The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
A hard credit inquiry occurs when lenders look at your credit score after you apply for new credit. This process can temporarily reduce your score by a small amount. Inquiries can stay on your credit report for up to two years, but they typically only impact your score for the first six to 12 months.
If you’re wondering “what is a hard inquiry on my credit?” here’s a quick breakdown: a hard inquiry, also known as a “hard pull,” occurs when a potential lender reviews your credit report after you apply for new credit.
There are two types of credit inquiries: hard inquiries and soft inquiries. Hard inquiries stay on your credit report for up to two years and temporarily hurt your score, while soft inquiries have no impact.
Below, we’ll explore the nuances of hard credit inquiries and explain how credit repair services can help you improve your credit after it takes a hit.
Key takeaways:
Hard credit inquiries will cause your score to briefly dip.
Inquiries will stay on your credit report for 2 years, though they only affect your score for about 12 months.
FICO® will usually lump multiple inquiries of the same type together if they occur within a window of 14 to 45 days.
Table of contents:
What is a hard credit inquiry?
A hard credit inquiry is a formal request by another party to review your credit report. These requests usually come from potential lenders who want to vet your credit history before agreeing to offer you a loan. The process of looking into your credit report generates a hard inquiry.
Creditors do this to check that your credit profile meets their requirements and to look for negative items on your report, like late payments or charge-offs. The more negative items that appear on your credit report, the less likely you are to get approved for new loans or credit cards.
Hard inquiries typically occur when applying for:
Credit cards
Auto loans
Student loans
Personal loans
Mortgages
Apartment rentals
New phone or utility applications
What is a soft credit inquiry?
A soft credit inquiry is a check into your credit report that will not affect your credit score. While hard inquiries are thorough reviews of your credit history, soft inquiries are partial reviews that aren’t as extensive. For example, soft pull credit cards are typically sent in the mail by lenders who’ve already reviewed your report and preapproved you.
Soft inquiries typically occur when:
You access your credit report
You are preapproved for a credit card without request
A potential employer performs a background check
You apply for certain utilities and services
How much does a hard inquiry affect your credit score?
Typically, a single hard inquiry will not majorly impact your credit score. For example, one hard inquiry will usually decrease your credit score by a small amount, such as five to 10 points or less. When thinking about what affects your credit score, keep this in mind: new credit makes up 10 percent of your FICO credit score.
A hard credit inquiry impacts your credit score based on your credit history. FICO will usually lump multiple inquiries of the same type together if they occur within two weeks to 45 days, depending on the exact model being used. But be careful about applying for different kinds of credit in a short time span.
Hard inquiries may have a greater effect on your credit score if:
You have few or no credit accounts
You have a short credit history
You authorize many different inquiries within a short time
When do hard inquiries fall off your credit report?
A hard inquiry will stay on your credit report for two years, though it only usually impacts your credit score for about 12 months. Inquiries within the past six months affect your credit the most.
If your credit history is substantial, a few hard inquiries on your credit report will not likely have a significant impact over the two years they are on your account.
How to remove a hard inquiry from your credit report
Credit bureaus cannot remove accurate, authorized inquiries. However, you can dispute inaccurate information and unauthorized inquiries with the credit bureaus. Federal law will support credit disputes against inaccurate or suspicious information on your credit report.
Here is how you can initiate this process:
Frequently review your credit reports and challenge inaccurate or unfair items. In some cases, unauthorized hard inquiries could signal that you’ve experienced identity theft.
Write letters to credit bureaus. This is one of the first steps in the credit inquiry removal process. List all relevant information about the hard inquiry, including the date it occurred.
Wait for credit bureaus to investigate your dispute. Hard inquiries will be removed from your report if the credit bureau determines that an error has been made, which could help improve your credit.
You can contact the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau for issues concerning your credit reports, including the dispute of a hard inquiry.
Can you avoid hard credit inquiries?
It is difficult to avoid hard credit inquiries if you apply for a loan or credit card. However, hard inquiries generally don’t significantly impact your credit, so don’t let them worry you too much.
If you want to improve your credit after it has been affected by a hard inquiry, consider focusing on the other factors that play a role in determining your credit health. These factors include your payment history, your credit usage, the length of your credit history and your credit mix.
It may be easier to improve your credit by paying your bills on time, monitoring your credit card balances and clearing any collection accounts that may appear on your credit report rather than trying to avoid credit inquiries.
Work to recover from hard inquiries with Lexington Law Firm
Our credit scores can fluctuate vastly over time, but recovering from a hit is possible. Consider using our services to help you challenge inaccurate, unfair or invalid items with Experian®, Equifax® and TransUnion®. We can also help you learn more about responsible credit management to maintain your credit health moving forward.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Brittany Sifontes
Attorney
Prior to joining Lexington, Brittany practiced a mix of criminal law and family law.
Brittany began her legal career at the Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, and then moved into private practice. Brittany represented clients with charges ranging from drug sales, to sexual related offenses, to homicides. Brittany appeared in several hundred criminal court hearings, including felony and misdemeanor trials, evidentiary hearings, and pretrial hearings. In addition to criminal cases, Brittany also represented persons and families in a variety of family court matters including dissolution of marriage, legal separation, child support, paternity, parenting time, legal decision-making (formerly “custody”), spousal maintenance, modifications and enforcement of existing orders, relocation, and orders of protection. As a result, Brittany has extensive courtroom experience. Brittany attended the University of Colorado at Boulder for her undergraduate degree and attended Arizona Summit Law School for her law degree. At Arizona Summit Law school, Brittany graduated Summa Cum Laude and ranked 11th in her graduating class.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
Try to pay your credit card bill on or before the due date as often as possible. The due date is usually 20 to 25 days after your billing cycle ends.
Paying your credit card early can improve your credit. After your statement closes, your credit card issuer reports your balance to the main three credit bureaus (Equifax®, Experian® and TransUnion®). Paying your bill early lowers your overall balance, so the bureaus will see you using less credit in total.
If you’re wondering, “When should I pay my credit card bill?” know that it’s always best to pay as early as possible. According to the FICO® credit scoring model, credit utilization makes up 30 percent of your score. We’ll explain the factors that affect credit in more detail below and answer common questions about when to pay off your balances.
Key takeaways:
Making at least the minimum payment is good for your credit health.
Payment history and credit utilization make up 65 percent of your FICO credit score together.
Credit card grace periods usually last up to 25 days after a billing cycle ends.
Table of contents:
Why should I pay my credit card early?
To understand how paying a bill early could raise your score, you need to understand what factors affect your score and how your credit issuer reports to the credit bureaus.
The Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) uses a unique credit scoring system to issue a FICO credit score to every individual. FICO scores consist of the following five categories:
Payment history makes up around 35 percent of your score. Late payments can negatively affect your score, so paying your bill on time or early can help improve it.
Credit utilization accounts for 30 percent of your score and represents how much of your available credit you’re currently using. You should aim to use 1/3 of your credit or less (e.g., if you have a total credit limit of $9,000, try to keep your balance below $3,000.)
Age of credit reflects your total credit history, and it makes up roughly 15 percent of your score. Your oldest accounts will influence this factor the most.
Credit mix measures the variety of open credit accounts you have, and it makes up 10 percent of your score. Having several cards and an auto loan or mortgage can help.
New credit makes up the last 10 percent of your score, and it considers your applications for new lines of credit.
After your monthly statement is issued with your balance, you have a grace period before the payment is due—ranging from 21 to 25 days. During that time, your credit card provider will report your balance to the credit bureaus. If you pay your balance before your statement closes, the total listed balance will be lower. Moreover, credit bureaus will see your overall utilization as lower, which could increase your score.
However, paying your credit card bill early may work differently if your card has a balance each month. Instead of paying your next statement early, you’re making an extra payment on your balance. Therefore, you’ll likely still need to pay the minimum amount on your next statement, or your payment could be considered late.
Is it bad to pay off a credit card early?
It is never bad to pay your credit card bill early, but the benefits you receive from doing so may vary depending on your circumstances. For example, if you carry a balance on your credit card every month, you may need to adjust how you handle early payments.
It’s also important to separate facts from credit myths when planning out your debt repayment strategy.
If you do carry a balance on your card each month, keep the following in mind:
Your early payment may not count as your minimum payment. If you have a balance from a previous month, your early payment will count as an extra payment on your outstanding balance.
You may not save money on interest and fees by making an early payment. For example, if you’re charged based on your average daily balance, simply paying at the end of the month may not help much.
All that said, it’s still usually a good idea to pay down your credit card debt if you have the funds available to do so. When considering how to build credit, remember that consistent, timely payments can help you eliminate debt and qualify you for better loans and cards.
When is the best time to pay your credit card?
The best time to pay your credit card bill is before the payment is late. While you may benefit from paying your bill early, you’ll definitely see negative effects if you pay your bill late.
Paying early keeps your payment history intact and may help lower your overall utilization, while paying your bill more than 30 days late will likely lead to a negative item on your credit report. And if you neglect to pay long enough, your account could get sent to collections.
If you do start paying your credit card bill early, begin checking your credit report regularly to see how your balance is being reported to the credit bureaus. Over time, you should see your utilization drop and your credit improve.
Understand your credit with Lexington Law Firm
While sifting through your credit report, look for inaccurate information like fraudulent accounts, incorrect negative items or factual mistakes. Any of these inaccurate items could be hurting your credit, but you can challenge them with the right credit repair services.
Lexington Law Firm helps clients repair and monitor their credit. Learn more about our services, which can help you address incorrect marks on your credit report. Start by taking our free credit assessment today.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Sarah Raja
Associate Attorney
Sarah Raja was born and raised in Phoenix, Arizona.
In 2010 she earned a bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Arizona State University. Sarah then clerked at personal injury firm while she studied for the Law School Admissions Test. In 2016, Sarah graduated from Arizona Summit Law School with a Juris Doctor degree. While in law school Sarah had a passion for mediation and participated in the school’s mediation clinic and mediated cases for the Phoenix Justice Courts. Prior to joining Lexington Law Firm, Sarah practiced in the areas of real property law, HOA law, family law, and disability law in the State of Arizona. In 2020, Sarah opened her own mediation firm with her business partner, where they specialize in assisting couples through divorce in a communicative and civilized manner. In her spare time, Sarah enjoys spending time with family and friends, practicing yoga, and traveling.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
An authorized user is an individual added to a credit card by the owner of the account or primary cardholder. The authorized user, also referred to as the additional cardholder, can make purchases using the credit card, although the responsibility to make payments falls on the primary cardholder.
Building credit from scratch can be a difficult task, especially for those with limited credit knowledge. One way to get your feet wet with credit is by becoming an authorized user on someone else’s account. As an authorized user, you can leverage someone else’s positive credit habits to improve your own creditworthiness.
However, there are important factors to consider before becoming an authorized user yourself or adding an authorized user to your account. Read on to learn more.
Table of contents:
What is an authorized user?
An authorized user is a person added to someone else’s credit card account who has permission to make charges. The main user who owns the account is the primary cardholder, while an authorized user is sometimes referred to as an additional cardholder.
Who can be an authorized user?
Anyone can be an authorized user, provided they meet the card issuer’s requirements and the primary cardholder adds them to the account. Typically, the primary cardholder and authorized user have an established, trusted relationship.
Here are the most common scenarios where adding an individual to your account is beneficial.
Parent/child: Parents may add their children as authorized users to their account to help them build credit history and give them access to the line of credit for emergencies or family expenses.
Employer/employee: Business owners may add trusted employees as authorized users for business-related expenses.
Couples: Couples may designate one spouse as the primary cardholder and the other spouse as the authorized user, especially when one partner has a higher credit score than the other.
Is an authorized user responsible for credit card debt?
No, being an authorized user doesn’t make you responsible for paying credit card debt. While an authorized user can make purchases, payment responsibilities fall to the primary cardholder. Authorized users have no legal responsibility to make payments.
How does being an authorized user affect your credit?
Accounts you’re an authorized user of are typically included in your credit report, which can help you build credit history. Also known as piggybacking credit, this allows you to use the primary cardholder’s positive credit habits to build your credit.
While being an authorized user can help increase your credit score, it can also have the opposite effect. If the primary cardholder falls behind on payments or maintains a high credit utilization ratio, this can negatively impact your credit.
It’s important to note that not all credit card issuers report authorized user activity to the three major credit bureaus. Consider checking with the primary cardholder’s issuer before becoming an authorized user to make sure they report to the credit bureaus.
How to add an authorized user
To add an authorized user, reach out to your credit card company online, by phone or in-person. Your credit card company will likely require the authorized user’s name, address, birth date and Social Security number to add them to the account.
Once you add someone as an authorized user, your credit card company will mail you a second card that the authorized user can use, although you can decide whether or not you give it to them. Keep in mind that you don’t need to give the authorized user a physical card for them to receive the credit-building benefits.
Here are additional tips to remember when adding an authorized user:
Only add authorized users you trust since they will have access to your credit line.
If your credit card company offers this option, consider setting up spending limits for authorized users to prevent overspending.
Set up alerts to notify you when an authorized user makes a purchase.
How to remove an authorized user
You can easily remove an authorized user if your circumstances have changed. Similarly to adding an authorized user, just contact your credit card company and request the authorized user be removed from the account. Consider also contacting the authorized user to notify them that you’re removing them from the account.
Here are some circumstances in which you may want to remove an authorized user from your account:
There’s been a change in relationship: For example, if your partner is an authorized user on your account and you break up
The account has been misused: If an authorized user is overspending on your account and negatively affecting your finances. For example, if your teen’s spending habits are out of control
There are also scenarios in which you may want to remove yourself as an authorized user from someone else’s account, such as:
You achieved financial independence: If you’ve established a credit history and no longer need access to the account, consider removing yourself to manage your finances independently.
The primary cardholder’s poor credit habits are affecting your credit score: If the primary cardholder is falling behind on payments, your credit could also take a hit, so it’s best to cut ties.
Joint credit card vs. authorized user
A joint credit card allows two people to share one account equally. The main difference between an authorized user and a joint credit card is who is legally obligated to make payments. While both parties are responsible for paying debt on a joint card, an authorized user isn’t required to make payments.
Keep in mind that fewer credit card issuers are offering joint accounts since companies prefer that only one individual is liable for the account. Meanwhile, most credit card issuers offer the option to add authorized users.
Authorized user FAQ
Still unsure whether becoming an authorized user is right for you? We’ve answered some common questions below.
How old do you have to be to be an authorized user on a credit card?
Some credit card issuers have age requirements ranging from 13 to 16, while others have no minimum age requirement.
How long does it take for authorized user accounts to show on your credit report?
Authorized user accounts will typically appear on your credit report within 30 to 45 days after you’re added to the account, as long as your credit card issuer reports to the credit bureaus.
What is the difference between having a cosigner and becoming an authorized user?
A cosigner shares responsibility for repaying the debt, while an authorized user isn’t legally obligated to make payments.
Monitoring your credit as an authorized user
Becoming an authorized user is a great way to kick-start your credit journey. As you start to build credit, it’s important to monitor your credit and ensure that no inaccurate negative items are impacting your score.
When you sign up for a free credit assessment with Lexington Law Firm, you’ll receive your credit score, credit report summary and a credit repair recommendation. View your credit snapshot today.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Brittany Sifontes
Attorney
Prior to joining Lexington, Brittany practiced a mix of criminal law and family law.
Brittany began her legal career at the Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, and then moved into private practice. Brittany represented clients with charges ranging from drug sales, to sexual related offenses, to homicides. Brittany appeared in several hundred criminal court hearings, including felony and misdemeanor trials, evidentiary hearings, and pretrial hearings. In addition to criminal cases, Brittany also represented persons and families in a variety of family court matters including dissolution of marriage, legal separation, child support, paternity, parenting time, legal decision-making (formerly “custody”), spousal maintenance, modifications and enforcement of existing orders, relocation, and orders of protection. As a result, Brittany has extensive courtroom experience. Brittany attended the University of Colorado at Boulder for her undergraduate degree and attended Arizona Summit Law School for her law degree. At Arizona Summit Law school, Brittany graduated Summa Cum Laude and ranked 11th in her graduating class.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
You incur a balance transfer fee when you move an outstanding debt from one card to another. There’s usually a 3 to 5 percent charge for this procedure.
A balance transfer fee is a charge that occurs when you transfer an outstanding balance from one account to another. Balance transfer fees are based on the amount of money you’re attempting to migrate. Normally, fees are around 3 to 5 percent of your outstanding balance.
Boosting your comprehension of credit card terms and conditions, balance transfers and interest rates can help you avoid overpaying with balance transfer fees. This guide will explore these fees in detail and offer strategies to make the most of your credit cards without breaking the bank.
Key takeaways:
Balance transfer fees only apply if you have an outstanding card balance.
There’s usually a $5 or $10 minimum fee for balance transfers.
Fees can apply even if you transfer your balance to a card with zero percent interest.
Table of contents:
What is a balance transfer fee?
To help you better understand what a balance transfer fee is, we’ll break this term down:
Your balance refers to the amount of money that you’re currently borrowing from a lender.
A transfer results from asking a lender to move your balance from one account to another.
The fee kicks in as a charge for initiating that transfer—the cost of which is based on a percentage of the balance you’re transferring.
Balance transfer fees range from 3 to five percent of the amount you wish to transfer. The exact price will vary from one instance to the next, but you can find more specific information in your lender’s terms and conditions for balance transfers.
How do you avoid balance transfer fees?
Finding and using a card that doesn’t charge a fee is the most straightforward way to avoid balance transfer fees altogether. These cards may also have a 0 percent APR offer for a set amount of time, which can save you lots of money in the long run.
Another alternative to initiating a balance transfer is utilizing a debt consolidation loan. Rather than keep track of multiple accounts with varying interest rates, this option can help you consolidate credit card debt in one place. However, keep in mind that consolidation loans can have high requirements for applicants, and your accounts might be frozen while the process takes place.
Does a balance transfer hurt your credit score?
Initiating a balance transfer won’t affect your credit alone, though the result may cause your scores to fluctuate. One factor it may affect is your credit utilization, which compares your current balance against your total credit limit and makes up 30 percent of your FICO® credit score. Transferring funds to even out the balances on your credit cards can improve your credit utilization and positively affect your credit health. It’s best to aim for a credit utilization rate of less than 30 percent, if you can.
Conversely, applying for a new credit card typically triggers a hard inquiry on your credit profile, which can temporarily hurt your credit. Inquiries can stay on your credit report for up to two years, but they shouldn’t hurt your credit very much or for very long.
Lastly, the fee generated from initiating a balance transfer can take away from funds that you would’ve used to pay down a balance. Missing or being late on a payment can negatively impact your credit, as payment history makes up 35 percent of your FICO score.
Is a balance transfer fee worth paying?
Balance transfer fees are often worth it if you’re transferring money onto a card with low or no interest at all. Let’s say you currently have a card with a 30 percent APR and a balance of $1,000. If you have a 30-day billing cycle, that balance would generate $24.95 each cycle.
If you transferred that balance to a card with 0 percent APR, that balance would generate $0 each cycle for a one-time balance transfer fee of $30 to $50. In essence, balance transfer fees might be worth it if you have a balance that you’ll need to pay off over a long period.
How to find the right balance transfer credit card
The best balance transfer cards offer much more than a promotional 0 percent APR incentive. How these cards function long-term can also help you determine if they’re right for you. Below, we outline several important factors to keep in mind when shopping around for a balance transfer card.
Double-check your terms and conditions
The terms and conditions of a new credit card will outline a wealth of helpful information for you to keep in mind. You can typically find these documents digitally, or have them mailed to you. Here, you can see your card’s specific parameters for balance transfers along with your credit limit and APR.
Check if there are minimum balance transfer fees
As previously mentioned, balance transfers normally float between 3 and 5 percent of the transfer amount. However, minimum fees can kick in if you transfer a small amount of money. Normally, these minimum fees range from $10 to $15.
Look out for annual fees
Annual fees can vary for different types of credit cards. Some don’t charge anything, while others can cost hundreds of dollars. When transferring funds onto a new card, be sure that you can manage the annual fee that might come with it.
Increase your financial knowledge with Lexington Law Firm
Balance transfer fees are often inconvenient and occasionally confusing. Speaking with a financial expert can take much of the guesswork out of handling account balances, so you may want to look into this.
Additionally, Lexington Law’s services can help you review your credit report and keep an eye out for any inaccurate negative items that may be affecting your credit. You can also refer to our library of articles about credit and other financial topics for more information.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Moriah Beaver
Associate Attorney
Moriah is an attorney practicing in consumer advocacy at Lexington Law.
Before joining Lexington, she represented plaintiffs in personal injury litigation, dealing with claims arising from car accidents, slip and falls, and dog bites. Moriah studied English at Brigham Young University for her undergraduate degree and went on to graduate from Brigham Young University’s J. Reuben Clark Law School. She is from Hau’ula, Hawaii, but has been a resident of Utah for over 10 years now.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
There are several possible reasons why your credit score won’t go up, such as the lender hasn’t reported to the credit bureaus yet, you have fallen behind on payments, you have high credit utilization or you have a short credit history.
A good credit score can help you get approved for loans, secure low interest rates, and receive the best terms. However, improving your credit can be tricky, especially if you feel stuck at a certain number.
If you frequently check your credit score and don’t see the number change, you may wonder, “Why won’t my credit score go up?” In this post, we’re going to dive into 10 potential reasons why your credit score is stagnant and what to do about it. Read on to learn more.
Table of contents:
1. Your credit score hasn’t been updated yet
Lenders typically report to the three credit bureaus every 30 to 45 days. Therefore, it can take up to a month for your credit score to reflect new changes. If you recently paid off an account and haven’t seen a change in your score yet, there’s no need to worry.
What to do about it: If you don’t see the update reflected in your credit report after a month or two, consider contacting your lender.
2. You’ve fallen behind on payments
Payment history is a fundamental factor that affects your credit—accounting for 35 percent of your FICO® score. If a payment is over 30 days past due, your lender will report it to the credit bureaus. Even one late payment can hurt your credit significantly. Late payments also stay on your credit report for up to seven years, although their influence on your credit report declines over time.
What to do about it: Get in the habit of making consistent on-time payments.
3. You have high credit utilization
Your credit utilization, or the amount of money you owe compared to your credit limit, is another factor that influences your credit. For example, if your credit limit is $12,000 and you owe $3,000, your credit utilization rate is 40 percent.
While using your available credit isn’t necessarily bad, a high credit utilization rate can signal to lenders that you’re reliant on credit and, therefore, are a high-risk borrower.
What to do about it: Aim to keep your credit utilization under 30 percent by reducing your spending or increasing your credit limit.
4. You have a short credit history
Your length of credit history, or the amount of time your accounts have been established, accounts for 15 percent of your FICO score. A long credit history is helpful to your credit because it provides lenders with enough data to accurately determine your credit risk. Remember that while a long credit history is beneficial, FICO assures that it’s “not required for a good credit score.”
What to do about it: Be patient and keep old credit accounts open.
5. You have negative items on your credit report
Delinquent accounts, bankruptcies, charge-offs, and collection accounts are all major negative items. If you have any of these on your credit report, they may be preventing you from improving your credit.
Although negative information will eventually fall off your credit report, the amount of time that takes depends on the type of negative item. Most negative information stays on your credit report for about seven years.
What to do about it: While not guaranteed, you can try sending a pay for delete letter or request a goodwill deletion from your creditor to get the negative items removed.
6. Your credit mix isn’t diverse
Credit mix refers to the variety of credit accounts you hold. Examples of credit accounts include credit cards, mortgages, auto loans, credit cards, installment loans, and so on. Credit mix determines 10 percent of your credit score.
What to do about it: While you don’t necessarily need one of each type of credit, consider opening new accounts to diversify your credit mix.
7. You have multiple new hard inquiries
When you submit a new credit application, the creditor will perform a hard inquiry on your credit file, which can temporarily lower your score. While the impact of a hard inquiry is only around 5 points, multiple credit inquiries can add up and cause a significant drop in your credit.
If you frequently apply for new credit, the compounding hard inquiries may be preventing you from improving your score.
What to do about it: Wait at least six months between each new credit application to limit the effect of hard inquiries on your credit.
8. Your credit score is already high
Those with very good or excellent credit scores may struggle to advance their credit standing. The better your credit score, the harder it becomes to raise it because there is less room for improvement. Once your score is in the 700s or 800s, increasing it can be challenging.
What to do about it: Keep up with your good credit habits, but be aware that progress may slow as your score increases.
9. You have errors on your credit report
Errors on your credit report can damage your credit. Review your credit report at least once a year to check for inaccurate information. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, common errors include:
Identification errors
Misreported account status
Data management errors
Inaccurate balances
What to do about it: If you find an error on your credit report, file a dispute with the credit bureaus to get it corrected.
10. You’ve been a victim of identity theft or fraud
Identity theft can wreak havoc on your credit score. Scammers can open new accounts in your name, purchase items with your credit card and more. That’s why it’s important to keep an eye out for the following warning signs of identity theft:
Charges for purchases you didn’t make
Calls from debt collectors regarding accounts you didn’t open
Accounts on your credit report that you didn’t open
Loan applications getting rejected
Mail stops being delivered to, or is missing from, your mailbox
What to do about it: If you suspect you’ve been a victim of identity theft, make sure to set up fraud alerts and freeze your credit. Ready to move the needle on your credit score? At Lexington Law Firm, we’ll determine what inaccurate negative items might be hurting your credit and address them with the credit bureaus. Among our services, we offer an Identity Theft Focus Track, created specifically for individuals financially recovering from identity theft. Get started today.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Paola Bergauer
Associate Attorney
Paola Bergauer was born in San Jose, California then moved with her family to Hawaii and later Arizona.
In 2012 she earned a Bachelor’s degree in both Psychology and Political Science. In 2014 she graduated from Arizona Summit Law School earning her Juris Doctor. During law school, she had the opportunity to participate in externships where she was able to assist in the representation of clients who were pleading asylum in front of Immigration Court. Paola was also a senior staff editor in her law school’s Law Review. Prior to joining Lexington Law, Paola has worked in Immigration, Criminal Defense, and Personal Injury. Paola is licensed to practice in Arizona and is an Associate Attorney in the Phoenix office.
Bad credit is detrimental to your financial standing in many ways. A low credit rating can mean getting credit cards and other credit lines at exorbitant interest rates and low limits.
If your rating is really low, your credit applications may not be approved at all. Further, landlords may decline your rental application or ask for higher security deposits.
Simply put, the negative effects of bad credit are so far-reaching that many people are willing to do anything to get a better score. To this end, you’ll find services offering to delete negative items from your reports.
So, do such fixes work? If not, how do you go about fixing poor credit?
Let’s find out:
Can Poor Credit History Be Erased?
Yes and No. If the right steps are taken to remove mistakes in your report, then bad history can be erased, allowing your rating to get a boost.
On the other hand, a service that promises to erase correct, but negative, information on your report is a scam. Companies running such frauds can even go further in promising you a completely new and blemish-free identity.
Are Credit Repair Companies Legal?
Credit repair is a legal service that is guided by the Credit Repair Organizations Act (CROA). Under the act, companies work within a framework that protects consumers from unscrupulous practices.
This consumer protection act has been in effect since 1996 and bans:
Changing a client’s identity to hide them from lenders and credit reporting bureaus.
Assuring consumers that they can erase items from a credit report.
Getting paid for incomplete repair services.
Advising you to make deceitful claims to furnishers of credit information or agencies.
Credit repair companies are also obligated to notify consumers that they can directly raise issues with credit reporting agencies.
Furthermore, the bureaus are required to make certain that their reports are without error and investigate any issues about the reports they generate.
It’s also worth noting that it’s within your right to sue any company that contravenes the CROA.
How Do Credit Repair Firms Remove Bad History?
Companies in this field act on your behalf to access your financial reports and dispute errors. A successful service ensures that the damaging information is excised from your credit report. The service involves:
Checking Credit Reports
The company requests your reports from Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. With the three reports, credit repairers can have a complete picture of your finances, since creditors are not required to subscribe to all credit agencies.
Reviewing and Disputing Errors
Credit repair professionals go through the different entries in your reports, confirming details as contained in supporting documents from the primary sources.
For example, to find out if a credit limit is accurate, the entry is checked against a statement from the specific credit line issuer. Such errors are marked and the right documents are prepared to initiate a dispute.
Disputes are raised with both credit bureaus and the originators of the misleading information. Errors can be anything from a misspelled name to duplication of debt.
If the disputes have merit, the bureaus are required to erase the affected entries. This is usually effected within a month or so after the process is initiated via mail or online.
What Can’t Be Erased from a Credit Report?
No matter how expensive a credit repair service is, some entries can’t be removed from a credit report. In a nutshell, all correct information stays on your report, irrespective of how damaging it is to your credit rating.
At the same time, bureaus are required to retain some vital entries in your reports, long after you have cleared the debt. Such entries include:
Payments for the last 24 months, whether they were timely or not.
Bankruptcies on your report can remain for up to 10 years, even after your status changes before the duration lapses
Applications for loans, credit cards, business loans, and other forms of credit. The entries are known as hard inquiries and stay on your credit report for 2 years.
The Takeaway
One approach to improving your credit standing is finding and disputing wrong information in your credit report. Common errors include incorrect accounts, inaccurate personal details, and data management errors.
With your authorization, credit repair services can help rectify mistakes and erase errors that are lowering your credit rating. However, such businesses are governed by laws that prescribe limits to what can or can’t be erased from a credit report.
Ultimately though, you need to build your credit through timely payment of balances and not maxing out your credit limits.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
Some credit facts you need to know are your credit score is based on five key factors, FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850, checking your own credit won’t hurt your score, and twelve more facts outlined below.
With all of the misleading and incorrect information about credit floating around, it’s no wonder some of us feel lost when it comes to our credit reports and credit scores. Fortunately, we’re here to help set everything straight with these simple and clear explanations.
We’ve taken the time to compile the most important credit facts you need to know to understand your credit and everything that impacts it. Just as importantly, we’re setting the record straight when it comes to credit myths that have been lingering for too long. Read on to learn everything you’ve always wanted to know about credit.
1. Your credit score is based on five key factors
Most lenders make their decisions using FICO credit scores, which are based on five key factors. That means that when you apply for a new credit card or loan, these are the primary influences on whether you’ll end up getting approved. Here are the five factors, in order of importance: payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, credit mix and new credit inquiries.
35% – Payment history. Your ability to consistently make payments has the biggest impact on your score. Having late and missed payments is detrimental to your credit score, while a streak of on-time payments has a positive effect.
30% – Credit utilization. Your utilization measures how much of your available credit you’re using across all of your cards. By using one-third or less of your total credit limit, you could help improve your credit.
15% – Length of credit history. In general, having a longer credit history is helpful, though it depends on how responsibly you’ve used credit over time. Using credit well over time signals to lenders that you can be trusted to manage your finances.
10% – New credit. Applying for new credit leads to hard inquiries, which can negatively impact your credit score. Spacing out your new credit applications—and only applying for credit when you need it—helps your score.
10% – Credit mix. Having a variety of different types of credit—like credit cards, an auto loan or a mortgage—can influence your score as well. A diverse credit portfolio demonstrates your ability to successfully manage different types of credit.
With the knowledge of exactly how your score gets calculated, you can make smarter decisions with credit.
Bottom line: Credit scores aren’t as mysterious as they first appear, and you have control over all of the factors that determine your score.
2. Credit reports are different than credit scores
Although they are related, a credit report and a credit score are different. Also, it’s a bit misleading to talk about a single credit report or a single credit score, because the reality is that you have several different credit reports, and your credit score can be calculated in many different ways.
A credit report is a collection of information about your credit behaviors, like the accounts you have and when you make payments. Three main bureaus—Experian, Equifax and TransUnion—each publish a separate credit report about you.
A credit score uses the information in your credit report to create a numerical representation of your creditworthiness. In other words, all of the information in your report is simplified into a single number that gives lenders an idea of how likely you are to repay a debt.
Surprisingly, your credit report does not include a credit score. Instead, lenders who access your report use formulas to determine a score when you apply for credit. The most common scoring models are FICO and VantageScore, but lenders can make modifications to the calculations to give more weight to areas that are more important to them.
Bottom line: You’ll want to be familiar with both your credit reports and your credit scores, as they each play a role in helping you obtain new credit.
3. Negative credit items will eventually come off your credit report
Negative items on your credit report can cause damage to your credit score. Negative items include late payments, collection accounts, foreclosures and repossessions.
Although these items can lead to significant drops in your credit score, their effect is not permanent. Over time, negative items have a smaller and smaller impact on your score, as long as your credit behaviors improve so that more recent items are more favorable.
Additionally, most negative items should remain on your report for seven years at the most due to the regulations set by the Fair Credit Reporting Act. A bankruptcy, on the other hand, can last up to 10 years in some cases.
Bottom line: Negative items can cause a decrease in your credit score, but they aren’t permanent. Start building new credit behaviors and your score can recover over time.
4. FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850
One of the most common credit scoring models is produced by the Fair Isaac Corporation, also known as FICO. While you may hear “FICO score” and “credit score” used interchangeably, there are in fact several different scoring models, so you could have a different credit score depending on which lender or financial institution you’re working with. The score you’re assigned by FICO will usually always be in a range from 300 to 850.
Accessing your FICO score gives you the chance to have a high-level overview of your credit health. Scores that are considered good, very good or exceptional often make it much easier to get new credit cards or loans when you need them. On the other hand, scores that are fair or poor can make getting new credit more difficult.
Here’s an overview of the FICO scoring ranges:
800 – 850: Exceptional
740 – 799: Very Good
670 – 739: Good
580 – 669: Fair
300 – 579: Poor
Remember, though: credit scores are not fixed and permanent. Your score responds to factors like payments, utilization and credit history, so positive decisions now will benefit your score in the long term.
Bottom line: The FICO scoring ranges lay out broad categories to give you a sense of how you’re doing with credit—and can also help you set a goal for where you want to be.
5. The majority of lenders use FICO scores when making decisions
While there are multiple credit scoring models, the majority of lenders check FICO scores when making decisions. That means that when you apply for new credit—whether it’s a credit card, a loan or a mortgage—the score that’s more likely to matter is your FICO score.
That’s important to know, because many free credit monitoring services will show you score estimates or your VantageScore. Some credit card companies provide a FICO score, however, and you can also request to see the credit score that lenders used to make their decision during the application process.
Fortunately, credit scoring models tend to reference the same data and weight factors fairly similarly. That means if you make on-time payments, keep your utilization low, avoid opening up too many new accounts and have a consistent credit history with a variety of accounts, you’ll probably be in good shape regardless.
Bottom line: Knowing your FICO score can help you have an idea of how lenders will view your application for new credit.
6. You have many different types of credit scores
Credit scores vary based on the credit bureau reporting them and the credit scoring model used. The major credit bureaus all have slightly different information regarding your credit history. This means that these three, along with other credit reporting agencies, report several FICO credit scores to lenders to account for different information they’ve collected.
There are also different scores specific to particular industries. For example, auto lenders review different risk factors than mortgage lenders, so the scores each lender receives might differ. Although it can get confusing, the most important things to remember are the five core factors that affect your credit score.
Bottom line: Although many people reference their credit score in the singular, the truth is that there are many different types of credit scores that take into account different factors.
7. Checking your own credit won’t hurt your score
Many people believe that checking their credit score or credit report hurts their credit, but fortunately, this isn’t true. Getting a copy of your credit report or checking your score doesn’t affect your credit score. These actions are called “soft” inquiries into your credit, and while they are noted on your credit report, they shouldn’t have any effect on your score.
Hard inquiries, on the other hand, are noted when lenders look at your credit during an application process—and these can temporarily reduce your score. This is used to discourage you from applying for new credit too frequently. However, the effect is typically small, and after a couple of years the notation of a hard inquiry will leave your report.
Bottom line: You can check your own credit report and credit score without any negative effect—and we actually encourage you to do so to stay on top of your credit health.
8. You can check your credit score and credit reports for free
There are three main ways to check your credit for free. You’ll likely want to take a look at both your credit reports and your credit scores. Here’s how to get a hold of both of those:
You’re entitled to a free credit report once each year by visiting AnnualCreditReport.com, a government-sponsored website that gives you access to your reports from TransUnion, Experian and Equifax.
You may be able to check your credit score free by contacting your bank or credit card company. Additionally, many free services—like Mint—enable you to monitor your score for free. Just make sure to note which kind of credit score you’re seeing, because there are many different scoring methods.
The information you find in your credit report lays out the factors that determine your credit score. By scanning your report closely, you’ll likely find out the best strategy for improving your score—for instance, by improving your payment history or lowering your utilization.
Bottom line: Information about your credit is freely available, so take advantage of those resources to stay on top of your credit report and score.
9. Your credit score can cost you money
Ultimately, the purpose of credit scores is to help lenders determine whether they should offer you new credit, like a loan or a credit card. A lower score indicates that you may be at greater risk for default—which means the lender has to worry that you won’t pay back your debts.
To offset this risk, lenders often deny credit applications for those with lower scores, or they extend credit with high interest rates. These interest rates can cost you a lot of money over time, so working to improve your credit score can have a measurable effect on your financial life.
Consider, for example, a $25,000 auto loan. With a fair credit score, you may secure an interest rate of 5.3 percent—so you’ll pay a total of $3,513 in interest over five years. With an excellent credit score, your rate could drop to 3.1 percent, and you’ll save nearly $1,500 in interest charges over that same five-year period.
Bottom line: A good credit score can have a positive impact on your finances, and a bad score can cost you money in interest charges.
10. Canceling old credit cards can lower your score
If you have a credit card that you’re no longer using, you may be tempted to close the account entirely. Before doing that, though, consider how it could impact your credit score.
Recall that two credit factors are utilization and length of credit history. Closing an old account could affect one or both of those factors when it comes to calculating your score.
Your credit utilization could drop after closing an account because your credit limit will likely be lower. Since utilization represents all of your balances divided by your total credit limit, your utilization will go up if your credit limit goes down (and if your balances stay the same).
Your length of credit history could be lowered if you close an older account that is raising the average age of your credit.
Some people worry that having a zero balance on their credit card can negatively impact their score. This is just a credit myth. A zero balance means you aren’t using the card to make any purchases. Keeping the credit card open while not using it actually works to your benefit. You’re able to contribute to the length of your credit history, while not risking the chance of debt and late payments.
You may need to use the card every now and then to avoid having it closed. Additionally, if the card has an annual fee, you may need to close the card or ask to have the card downgraded to a version that does not have a fee. Still, if there’s a way to keep the card open, it’s often good to do so even if you don’t plan to regularly use it.
Bottom line: An old credit card can benefit your credit score even if you aren’t using it anymore.
11. You can still get a loan with bad credit
It’s true that getting a loan can be more difficult with bad credit, but it’s not impossible. There are bad credit loans specifically for people with lower credit scores. Note, however, that these loans often come with higher interest rates—or they require some sort of collateral that the lender can use to secure the loan. That means if you don’t pay your loan back, the lender will be able to seize the property you put up as collateral.
If you don’t need a loan immediately, you could consider trying to rebuild your credit before applying. There are credit builder loans, which are specifically designed to help you build up a strong payment history and improve your credit in the process. Unlike a traditional loan, you pay for a credit builder loan each month and then receive the sum after your final payment. Since these loans represent no risk to lenders, they’re often willing to extend them to people with poor credit history looking to raise their score.
Bottom line: You can get a loan even with bad credit—but sometimes it’s wise to find ways to raise your score before applying.
12. Credit scores aren’t the only deciding factor for lending decisions
While credit scores are important in lending decisions, lenders may take other factors into account when deciding whether to offer you new credit. For example, your income and employment can play a significant role in your approval odds. Additionally, some loans (like auto loans and mortgages) are secured by collateral that the lender can seize if you default. These loans may be considered less risky for the lender in certain cases because the asset can help offset any losses from nonpayment.
In many cases, your debt-to-income ratio is also an important factor in whether you’re approved for a loan or credit card. Lenders consider your current monthly debt payments (from all sources) as well as your monthly income to determine whether you may be overextended financially.
Two different people may pay $1,500 each month for student loans, a car payment and a mortgage. That said, if one individual makes $3,500 each month and the other makes $8,000 each month, their situations will be considered very differently by a potential lender.
Bottom line: Keeping your credit score high can help you secure credit when you need it, but you’ll want to stay on top of all aspects of your financial health.
13. Your credit report can help you spot fraud
Regularly checking your credit report can help you notice fraud or identity theft. If someone is using your information to open accounts, they will show up on your credit report.
If you notice an account that you did not open, you’ll want to start taking steps to protect your identity from any further damage. You may also want to freeze or lock your credit, which prevents anyone from using your information to open up more accounts.
Bottom line: Reviewing your credit report provides you an opportunity to notice when something is amiss.
14. Joint accounts affect your credit scores, but you do not have joint scores
If you have a joint account with someone else, that account will be reflected on both of your credit reports. For example, a loan that was opened by you and your spouse will show up for both of you—and will affect both of your credit scores. That said, your credit history, credit report and credit score remain separate. No one—including married couples—has a joint credit report or joint credit score.
In addition to joint accounts, you may also have authorized users on your credit card, or be an authorized user yourself. Authorized users have access to account funds, but they are not liable for debts. That means that if you make someone an authorized user on your credit card, they can rack up charges, but you’ll be on the hook if they don’t pay.
Because joint account owners and authorized users can influence credit scores in significant ways, we advise you to be careful about who you open accounts with or provide authorization to.
Bottom line: Even though joint account owners and authorized users can influence someone else’s credit, there are no shared credit reports or joint credit scores.
15. Many credit reports contain inaccurate credit information
The Federal Trade Commission found that one in five people has an error on at least one of their credit reports, and these inaccuracies can greatly impact your credit. (Also see this 2015 follow-up study from the FTC for more information regarding credit report errors.) This is why you should frequently check your credit report and dispute any inaccurate information. For example, since payment history accounts for 30 percent of your credit score, one wrong late payment can significantly hurt your score.
It’s important to get your credit facts straight so you understand exactly how different things impact your score. One of the first things you should learn is how to read your credit report so you can quickly spot discrepancies and ensure that the information reported is fair and accurate.
After scrutinizing your credit report, you can look into other ways to fix your credit, like paying late or past-due accounts, so you can help your credit with your newfound knowledge. You can also take advantage of Lexington Law Firm’s credit repair services to get extra help and additional legal knowledge to assist you.
Bottom line: Your credit report could have inaccurate information that’s hurting your score unfairly. Fortunately, there is a credit dispute process that can help you clean up your report and ensure all of the information on it is correct.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
If you’re planning to buy a house in the near future, you may be paying extra attention to your credit. While good credit can help you qualify for the best terms and interest rates, bad credit can stand in the way of your dream home.
If your credit could use a little TLC, continue reading to learn more about credit repair for first-time home buyers and discover helpful tips to improve your credit.
Table of contents:
1. Pay your bills on time
2. Look for errors on your credit report
3. Dispute any inaccuracies
4. Lower your credit utilization
5. Consider consolidating your debt
6. Leave old credit accounts open
7. Avoid opening new credit accounts
8. Get help from a credit repair company
1. Pay your bills on time
Since payment history is the number one factor that affects your credit score, the first step in repairing your credit is getting current with your bills. Late payments, especially those over 30 days past due, can cause your credit to take a significant hit. Not to mention late payments can stay on your credit report for seven years and continue to negatively impact your credit, although the effect lessens over time.
If you’ve missed payments in the past, it’s important to get back on track with making your payments on time. Consider creating a budget, making a list of all your bills, noting their due dates and setting reminders so you don’t forget to pay them. Set up automated payments wherever possible.
Pro tip: Build an emergency fund so you’re still able to pay your bills even if you get hit with an unexpected expense.
2. Look for errors on your credit report
Errors on your credit report could negatively impact your ability to secure a mortgage. In fact, a recent study by Consumer Reports found that 34 percent of participants had at least one error on their credit report.
According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, common errors to look for include:
Identity errors: These include inaccuracies regarding your personal information. For instance, your name, address or phone number may be incorrect or misspelled. Make sure to look for accounts that don’t belong to you and could be the result of identity theft.
Reporting errors: These are errors regarding the state of your accounts. For example, accounts you previously closed that are inaccurately reported as open.
Data errors: These could be duplicate accounts or incorrect information that had previously been corrected.
Balance errors: These include wrong balances or credit limits.
While not all errors affect your credit score, incorrect payment dates or account statuses can have a significant adverse effect, so it’s important to review your credit report before buying a house.
Pro tip: You can get a copy of your credit report from each of the three credit bureaus for free at AnnualCreditReport.com.
3. Dispute any inaccuracies
If you identify any errors on your credit report, you will want to get the inaccurate information removed if you can. File a dispute with the credit bureau via their website, mail or phone.
Regardless of the method you choose, make sure to clearly state what items you’re challenging and why the information is wrong. Consider including a copy of your credit report and highlighting or circling the errors.
Once you file a dispute, the credit bureau has 90 days to complete an investigation into your claim. If the bureau confirms that the error is inaccurate, they will remove it from your credit report. You should see the correction reflected in your score within a few weeks.
Pro tip: Use the Federal Trade Commission’s sample letter as a guide when writing your letter.
4. Lower your credit utilization
Credit utilization is another factor that influences your credit. Your credit utilization ratio is the amount of credit you’re using in relation to the amount of credit available to you.
Keeping your credit utilization low shows mortgage lenders that you aren’t too reliant on credit. Meanwhile, a high credit utilization ratio could indicate that you may struggle to pay your mortgage.
Here are a few strategies to lower your credit utilization ratio:
Pay off large purchases immediately: If you make a large purchase on your credit card, consider paying it off the same day if possible.
Make multiple payments each month: Get in the habit of paying your balance multiple times each month so the credit bureaus are more likely to see a lower number when your credit card issuer reports your statement balance.
Request a credit limit increase: Contact your credit card issuer to see if you qualify for a credit limit increase. Keep in mind that this may result in a hard inquiry, which could temporarily lower your score.
Lower your spending: Consider switching to cash or a debit card to decrease the amount of money you charge to your credit card each month.
Pro tip: Generally, experts recommend keeping your credit utilization below 30 percent. For example, if you only have one credit card and the limit is $10,000, you should aim to spend less than $3,000 each month.
5. Consider consolidating your debt
If you struggle to keep track of your different credit accounts and their due dates, consider consolidating your debt into a single monthly payment. This strategy can help you pay off debt quicker and avoid late payments. However, in order for debt consolidation to make sense, you should aim to get a lower interest rate.
There are a few different ways to consolidate your debt, including:
Zero-percent APR balance transfer credit card: Transfer your credit card debt to a new card, specifically during the 0 percent APR introductory period. Aim to pay down your debt before the introductory period ends—typically between 12 and 21 months.
Debt consolidation loan: Get a debt consolidation loan from a bank, credit union or online lender. Compare options to find the lowest interest rate.
Home equity loan: A home equity loan involves using the equity in your home as collateral to borrow money. While home equity loans typically have lower interest rates, you could end up losing your home if you fail to make payments.
401(k) loan: If you have a retirement account, you can borrow money from your savings. Keep in mind that taking out a 401(k) loan can hurt your retirement savings since you cannot continue to invest until you pay back the loan.
Pro tip: Weigh the benefits and drawbacks to find the best debt consolidation option for your financial situation.
6. Leave old credit accounts open
You may consider closing old credit accounts that you don’t use anymore, but that can actually hurt your credit. FICO® takes into account your length of credit history when calculating your score.
A long credit history signals to mortgage lenders that you have experience using credit and provides a more thorough track record of your credit history.
You should leave old credit accounts open unless you have another reason for closing them, such as an annual fee.
Pro tip: If your oldest account charges an annual fee, consider calling the credit card issuer to see if you can get it waived.
7. Avoid opening new credit accounts
Opening too many credit accounts in a short time frame can be a red flag to lenders. They may come to the conclusion that you’re financially unstable and are relying on credit to get by. As a result, they may consider you more likely to fall behind on payments.
Additionally, too many hard inquiries can hurt your credit. While a single hard inquiry typically only lowers your score a small amount, multiple hard inquiries may cause a noticeable drop in your score.
Pro tip: Try to wait six months between credit card applications.
8. Get help from a credit repair company
If you need help repairing your credit in preparation for buying a house, consider looking into credit repair services. A credit repair company can closely examine your credit report and help you identify negative items that might be wrongfully hurting your credit. The company will then challenge the inaccuracies on your behalf so they might no longer impact you.
Pro tip: Research each company and read reviews to avoid running into credit repair scams.
Why is credit important when buying a home?
Credit is important when buying a home if you plan to take out a mortgage. A good credit score will boost your likelihood of qualifying for a mortgage with a lower interest rate and better terms. This can end up saving you thousands of dollars over the course of your mortgage.
What does your credit score need to be to buy a house for the first time?
The credit score needed to buy a house varies depending on the type of loan you want. For most conventional mortgages, borrowers need a credit score of 620 or higher to qualify. Meanwhile, an FHA loan requires a minimum credit score of 500. Generally, the higher your credit score, the more favorable interest rates and terms you’ll be approved for.
Need help repairing your credit before buying a home? Lexington Law Firm could help you identify and address inaccurate negative items that may be damaging your score. Sign up for a free credit assessment to establish your starting point and see what services may be right for you.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Brittany Sifontes
Attorney
Prior to joining Lexington, Brittany practiced a mix of criminal law and family law.
Brittany began her legal career at the Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, and then moved into private practice. Brittany represented clients with charges ranging from drug sales, to sexual related offenses, to homicides. Brittany appeared in several hundred criminal court hearings, including felony and misdemeanor trials, evidentiary hearings, and pretrial hearings. In addition to criminal cases, Brittany also represented persons and families in a variety of family court matters including dissolution of marriage, legal separation, child support, paternity, parenting time, legal decision-making (formerly “custody”), spousal maintenance, modifications and enforcement of existing orders, relocation, and orders of protection. As a result, Brittany has extensive courtroom experience. Brittany attended the University of Colorado at Boulder for her undergraduate degree and attended Arizona Summit Law School for her law degree. At Arizona Summit Law school, Brittany graduated Summa Cum Laude and ranked 11th in her graduating class.
A charge-off can occur when you don’t pay your credit card’s minimum monthly payment or your installment debt like an auto loan or personal loan. If a creditor decides that a debt is unlikely to be paid after a certain period of time, they may count it as a loss. Then it becomes what is known as a charge-off to the account.
And what happens after that? It’s not a “free money” situation for you. Quite the opposite: A charge-off on your credit report is a negative entry that can stick for a while and cause concern for future lenders.
Here, you’ll learn what exactly a charge-off is in more detail, how it affects your credit, and what steps, if any, you can take to resolve the situation.
What Is a Charge-Off?
When a credit card or installment debt goes unpaid for 120 to 180 days and the lender determines that the debt is unlikely to be paid off, the outstanding balance may be counted as a loss, and the account closed.
But a charge-off doesn’t mean the debt ceases to exist and that the borrower no longer needs to pay it off. Instead, typically the lender either hires a debt collector to pursue the money it’s owed or sells the debt to a collection agency.
Though the lender will take a hit on the money owed — the debt collector will either take a share of any funds recovered, or the bank may sell off the debt entirely to the collector at a reduced rate — the story isn’t over for the borrower. 💡 Quick Tip: A low-interest personal loan can consolidate your debts, lower your monthly payments, and help you get out of debt sooner.
How To See if You Have a Charge-Off
Under federal law, a debt collector must send a debt validation notice within five days of first contacting you. The notice will include details about the outstanding debt, including verification that the notice is from a debt collector, the name of the creditor, the amount owed (including any fees or interest), your rights, and how to dispute the debt, and other information.
A charge-off will also be noted on your credit report. The original creditor may close your account and report the payment status as “collection” or “charge-off,” both negative marks on a credit report.
You can get a free copy of your credit report from each credit bureau annually via AnnualCreditReport.com. It’s a good idea to check your credit report regularly to make sure all information is up-to-date and correct. Requesting a credit report from one of the three credit reporting bureaus every few months allows you to check your credit report three times per year. For example, you could check your Experian® report in January, your TransUnion® report in May, and your Equifax® report in September.
What Happens When You Have a Charge-Off?
After you’re notified of the charge-off, a good first step is verifying the debt is actually yours and the charge-off is valid. You can dispute the posting with the credit bureaus and contact the creditor or debt collection agency with proof that the debt was paid if that’s the case. (Any common credit reporting errors can be brought to the attention of the reporting agency, including invalid charge-offs.)
If you do owe the debt, you have a few options:
• You could pay it, including working out a repayment plan with the creditor and attempting to come to a settlement for an amount less than the original debt.
• Doing nothing at all is another option. The collection of debts is subject to a statute of limitations that prevents creditors from pursuing unpaid bills after a certain period of time (the time limit varies from state to state, but is typically between three and six years).
Once that statute of limitations is up, a debt collector can no longer seek court action to force repayment, but the Federal Trade Commission points out that under certain circumstances, the clock can be reset.
Again, though, simply running out the clock on a charge-off does not mean there are no consequences for the cardholder. Read on to learn more about this important aspect of charge-offs.
How Does a Charge-Off Affect Credit Rating?
To understand the implications of a credit card charge-off, it’s worth thinking about how you’re approved for a credit card or loan.
• Individuals have credit scores, which help credit card companies, lenders, and other institutions determine the risk of making payments. Credit scores are one factor among many used to evaluate an individual’s application for a car loan or mortgage — even an application for an apartment rental or new cell phone account.
• Some lenders have minimum required credit scores for personal loans, so a person’s credit score not only helps to determine whether they will be approved but also the interest rate they will pay and other terms.
• A credit score is a snapshot of a consumer’s financial history: their record of bill payments, how much credit they are using, and other such details.
• Building credit scores takes time, reflecting years of credit habits. As such, any past credit card charge-offs are reflected in a person’s credit score and on their credit report. This can lead to a bad credit score and will let future prospective lenders know they have a history of delinquent or unpaid bills.
The Process of a Charge-Off
While parameters for a charge-off vary from lender to lender, here’s what typically happens:
• After an individual does not pay at least their credit card minimum payment for six consecutive months, the account becomes delinquent. After the first month of delinquency, the credit account is moved from the “Accounts in Good Standing” section of their report to “Negative Items” or “Negative Accounts,” along with the outstanding balance.
• If the credit card company decides to charge off the debt at 180 days, this is then noted on the person’s credit report as a charge-off.
• Even with a charge-off, the outstanding balance will remain on one’s credit report (noted as a charge-off), unless it is sold to a collection agency. In that case, the balance reverts to zero but the charge-off remains.
Consequences of a Charge-Off
A charge-off stays on a person’s credit report for seven years from the first delinquent payment date, usually, even if they pay off their debt in full or the statute of limitations runs out. In fact, once consumers have a charge-off on their record, it can be difficult to have it reversed.
Among the consequences of having a charge-off on a credit report: It could result in higher interest rates on future lending products, or even being turned down for a credit card or loan.
There are a few scenarios where cardholders might be able to have a charge-off taken off their credit report. If an individual can prove that the charge-off was inaccurate, they can apply to have it removed under the Fair Credit Reporting Act. It can also be helpful to reach out to the creditor directly to try to reach a resolution.
It may be possible to have the charge-off removed as part of a debt settlement agreement or on a goodwill basis in the event of personal hardship or an honest mistake — though there are no guarantees. 💡 Quick Tip: With low interest rates compared to credit cards, a personal loan for credit card consolidation can substantially lower your payments.
What You Can Do About a Charge-Off
Paying off the charge-off or collection may reduce the negative impact on a credit score. It may also be wise to contact the lender to discuss a payment settlement, which may also reduce the credit impact.
If a credit card account is charged off, it may continue to accrue interest until it is paid. Once the balance is finally paid off in full, it will be noted on the individual’s credit card report.
A credit card charge-off on a credit report can make anyone’s financial life more difficult, so prevention may be the best bet.
Contacting the creditor to arrange a payment plan could be an option to keep a charge-off from being reported on your credit report. Switching to a lower-interest credit card or consolidating debt with a credit card consolidation loan may be steps to consider for managing debts before a charge-off affects a credit report.
Developing habits for using a credit card responsibly by setting a budget and ensuring that there’s enough money on hand to cover necessary and discretionary purchases, keeping a close eye on credit card statements, and adhering to payment schedules is a good way to successfully manage your finances. Even if you can’t afford to pay the balance due in full, it’s a good idea to pay at least the minimum on time.
Disputing a Charge-Off
If you’ve determined that the charge-off is not accurate — whether the debt doesn’t belong to you, the amount is incorrect, or the statute of limitations has passed — you can begin the dispute process.
You can begin by filing a formal dispute with the credit reporting bureau. You can mail a dispute form to each bureau or use their online dispute filing process at the following links:
• Equifax
• Experian
• TransUnion
Each credit bureau has its own process for handling disputes, but generally, you can expect a reply within about 30 days. You’ll be able to check the status of your dispute online after setting up an account with the credit bureau.
The credit bureau will begin by contacting the creditor, e.g., the credit card issuer or the lender, requesting them to check their records. If the information that was reported was incorrect, your credit report will be corrected, while any correct information will remain on your report.
After a dispute is completed, the credit bureau will update your credit report with the final outcome, whether that’s deleting the disputed item or leaving it on your credit report because it was found to be a valid debt.
Paying Off a Charge-Off
If the charged-off debt is yours, you are legally responsible for paying it. You have some options for doing so.
• If the original creditor has not sold the debt to a collector, you can work directly with them to pay the debt. If the debt has been sold to a collections agency, you’ll be working with the agency instead of the original creditor.
• In either case, you can make a payment plan to pay down the debt, or you could also try to negotiate a settlement for less than the amount owed if you’re able to pay some amount in full.
• A paid debt will be reported as “paid collection” on a credit report, and a settled debt will be reported as a “settled charge-off.”
• After the debt is paid in full, asking for a final payment letter is the way to have proof that the debt is no longer outstanding.
A debt being charged off and a debt being sent to collections are related, but different. Here’s a comparison:
Charge-Off
Collections
The creditor removes the debt from its balance sheet because they deem it unlikely to be paid.
The creditor hires a debt collector to attempt collection or sells the debt to a debt collection agency.
Collection attempts may still be made by the original creditor.
Collection attempts are made by the debt collection agency.
Creditor will report the charge-off to the credit bureaus.
Debt collectors must send a debt validation notice within five days of first contacting you about the outstanding debt.
You may be able to work with the original creditor to pay down the debt.
Any payment arrangements or settlement negotiations will be with the collection agency.
The Takeaway
A credit card charge-off may remain on a credit report for years and have a negative impact on your credit score. Preventing a charge-off by developing responsible spending habits, consolidating debt, or trying to arrange a payment plan may be the best bet.
If you are struggling with debt, a debt consolidation loan might help. It’s a personal loan used to consolidate multiple high-interest debts into one with a lower interest rate or with more manageable monthly payments.
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2023 winner for Best Online Personal Loan overall.
FAQ
Is paying off charge-offs a good idea?
It can be a good idea, depending on the age of the debt. If the debt is old and beyond the statute of limitations for collection, making a payment on the debt could restart the clock on a time-barred debt.
What is a charge-off vs collection?
A charge-off happens when a creditor deems it unlikely that a debt will be paid. Collections are the next step in the process, whether the original creditor attempts to collect the debt or the debt is sold to a debt collection agency.
How does a charge off affect your credit score?
A charge-off is a negative entry on your credit report which could lower your credit score. It can affect your ability to qualify for future loans, your rental options, and even car insurance rates.
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A soft credit check occurs when someone accesses your credit report for information purposes and does not affect your credit score or require your permission. Hard credit checks occur when someone accesses your credit report due to a credit application, temporarily impacting your credit score.
If you’re looking to apply for credit, you’ve likely wondered about the differences between soft vs. hard credit checks. Despite both involving credit report access, their purpose and impact differ significantly.
In this article, you’ll learn the differences between soft vs. hard credit checks, their purposes, how they affect your credit report and when and why creditors use them. Read the full guide for a comprehensive understanding of these types of credit checks, or you can jump ahead to the topic you need the most clarity on:
Table of contents:
What are credit checks?
A credit check is a process that financial institutions, such as banks or lenders, undertake to evaluate a potential borrower’s creditworthiness. Its main purpose is determining whether an individual is reliable and capable of paying their debts on time.
The credit check typically involves reviewing an individual’s credit health based on payment history, outstanding debts, length of credit history and types of credit used. This information helps lenders decide whether to grant loans, extend credit or enter financial agreements with individuals.
What is a soft credit check?
A soft credit check, also known as a soft pull or a soft inquiry, is a type of credit check conducted to gather information about an individual’s credit history without impacting their credit score. Soft credit checks include:
You reviewing your credit report
Loan pre-qualification assessments
Background checks
Individuals can initiate their own soft inquiries, as can potential employers or financial institutions aiming to preapprove individuals for credit opportunities.
Does a soft credit inquiry hurt your score?
No, a soft credit inquiry does not hurt your credit score. They’re essentially harmless and typically occur for informational purposes, such as when you check your credit report.
Only you can see soft inquiries on your credit report, which do not impact your overall credit standing. These inquiries don’t suggest that you are taking on new debt, so credit scoring models do not penalize you for them. And since they don’t negatively affect credit scores, you can request them freely without risking your creditworthiness.
What is a hard credit check?
A hard credit check, also known as a hard inquiry or hard pull, occurs when a lender or financial institution reviews your credit history as part of a credit application process. The purpose of a hard credit check is for lenders to determine the terms of the credit offer based on your creditworthiness.
These inquiries can slightly lower your credit score, usually by a few points, but their impact diminishes over time. Lenders typically perform hard credit checks if you apply for:
Auto, student and personal loans
An apartment
Credit cards
A mortgage
Be mindful of the number of hard credit checks you accumulate within a short period, as multiple inquiries may signal to lenders that you are taking on too much debt and may not be an ideal borrower.
Does a hard credit inquiry hurt your score?
Unlike soft credit checks, hard credit checks can negatively affect your credit. During a credit application, the lender will typically request a hard credit check to assess your creditworthiness. They may review your credit history, resulting in a small credit score decrease. That said, hard credit checks usually have minimal impact—usually just a few points—and their impact diminishes over time.
Fortunately, the credit scoring models consider that borrowers may shop around for credit options, which is apparent in how they handle multiple inquiries.
Do multiple inquiries count as one?
Generally, credit score models will count multiple inquiries of the same type, such as multiple auto loan inquiries, within a specific time frame as a single inquiry on your credit report. This is called deduplication—removing duplicate inquiries to minimize the negative impact on your credit. These deduplication periods recognize that individuals may shop for the best loan or credit card terms and differ across credit models. For example, VantageScore® has a 14-day window, and FICO® gives you 45 days.
Consolidating credit applications within this time frame allows you to compare offers without worrying about each inquiry affecting your creditworthiness. However, this may not apply to inquiries for different credit types.
How long do credit checks stay on your report?
Soft checks usually do not directly impact your credit, but they can remain on your report for around two years. While these inquiries are visible to you, lenders and creditors accessing your report can’t see them.
Hard credit inquiries can affect your credit score, but the impact is minimal and decreases over time. Most scoring models see recent inquiries as more relevant and important. These inquiries also stay on your credit report for about two years and are visible to anyone who accesses it.
Can you reduce the impact of hard credit checks?
While you can’t completely avoid the impact of hard credit checks on your credit, you can take a few steps to minimize it:
Consolidate your credit applications: As we mentioned, credit scoring models typically treat multiple inquiries as a single inquiry if they occur within a short period—usually around 14 – 45 days.
Avoid unnecessary credit inquiries: Being selective about the credit applications you submit can help prevent excessive inquiries, reducing the potential negative impact on your credit.
Monitor your credit report regularly: If you notice any errors or unauthorized hard inquiries, you can challenge them with the credit bureaus and seek credit inquiry removal.
How to dispute a hard credit card inquiry
When you are faced with a hard credit card inquiry that you believe is inaccurate or unauthorized, knowing how to dispute it is essential. By understanding the necessary steps to challenge a hard inquiry, you can protect your credit by ensuring the information on your credit report is correct.
Step 1: Compile supporting evidence by collecting essential documentation, including credit reports, any correspondence exchanged with the creditor and any evidence that disproves or indicates unauthorized hard inquiries.
Step 2. Thoroughly examine your credit report to identify the specific hard inquiry you intend to challenge. Take the time to review the report carefully and understand the details of the inquiry in question.
Step 3. Contact the creditor who made the hard inquiry and provide them with comprehensive details about the inquiry. To strengthen your case, ensure you have the necessary documents readily available. This can include an identification card, a utility bill, etc.
Step 4. If the creditor fails to respond or cooperate, proceed with filing a dispute directly with the credit bureaus. You can do this online, via mail or over the phone. Include all relevant information and clearly explain why you believe the hard inquiry is either incorrect or unauthorized.
After you’ve filed the dispute, the credit bureau will investigate the inquiry. As part of this process, they will reach out to the creditor and request verification of the inquiry. If the creditor does not respond within the designated time frame, typically 30 days, the credit bureau will eliminate the inquiry from your credit report.
Step 5. Stay vigilant by regularly monitoring your credit report to confirm the removal of the disputed inquiry. If the inquiry persists after the investigation, contact the credit bureau to seek an explanation. To resolve the matter, you may be required to submit additional evidence or escalate the dispute further.
Prevent what you can, credit repair what you can’t
Knowing the difference between soft vs. hard credit checks, how they occur and how to minimize their impact can help you maintain a positive credit history. This will increase your approval odds for agreeable loan terms and interest rates so you don’t end up with overwhelming levels of debt.
While prevention is the best approach, credit repair is useful if your report has negative items. Find out which service might work for you by getting your free credit assessment with Lexington Law Firm.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!