid falling inflation and a cooling economy.
That’s more rate cuts than many economists expected.
The decision leaves the Fed’s benchmark short-term rate at a 22-year high of 5.25% to 5.5% following a flurry of rate increases aimed at subduing the nation’s sharpest inflation spike in four decades. The central bank has now held its key rate steady for three straight meetings since July.
That provides another reprieve for consumers who have faced higher borrowing costs for credit cards, adjustable-rate mortgages and other loans as a result of the Fed’s moves. Yet Americans, especially seniors, are finally reaping healthy bank savings yields after years of paltry returns.
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Will the Fed raise interest rates again?
The central bank didn’t rule out another rate increase as it downgraded its economic outlook for next year while lowering its inflation forecast. In a statement after a two-day meeting, it repeated that it would assess the economy and financial developments, among other factors, to determine “the extent of any additional (rate hikes) that may be appropriate to return inflation to 2% over time.”
Fed Chair Jerome Powell said at a news conference, noting the Fed’s key rate is “at or near its peak.”
while the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at a record high after rising 1.4% following the Fed’s signals that it’s probably done lifting rates and is forecasting three cuts next year. The 10-year Treasury was down to about 4% from 4.21% on Tuesday.
Last month, Powell said high Treasury yields, if persistent, likely would constrain the economy and require fewer Fed rate increases,
In its statement Wednesday, however, the central bank didn’t acknowledge the recent decline in Treasury yields, suggesting yields are still relatively high and could spike again, crimping the economy.
“Tighter financial and credit conditions for households and businesses are likely to weigh on economic activity, hiring and inflation,” the Fed said, repeating the language of its previous statement.
Is inflation really slowing down?
The Fed’s middle-ground approach may have been cemented Tuesday by a mixed report on the consumer price index. The good news was that overall inflation barely budged in November amid falling gasoline prices, pushing down annual price gains to 3.1% from 3.2%, still well above the Fed’s 2% goal.
The Federal Reserve System is the U.S.’s central bank.
When does the Fed meet again?
The first Federal Reserve meeting of the new year will be from Jan. 30 through 31.
Federal reserve calendar
Jan. 30-31
March 19-20
April 30- May 1
June 11-12
July 30-31
Sept. 17-18
Nov. 6-7
Dec. 17-18
The U.S. economy was strong in the third quarter as consumers continued to spend despite high interest rates and inflation.
The value of all services and products generated in the U.S., or GDP, rose at a seasonally adjusted 4.9% for the year in the months spanning July to September, according to the Commerce Department. That was more than twice the 2.1% increase in the previous quarter and the most aggressive pace of growth since the end of 2021 when the economy surged back from a recession sparked by the pandemic.
a recession over the next year, down from the 61% odds forecast in May.
Barclays predicted a loss of roughly 375,000 jobs by the middle of next year. But consumer spending remains robust despite high inflation and interest rates that are making credit card use and consumer loans more expensive. And that may help stave off a recession, says Barclays economist Jonathan Millar.
What does FOMC stand for?
The FOMC is the Federal Open Market Committee, the voting body responsible for setting interest rates. The 12-member committee includes seven members of the Board of Governors and five of the 12 Reserve Bank presidents.
What causes inflation?
Inflation can have many roots. Typically, it’s caused by “a macroeconomic excess of spending over the economy’s relative ability to produce goods and services,” said Josh Bivens, the director of research at the Economic Policy Institute, a left-leaning think tank based in Washington D.C.
That means more people are wanting items and services than there is adequate supply, leading producers to raise prices.
“If everyone in the economy, tomorrow, decided they weren’t going to save any money from their paychecks, and they’re just going to spend every last dollar out of the blue, they would all run to the stores and try to buy things,” Bivens said. “But, producers haven’t produced enough to accommodate that big surge of across-the-board spending. So, you would see prices bid up.”
Inflation can also happen when there are too few producers, or there aren’t enough employees to provide the coveted products and services, Bivens said.
Finally, economies also have some “built-in inflation” to help keep inflation in check. In the U.S., that target is 2%, meaning businesses can raise prices 2% annually year and that shouldn’t overburden consumers. That’s also the typical cost of living raise offered by employers.
Inflation meaning
Inflation is the term for a “generalized rise in prices,” according to Josh Bivens, head of research at the Economic Policy Institute, a left-leaning think tank based in Washington D.C.
Everything from food to rent can become costlier due to inflation. But it is the overall impact that determines what the inflation rate actually is.
“Inflation, though, really is meant to only refer to all goods and services, together, rising in price by some common amount,” Bivens said. The Federal Reserve’s inflation goal is 2%, which means businesses can hike prices by 2% a year and that shouldn’t cause consumers financial distress. Cost of living increases to workers’ pay are also expected to meet that target to ensure consumers can adequately deal with the rising costs of goods and services.
What is CPI?
In November, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) ‒ a measure of the average shift in prices for different products and services ‒ was 3.1%, down slightly from the month before.
Annual inflation is down dramatically from the 9.1% in June 2022 that marked a 40-year high but remains above the 2% target the Fed sees as the level that signals the rate of price increases is under control.
Why is CPI important?
The Federal Reserve watches two key aspects of the economy, price stability and maximum employment, and those are the main factors it takes into account for its interest rate decisions. The CPI is a primary measure the Fed looks at to help determine if prices are “stable.’’
What is the difference between CPI and core CPI?
Core prices don’t count the volatile costs of food and energy items, giving a more accurate window into longer-term trends.
Are wages going up in 2024?
If you’re deemed a top performer at a company that is offering raises, you’ve got a pretty good chance of getting a pay boost next year.
About 3 out of four business leaders told ResumeBuilder.com they intended to give raises. But half of those company executives said only 50% or less of their staff members would see a pay hike, and 82% of the raises would hinge on performance. For those who do manage to get the salary boost, 79% of employers said the pay hikes would be greater than those given in recent years.
Are U.S. Treasury yields rising?
Not recently.
The 10-year Treasury yield was above 5% in November when the Fed kept rates steady for the second consecutive month the first time it had left the key rate unchanged two months in a row in almost two years.
That led to mortgage rates spiking to almost 8% and pushed up other borrowing costs for consumers and businesses. Stocks meanwhile sank close to a recent low, leading Fed Chair Jerome Powell to say such financial pressures could achieve the same cooling effect on the economy as additional rate hikes.
But in the following weeks, 10-year Treasury yields dipped to 4.2% and stocks rebounded. That might make the Fed resist rate cuts in case the economy heats up and causes the broader dip in prices “to stall at an uncomfortably elevated level,” Barclays says.
Barclays and Goldman Sachs forecast that rate cuts won’t happen until the spring, and that there will be only two, to a range of 4.75% to 5%, with more cuts implemented in the next two years.
When will inflation go back to normal?
It may take a little while.
Inflation’s decline likely “won’t show much progress in coming months,” Barclays wrote in a research note.
Overall price hikes have eased significantly since peaking at 9.1% in June 2022, a four-decade high. And in October, broader inflation as well as core prices experienced a dip, leading to a lower 10-year Treasury yield.
But core prices, which exclude the volatile costs of food and energy, will probably rise 0.3% each of the next three months, Goldman Sachs says. Used cars and furniture have been getting cheaper as the supply-chain shortages of the pandemic end. Meanwhile, health care, auto repairs, car insurance and rent continue to get more expensive, as employers pay higher wages to attract workers amid a labor shortage lingering from the global health crisis.
What is core inflation right now?
Core prices, which leave out the more volatile costs of food and energy, bumped up 0.3% in November, slightly more than the 0.2% uptick seen the previous month. That kept the yearly increase at 4%, the lowest rate since September 2021.
New inflation tax brackets
Inflation may also impact the amount of taxes you have to pay.
The Internal Revenue Service said in its annual inflation adjustments report that there will be a 5.4% bump in income thresholds to reach each new level in next year’s tax season.
In 2024, the lowest rate of 10% will apply to individuals with taxable income up to $11,600 and joint filers up to $23,200. The top rate of 37% will apply to individuals earning over $609,350, and married couples filing jointly who make at least $731,200 a year.
The IRS makes these adjustments annually, using a formula based on the consumer price index to account for inflation and stave off “bracket creep,” which happens when inflation shifts taxpayers into a higher bracket though they’re not seeing any real rise in pay or purchasing power.
The 2024/25 increase is less than last year’s 7% increase, but much more than recent years when inflation was below the current 3.1% inflation rate.
Will Social Security get a raise because of inflation?
Yes, but it will be a lot less than what recipients received in 2023.
The cost-of-living adjustment, or COLA, to Social Security benefits will be 3.2% next year. That’s roughly one-third of the 8.7% increase given in 2023, which marked a forty-year high.
The 2024 COLA hike is above the average 2.6% raise recipients have received over the past two decades, but seniors remain concerned about being able to pay their expenses as well as the increasing possibility Social Security benefits will be reduced in coming years, according to a retirement survey of 2,258 people by The Senior Citizens League, a nonprofit seniors group.
How does raising rates lower inflation?
The federal funds rate is what banks pay each other to borrow overnight. If that rate increases, banks usually pass along that extra cost, meaning it becomes more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow as rates rise on credit cards, adjustable rate mortgages and other loans. That’s why the funds rate is the key mechanism used by the Federal Reserve to calm inflation.
Simply put, companies and consumers don’t borrow as much when loans cost them more, and that means an overheated economy can cool and inflation may dip.
Will credit card interest rates continue to rise this holiday season?
The Fed’s string of rate hikes, aimed at easing the highest inflation in four decades, are a big reason credit card interest rates have reached record highs just in time for the holiday season.
Some retail credit cards now charge more than 33% interest, topping a 30% threshold that stores and banks were previously able to bypass but seldom did – until now.
“They can charge that much,” said Chi Chi Wu, a senior attorney at the nonprofit National Consumer Law Center. “Credit cards can actually charge whatever they want. It’s a little-known fact.”
The domino effect of a high benchmark rate and soaring credit card interest could put many Americans in financial straits this holiday season.
Though some consumers are paring back to deal with high prices, rising debt and shrinking savings, the average shopper expects to spend $1,652 this year on holiday purchases, according to the consultancy Deloitte, more than was typically spent in the last three years.
A lot of the buying will be done with credit cards. In an October poll of 1,036 shoppers by CardRates.com, nearly 4 in 10 respondents said they intend to have holiday credit card debt in the new year.
The nation’s collective credit card debt was $1.08 trillion, at the end of September, a record high. And the average interest rate was 21%, the highest ever documented by the Federal Reserve.
Savings account impact of high rates
The upside to the Fed’s string of rate hikes has been that consumers were able to earn good interest on their savings for the first time in years. Even when the Fed leaves interest rates unchanged, savers can do well.
Unfortunately, most account holders aren’t making the most of that potential opportunity.
Roughly one-fifth of Americans who have savings accounts don’t know how much interest they’re earning, according to a quarterly Paths to Prosperity study by Santander US, part of the global bank Santander. Among those who did know their account’s interest rate, most were earning less than 3%.
But consumers have time to make a change that could enable them to make more from their savings.
“We’re still a long way from (the Fed) beginning to cut rates,” said Greg McBride, chief financial analyst at financial services platform Bankrate. “This is great news for savers, who will continue to enjoy inflation-beating returns in the top-yielding, federally insured online savings accounts and certificates of deposit. For borrowers, interest rates staying higher for a longer period underscores the urgency to pay down and pay off costly credit card debt and home equity lines.”
The string of Fed rate hikes that began in March 2022 has made it costlier for consumers to borrow as interest rates on credit cards and other loans increased dramatically.
At the same time, inflation has made daily needs more expensive, pushing more Americans to lean on credit cards to get by. But lenders have become more reluctant to issue new cards, so in the midst of the holiday season, more shoppers are seeking higher credit limits, experts say.
In October, the application rate for higher limits rose to 17.8% from 11.2% in the same month the previous year, and from 12.0% in 2019, New York Fed data showed.
For some consumers, a higher limit on a card they already have is about their only option.
“After COVID, inflation and interest rates went out of control … people have less emergency funds for car repairs or buying presents,” said Brandon Robinson, president and founder of JBR Associates, which specializes in retirement strategies. “What they’re doing is using more credit card utilization – over 30% or well over 50% of their credit card allowance – and then can’t get approved for another card because their credit rating is down.”
Inflation is leading more Americans to work multiple jobs
The number of Americans working at least two jobs is at its highest peak since before the COVID-19 pandemic, according to federal data, an uptick that may reflect the financial pressure people are feeling amid high inflation.
Almost 8.4 million people had multiple jobs in October, the Labor Department said, a figure that represents 5.2% of the laborforce, the highest percentage since January 2020.
“Paying for necessities has become more of a challenge, and affording luxuries and discretionary items has become more difficult, if not impossible for some, particularly those at the lower ends of the income and wealth spectrums,” Mark Hamrick, senior economic analyst at Bankrate, told USA TODAY in an email.
People may also be moonlighting to sock away cash in case they’re laid off since job cuts typically peak at the start of a new year.
What is the Federal Reserve’s 2024 meeting schedule? Here is when the Fed will meet again.
What is the mortgage interest rate today?
Mortgage rates are falling, so is it time to buy?
It depends.
First of all, the Fed doesn’t directly set mortgage rates, but its actions have an impact. For instance, when the central bank was steadily boosting its key rate, the yield on the 10-year treasury bond went up as well. Because those bonds are a gauge for the interest applied to an average 30-year loan, mortgage rates increased.
But over the past six weeks, mortgage rates have been declining, averaging 7% for a 30-year fixed mortgage. That’s down from almost 7.8% at the end of October, according to data released by Freddie Mac on Dec. 7.
That may be giving some wannabe homeowners the confidence to start house hunting. For the week ending Dec. 1, mortgage applications rose 2.8% from the prior week, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association.
“However, in the big picture, mortgage rates remain pretty high,” says Danielle Hale, senior economist for Realtor.com. “The typical mortgage rate according to Freddie Mac data is roughly in line with what we saw in August and early to mid-September, which were then 20 plus year highs.”
So, many potential buyers may still need to sit on the sidelines, waiting for rates to drop further, says Sam Khater, chief economist for Freddie Mac. Hale and many other experts believe mortgage rates will dip next year.
Interest rate projection 2024
The Fed is expected to cut interest rates next year, though markets and economists disagree about how many rate cuts there will be.
Futures markets forecast there will be four or five rate cuts in 2024, amounting to a quarter of a percentage point each. The cuts, they predict, should start by spring, and ultimately drop interest rates as low as 4% to 4.25%.
But core prices, which leave out the volatile costs of food and energy and are the metric followed more closely by the Fed, ticked up 0.3% in November, higher than the 0.2% increase the month before. That might make the Fed more hesitant to nip rates in the immediate future.
Goldman Sachs and Barclays expect there to be only two rate decreases in 2024. And Fed Chair Jerome Powell has cautioned in recent public remarks that it was “premature” to talk about rate cuts.
November inflation report
Inflation dipped slightly last month, with falling gas prices mitigating the impact of rising rents.
Consumer prices overall increased 3.1% from a year earlier, slightly below the 3.2% rise in October, according to the Labor Department’s consumer price index. That slower pace moves the inflation rate nearer to the level, reached in June, that was the lowest in over two years. Month over month, prices increased a slight 0.1%.
Core prices, however, which leave out the more erratic costs of food and energy and which are more closely monitored by the Fed, increased 0.3% in November after rising 0.2% the previous month. That means core inflation’s yearly increase remained at 4%, though it’s the lowest level since September 2021.
With an installment loan, you receive a lump sum of money up front and then pay it back (plus interest) in a series of fixed payments over the term of the loan. The repayment period can be several months to many years.
There are many types of installment loans, including personal loans, mortgages, and auto loans. Read on to learn exactly how these loans work, their pros and cons, and how they compare to revolving loans.
What Is an Installment Loan?
Simply defined, an installment loan is a type of loan that allows you to receive the full borrowing amount (loan principal) all at once and then repay it in fixed monthly installments over a set period (the loan’s term). Each installment consists of both principal and interest, and the loan term can range from a few months to several years.
Common examples of installment loans include car loans, mortgages, personal loans, and student loans.
Installment loans are also known as closed-ended loans (or closed-ended credit accounts). They differ from revolving loans, like credit cards, which are open-ended accounts. With an open-ended account, you can use and repay funds repeatedly for as long as the account remains open and in good standing.
How Do Installment Loans Work?
When you take out an installment loan, you immediately receive the principal. You then start paying it off — typically with interest — in regularly scheduled payments for a set number of weeks, months, or years. Once the loan is paid back in full, the account is closed.
To better understand how installment loans work, let’s consider an example:
Let’s say you need to borrow $10,000 to cover home repairs. You apply for a personal installment loan with a 5% annual percentage rate (APR) and a loan term of 3 years. If approved, you’ll receive the full $10,000 upfront. Over the next 36 months, you’ll make fixed monthly payments, including principal and interest, until the loan is fully repaid.
Pros and Cons of Installment Loans
To better understand if a personal installment loan is the right fit, let’s look at some pros and cons associated with this type of lending product.
Pros
Cons
Provides funds for a large purchase
Interest and fees add to your costs
Fixed payments help with budgeting
May have long repayment period
May have lower interest rates than other loan products
May need good credit to qualify
Pros
• Helps you cover a large expense Installment loans can give you quick access to the money you need for bigger purchases, such as a house, car, or home renovation.
• Predictable payments Interest rates are typically fixed and each loan payment is the same throughout the loan term, making budgeting easier.
• Structured repayment Installment loans have fixed repayment schedules, ensuring you know exactly when the loan will be paid off.
• Access to larger amounts Installment loans often allow for borrowing larger sums compared to other types of loans.
• Potential lower interest rates Depending on your creditworthiness, installment loans may offer lower interest rates than credit cards or payday loans.
Cons
• Interest costs Typically, borrowers need to pay interest on the loan amount, which adds to the total cost.
• Credit requirements Qualifying for installment loans may require a good credit score, making them less accessible for individuals with poor credit.
• Potential fees Some lenders may charge origination fees or prepayment penalties, so it’s essential to review the terms and conditions.
• Not open-ended It’s unlikely you’ll be able to add to your loan amount if you find you need more.
• Potentially long commitment Some installment loans come with long repayment terms, which means you must commit to making regular payments over a long period of time.
Installment Loans vs Revolving Credit
Installment loans work differently than revolving credit. With revolving credit, you don’t receive a lump sum of money up front and then pay it back (plus interest) on a set schedule. Instead, you get approved for a certain credit limit, then borrow what you need (up to your approved limit) as you need it. You only pay interest on what you borrow and, once you repay what you’ve borrowed, that money becomes available to borrow again.
Here’s a closer look at how installment loans compare to revolving credit.
Installment Loans
Revolving Credit
Payment structure
Fixed monthly payments
Minimum payment due varies monthly
Loan term
Predetermined
No fixed term
Interest charges
Interest applied to entire balance
Interest applied to outstanding balance
Credit limit
Borrow a lump sum up front
Pre-approved credit limit/td>
Interest rates
Tend to be lower
Tend to be higher
Types of Installment Loans
Installment loans are available for various purposes. Here are some common types.
Auto Loans
Car loans are a common type of installment loan. Typically, you make a down payment on a car, then take out an auto loan to cover the purchase price balance. You then make monthly fixed payments to the lender for the term of the loan, which can range anywhere from 24 to 84 months.
Mortgages
Mortgages are long-term installment loans used to finance the purchase of a home. You typically make a downpayment (say 20% of the home’s purchase price) and get a loan for the balance at an agreed-upon interest rate. Common mortgage loan terms are 15 or 30 years.
Personal Loans
Personal loans are typically unsecured installment loans that can be used for various purposes, such as debt consolidation, paying for a wedding, or making home improvements. You receive the funds in a lump sum and once you get the cash, you must make payments until the debt has been fully repaid. Terms can be anywhere from one to seven years.
Student Loans
Student loans are a type of installment loan that pay for college and related expenses (including tuition, fees, books, and living expenses). There are two types of student loans — federal and private student loans. Which type you get will determine how your interest rate is calculated and your repayment options.
Buy Now, Pay Later Loans
Buy now, pay later loans allow you to make purchases and pay them off over time, typically interest-free if repaid within a specific period, which is generally a few weeks. If you don’t repay the loan within the set term, however, you can end up paying high interest rates and fees.
Installment Loans and Credit Scores
The typical credit requirements to qualify for an installment loan vary among lenders. Generally, a higher credit score increases your chances of approval and may lead to more favorable loan terms, such as lower interest rates. Lenders may also consider factors like income, employment history, and debt-to-income ratio when evaluating your application.
The Takeaway
Installment loans can provide a helpful financing solution for various needs, offering predictable repayment schedules and the ability to borrow larger sums. However, it’s essential to carefully consider the pros and cons, compare different types of loans, and review credit requirements before applying.
Taking the time to understand installment loans will help you make informed decisions and choose the best financing option for your specific circumstances.
If you are thinking about using a personal installment loan to cover a large expense, you may want to consider a SoFi personal loan. SoFi personal loans offer competitive, fixed rates and a variety of terms. Checking your rate won’t affect your credit score, and it takes just one minute.
See if a personal installment loan from SoFi is right for you.
FAQ
Is there a difference between personal loans and installment loans?
Yes. Personal loans are a specific type of installment loan, but not all installment loans are personal loans. Installment loans, in general, refer to loans that are repaid in fixed monthly installments over a specific period. Personal loans, on the other hand, are installment loans that can be used for various purposes, such as debt consolidation or unexpected expenses.
Which consumer loans are installment loans?
Several types of consumer loans are considered installment loans. Some common examples include:
• Auto loans
• Mortgages
• Personal loans
• Student loans
• Buy now pay later loans
These loans are repaid in regular installments over a predetermined period.
Can installment loans hurt your credit score?
Installment loans can potentially impact your credit score. If you make timely payments and manage the loan responsibly, it can have a positive effect on your credit by demonstrating your ability to handle debt. If, on the other hand, you miss payments or default on the loan, it could negatively impact your credit. It’s important to pay each installment in full and on time to maintain a good credit score.
Photo credit: iStock/Delmaine Donson
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Federal student loan interest rates are set by Congress. Each spring, they determine the next school year’s interest rates based on the high yield of the last 10-year Treasury note auction in May. The new rates apply to loans disbursed between July 1 and June 30 of the next year.
For private student loans, the lender determines the interest rate, and it may vary depending on which financial institution you’re working with as well as your own financial profile. Unlike federal loans, the decision to change rates on a private student loan rate can happen more than once a year. A private lender might change rates monthly, quarterly, or annually — it’s up to them to decide.
If you already hold student loans, then the rates of those loans may or may not change. It depends on whether you have a federal or private loan, and if that loan has a variable or fixed interest rate.
Learn more here about the federal student loan interest rate in 2023-24, what’s being proposed for the future, and options you have if your loan has a variable interest rate.
Federal Student Loan Interest Rates Change Annually
Under a law adopted by Congress in 1993, the federal government pegged federal student loan interest rates to the longer-term US Treasury rates, and those interest rates are adjusted annually for new federal student loans.
Your interest rate will also depend on the type of loan you take out. Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans tend to have the lowest rates, while Direct PLUS loans have the highest. Sometimes, Congress will lower interest rates, but they raised them in 2022 and 2023. We won’t know federal student loan interest rates for the 2024-25 school year until May 2024.
Each year, the new rates take effect on July 1 and apply to federal student loans taken out for the following academic year. The federal student loan interest rates rose from the 2017–2018 to the 2018–2019 school years, but decreased for the 2019–2020 and 2020-2021 school years. For the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 school years, student loan interest rates increased again.
Note, though, that these changes only apply to new student loans. Once you’ve taken out a federal student loan, the rate of that loan will stay the same unless you pursue consolidation or refinancing. 💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.
Student Loan Rates for the 2023–2024 School Year
So what will student loan interest rates be in 2023?
For the 2023-2024 school year, the interest rate on Direct Subsidized or Unsubsidized loans for undergraduates is 5.50%, the rate on Direct Unsubsidized loans for graduate and professional students is 7.05%, and the rate on Direct PLUS loans for graduate students, professional students, and parents is 8.05%. The interest rates on federal student loans are fixed and are set annually by Congress.
In an effort to keep the interest rates on federal student loans from skyrocketing, Congress has set limits on how high-interest rates can go. Undergraduate loans are capped at 8.25%, graduate loans can’t go higher than 9.5%, and the limit on parental loans is capped at 10.5%. Since 2006, the highest interest rates reached for Direct Subsidized Loans and Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans was 6.8%. 💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.
Private Student Loan Rates Can Change at Any Time
Private student loans are from banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions, and they get to set the interest rates on the loans they disburse. Some private loans have fixed rates, which means you lock in an interest rate and it doesn’t change for the life of the loan. Other private loans have variable rates, which means the interest rate might go up and down over the course of the loan.
As of July 2023, financial institutions use Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) to help with pricing corporate and consumer loans, including business loans, student loans, mortgages, and credit cards.
Private lenders can raise or lower interest rates at any time, but any changes usually have to do with changes in the economy, such as the Federal Reserve deciding to raise or cut interest rates.
If Your Loan Has a Variable Interest Rate, a Hike Could Be in the Cards
If you take out a federal student loan, the loan’s interest rate is fixed. This means the interest rate stays the same over the life of the loan. But since you need to re-apply for federal aid every year you attend college, you may end up with four loans with four different interest rates.
When you apply for a private student loan or refinance an existing loan, borrowers can typically choose between a fixed and variable interest rate.
When you take out a private student loan, the original rate depends on your credit score, employment history, and current income level — among other factors, which vary by lender.
If your private loan has a variable rate, the rate may fluctuate as the economy changes. In the past year, the Federal Reserve has increased benchmark interest rates numerous times to try to help control inflation. Rates may rise again, but it’s impossible to say for certain.
Recommended: Student Loan Refinancing Guide
What to Do if You Have a Variable-Rate Loan
If your private student loan has a variable interest rate and you’re worried that interest rates might increase, you may have some options. Student loan refinancing involves taking out a new loan with a new interest rate. By refinancing, borrowers have the opportunity to make only one monthly payment instead of balancing multiple payments, and they may be able to lock in a fixed rate so they no longer have to be concerned with rate hikes.
Individuals whose financial situation has improved since originally borrowing their loan(s) may qualify for a lower interest rate.
The Takeaway
Should you refinance your student loans if you’re worried interest rates will change? If you have federal loans, you’ve already locked in a fixed interest rate so you don’t need to worry about interest rate changes. Plus, it’s important to remember that when federal student loans are refinanced, they are no longer eligible for federal borrower protections. But if you have a private loan with a variable interest rate, it may be worth exploring loan refinancing.
Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.
With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.
Student Loan Refinancing If you are a federal student loan borrower you should take time now to prepare for your payments to restart, including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. (You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.) Please note that once you refinance federal student loans, you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans, such as the SAVE Plan, or extended repayment plans.
SoFi Loan Products SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
PNC Bank issued pink slips to an undisclosed number of employees this week as part of its focus on controlling costs.
“As part of our strong focus on expense management, we have reviewed our organizational structure and have identified an opportunity to better position our company for long-term success. This includes a shift away from work not fully aligned to our strategic priorities and will result in a reduction in staffing levels in certain areas,” the company’s spokesperson said in an emailed statement.
While the spokesperson declined to comment further, an affected former employee’s LinkedIn post showed that her position would be eliminated on Dec. 1.
No Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) notices were submitted to the Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry. PNC is headquartered in Pittsburgh.
“We’re going to have to take a hard look at where we can generate savings in this company without cutting the potential for growth,” Bill Demchak, CEO of PNC, told analysts during its Q2 earnings call in July.
After setting a target to cut $400 million in expenses by 2023 at the beginning of the year, PNC increased that to $450 million in July.
PNC’s non-interest expense for the first half of 2023 was $6.7 billion, up from $6.4 billion during the same period in 2022.
HousingWire was unable to confirm which lines of business were affected, but it follows PNC’s layoffs in July when it made “limited organizational changes” within its mortgage and home equity groups, the spokesperson confirmed.
PNC has a retail banking business that covers residential mortgage, corporate and institutional banking and asset management.
The company reported total consumer loans of $101.8 billion, including residential mortgages, automobile, home equity and credit card loans in the first half of 2023, according to its 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Of the $101.8 billion in consumer loans, residential real estate loans took up 46% of the total volume at $46.8 billion in origination as of June 30.
PNC has 11,986 registered mortgage loan originators, according to the Nationwide Licensing System (NMLS).
Real estate investment trust Rithm Capital Corp has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Computershare Mortgage Services Inc. for about $720 million, the companies announced Monday. The deal includes the purchase of Specialized Loan Servicing LLC.
The deal represents the second major acquisition that New York-based Rithm, which operates NewRez, Caliberand other businesses, has announced in the past three months. In July, the company struck a deal to acquire Sculptor Capital Management Inc. for $639 million, leading to a dispute among the shareholders at the asset management firm.
Rithm’s deal with Computershare will add a mortgage servicing rights (MSR) portfolio of about $136 billion in unpaid principal balance (UPB) to the company. It includes $85 billion in third-party servicing and the Specialized Loan Servicing’s MSR portfolio.
“Our track record of acquisitions in the mortgage servicing space continues to deliver value not only for our shareholders but also for the millions of consumers we serve,” Michael Nierenberg, chairman, CEO and president of Rithm Capital, said in a statement.
Rithm expects to conclude the acquisition in the first half of 2024.
Following the deal’s closing, Specialized Loan Servicing portfolio and operations will be under Newrez, the 8th largest U.S. mortgage lender in the first six months of 2023, with a production of $17 billion in loans, per Inside Mortgage Finance data.
Newrez was also the fifth largest company in owned mortgage servicing in the second quarter, with a $540 billion MSR portfolio. Computershare Loan Services was No. 36, with $53 billion in total, according to the IMF data.
Rithm intends to use a mix of existing cash, available liquidity on the balance sheet and additional MSR financing to close the Computershare deal.
Rithm had 1.8 billion of total cash and liquidity to support its acquisitions at the end of the second quarter. From April to June, Rithm delivered a $357.4 million GAAP net income — higher than the $68.9 million the prior quarter.
So far this year, the company has also invested $145 million to purchase $1.4 billion of consumer loans from Goldman Sachs and purchased 371 newly built single-family rental properties from Lennar.
Federal student loan payments resuming on Oct. 1 will negatively affect consumer loan asset quality, including credit card, auto and, to a lesser extent, residential mortgages. However, the overall effect will be modest, according to a Moody’s Analytics report.
On Oct. 1, repayments are due to restart on Department of Education (DOE) federal student loans (Direct Student Loans), which began accruing interest again on Sept. 1.
In total, 24 million borrowers whose payments were suspended since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic will owe an average of $275 per month when federal student loan payments resume, per Moody’s Analytics estimates.
“As the interest burden on student debt increases, we expect the additional financial obligation will modestly strain borrowers’ ability to pay,” Moody’s analysts said in a report.
According to the analysts, job market conditions remain the primary driver of consumer loan performance. In August, the unemployment rate was 3.8%, compared to 3.5% in July. Although it’s a low rate by historical standards, unemployment is at its highest level since February 2022.
“Although student loans are non-dischargeable in bankruptcy, their priority in a consumer’s debt repayment hierarchy is low relative to the other major consumer debt classes,” Moody’s analysts said.
They added: “Borrowers are much more likely to prioritize servicing mortgage or auto loans and even credit cards since they stand to lose their house or car or access to credit or credit card rewards if they fall behind on such consumer loans.”
The report included data showing that delinquencies in major consumer debt classes are rising but are still at low levels.
For mortgage debt, the share of performing loans that were 30 or more days delinquent went from less than 2% in Q3 2021 to about 2.5% in Q2 2023. Credit card delinquencies jumped from 4% to about 7% in the same period. Meanwhile, auto loans rose from about 5% to 7%.