After a few real-life conversations and my running the math, I’ve decided that a “50/50” rule for college saving achieves the best of both worlds.
The rule is:
~50% of your college savings goals should be saved via a 529 plan.
The other ~50% should be saved via a taxable brokerage account.
Why is that the case? Let’s discuss what we do and don’t want from our college savings plan.
PS – if you want further background reading on 529 plans, here are some other useful articles…
What We Do and Don’t Want from College Savings
We do want to save for college. Ground-breaking stuff.
We do want to reduce our income taxes.
We do want our investments to grow tax-free.
We do want flexibility while we save, in case life throws us a curveball.
We don’t want to end up with permanently frozen assets. We don’t want “leftover” 529 dollars.
529 College Savings Plans offer some of these ideals. But not all.
In fact, 529 plans are terrible at achieving some of the abovementioned goals.
Reducing Income Taxes
Many states offer income tax deductions on 529 contributions. In New York, for example, the first $10,000 contributed to 529s per year is exempt from state tax. That’s a ~$600 annual savings (depending on tax bracket).
Tax-Free Growth
529 investments grow tax-free, just like 401(k) or IRA assets. There’s no annual tax on dividends and interest. This leaves more dollars behind to compound.
Let’s Measure That Tax Savings
If we apply these two tax advantages to a reasonable scenario**, it’s realistic to expect a 529 account to result in 15-20% more dollars for college than a taxable brokerage account.
**see this Google sheet for detail.
But taxable brokerage accounts have distinct advantages on our other ideals.
Flexibility & “Frozen” Assets
Taxable accounts are very flexible. You can withdraw from them anytime (e.g. during an unexpected emergency). 529 dollars, on the other hand, must be spent on educational expenses and cannot be withdrawn for other reasons.
What if your kid decides to skip college? Unused funds in a 529 can be impossible to withdraw without taxes and penalties. Taxable accounts avoid this situation.
What’s the 529 Withdrawal Penalty?
Every 529 withdrawal—whether for education purposes or not—is made pro rata between your contributions and your earnings. The contributions are never taxed and never penalized, but the earnings can be if your withdrawal is not for a qualified educational expense.
For example:
Your 529 plan has $100,000 of contributions and $50,000 of earnings. (Two-thirds and one-third)
You make a $30,000 withdrawal. You have no choice in that $20,000 will come from contributions and $10,000 will come from earnings (Two-thirds and one-third)
If your withdrawal is not for qualified education expenses, the $10,000 earnings portion will be taxed as income (more marginal tax dollars, ouch!) and will suffer a 10% penalty.
If you run the math, you’ll see this penalty eats away at all the 529’s tax benefits. You do not want to suffer this penalty.
Finding Balance Between 529 and Taxable
The question is how to balance these various pros and cons. The 50/50 Rule does so!
Let’s say you aim to gift your children $100,000 over their four years of college. How generous! I submit you should aim to have:
$50,000 of that gift coming from a 529
And $50,000 from a taxable brokerage
You know it won’t be a perfectly ideal scenario. Whatever reality throws at you, you’ll wish you had decided to go all-in on the 529 or all-in on the taxable.
But you don’t know the future! This fact – that we’re more mortals without a crystal ball – is one of the fundamental frustrations in financial planning. If we knew the future, we could make a perfect financial plan. But we don’t, so we can’t. Our best solutions, therefore, involve hedging our bets. We’d rather know we’re 50% correct than be surprised later we’re 100% wrong.
The 50/50 Rule guarantees a middle-of-the-road solution. You’ll capture tax benefits and retain flexibility.
If Johnny gets a little scholarship and only needs 70% of your saved money, great! Use the 529 dollars completely. Dip into the taxable account when needed, and keep the remaining taxable dollars for other goals in life. You’ll be confident your 529 account will be completely drained, avoiding frustrating taxes and penalties.
Does It Have to Be 50/50?
I’ll admit: dividing the two accounts down the middle, 50/50, is an easy shorthand. You can choose a different fraction. But when thinking it through, my primary concerns are:
You need to be confident you’ll drain the 529s. If Johnny’s college will cost $200,000 and you aim to have all $200,000 in a 529, I don’t like that. There’s no margin for error.
You want to have a large enough portion in the taxable account to provide “just in case” flexibility.
Maybe 75/25 makes more sense for you. I can get on board with that. But I wouldn’t go much higher than 75% from the 529.
Working Backward
You can work backward from your future goal to discover what today’s saving rates need to be. In our hypothetical scenario of $50K in a 529 and $50K in a taxable (for college in ~15 years, we’ll say), a reasonable starting point is to put $2000 per year (or ~$170 per month) into each account. That’s how the math shakes out.
Depending on your timeline and assumed rate of compound growth, a simple spreadsheet or question to your financial planner will inform what your savings plan should be.
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 8000+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
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Welcome to NerdWallet’s Smart Money podcast, where we answer your real-world money questions. In this episode:
Learn how to utilize a tax advantaged 529 plan to help your or a friend’s children save for future education expenses.
This Week in Your Money: What are the risks of purchasing a home without an inspection? How can you plan for major expenses when healthcare providers can’t tell you how much their services will cost? Hosts Sean Pyles and Sara Rathner share their hot takes on unexpected financial challenges, with tips and tricks on handling surprise expenses, understanding the importance of home inspections, and dealing with healthcare industry inefficiencies.
Today’s Money Question: What are the benefits of a 529 college savings plan? Can you contribute to a friend’s 529 plan to support their child’s future? NerdWallet writer Elizabeth Ayoola joins Sean and Sara to discuss the essentials of 529 college savings plans. They discuss the types of educational expenses covered, the tax benefits associated with 529 plans, and the flexibility of choosing different state plans. They also answer a listener’s question about how to approach the sensitive topic of financial gifts for education with parents, sharing methods for contributing to a loved one’s 529 plan without overstepping boundaries. Then, they discuss the implications of the Secure Act 2.0 on 529 plans, methods for estimating necessary savings for a child’s education, and tactful ways to discuss educational contributions with parents.
Check out this episode on your favorite podcast platform, including:
NerdWallet stories related to this episode:
Episode transcript
This transcript was generated from podcast audio by an AI tool.
Sara Rathner:
Hey Sean, has money ever made you mad?
Sean Pyles:
Yeah, it has, especially when I get a bill that I don’t expect to pay but have to anyway. So yeah, why?
Sara Rathner:
Yeah. Yeah, those surprise major expenses are a huge pain. I just had to replace my washing machine because the fun never stops in my house.
In this episode, we are going to let off a little steam about what makes us mad in the world of money.
Sean Pyles:
Welcome to NerdWallet’s Smart Money Podcast. Our job today is to help you be smarter with your money, one money question at a time. I’m Sean Pyles.
Sara Rathner:
And I’m Sara Rathner.
So listener, this show is all about you and your money questions. So, whatever financial decision you’re pondering, whatever’s making you mad about your money, let us know.
Sean Pyles:
Leave a voicemail or text the Nerd hotline at 901-730-6373. That’s 901-730-NERD. Or you can email your questions to podcast@nerdwallet com.
Sara Rathner:
In this episode, Sean and I answer a listener’s question about contributing to 529 accounts for your loved ones. But first, we’re going to yell into the void in our semi-regular Money Hot Takes segment.
Sean Pyles:
So here’s how this works. Sara and I just rail against whatever we feel like in the world of money. And let’s put, say, 100 seconds on the clock. That’s what? A second for every penny in a dollar. I don’t know, it’s just an arbitrary number really.
Sara Rathner:
That works for me. It’s a nice round number.
Sean Pyles:
All right, Sara, are you ready?
Sara Rathner:
Sean Pyles:
I’m starting my timer. Go.
Sara Rathner:
All right. I hate the trend where home buyers feel pressure to completely waive getting a home inspection before buying a property. That’s different from the type of waiver where you’ll still do the inspection, but then you’re assuming the cost of anything you find. It’s when you just do without the inspection entirely.
I live in a block of houses that are like 107 years old, and two houses on my block sold with waived inspections where the buyers had to put tens of thousands of dollars unexpectedly into problems in their house that they didn’t know about. I just had a neighbor text me asking for a roofer because the first time it rained since she moved in her house, it started raining on the inside of her house, which means that the seller just lived with that for however long before selling the house and passing the problem onto somebody else.
So especially if you’re a first-time home buyer, if you are going to drain your savings to buy your house, and then you’re not going to have much money left for repairs, be really careful about this. And as a society, can we just make inspections mandatory? That’s more consumer-friendly, honestly. People need to know what they’re getting into, and frankly, people should feel pressure to keep their houses well maintained before sale. There I said it.
Sean Pyles:
You’ve got 40 more seconds if you want to keep on railing.
Sara Rathner:
Oh man, I do? Well, if you haven’t bought a home yet, what’s nice about getting an inspector involved is they’ll look at all the major systems of the house, the appliances, the roof, all sorts of stuff, the electrical, the plumbing, and they will tell you the lifespan of some of those major things like a furnace or a boiler, your roof, your HVAC system. And even if something is going to go in the next year or two, at least you have this laundry list of things and when they’ll probably need to be replaced, and you can begin to budget for those replacements.
Sean Pyles:
Okay, that’s 100 seconds.
Sara Rathner:
Boom. All right, Sean, you got any reaction?
Sean Pyles:
Well, I totally feel that, because buying a house without knowing what’s wrong with it is very risky financially. Buying a house can be financially risky in and of itself, depending on how expensive the home is. But imagine getting into the house, it’s your first day, you’re super happy to be a homeowner, and then you realize, oh, it’s raining inside the house, or the crawl space is infested with termites. You don’t know what you’re getting into if you don’t have an inspection. And even if it may make you a more competitive buyer, it isn’t worth it, in my opinion, to get yourself into something like that because you just don’t understand the risks you could be taking on. And I’m all about mitigating risks as much as possible.
Sara Rathner:
All right, Sean, I have had my turn, and now it is your turn. I have set my timer for 100 seconds. And go.
Sean Pyles:
Okay. Today I am mad about industries that are designed to extract money from us while making our lives miserable or at least really frustrating. And I have one, maybe two, examples depending on how far 100 seconds takes me.
First step is healthcare. Americans spend far more on healthcare than other wealthy nations. Nearly 18% of our GDP in 2021 went to healthcare. And what are we getting for it? An incompetent extractive industry that exploits nearly everyone that engages with it. Among wealthy nations, the US has the highest rates of infant and maternal mortality and excess deaths, not to mention the daily indignities that come with trying to access healthcare.
I have a recent example that is a microcosm of these larger issues. I recently got a bill in the mail for some regular lab work, and the thing is, I have these labs done every few months, and they’re always covered by my insurance. But this time I got a surprise bill for nearly $200, and I’d already had an expensive month with some car repairs, and I was not excited about the prospect of an additional $200 to cover. So I called my doctor, and they said, “Oh yeah, the company that does the lab work just messed up. Oops, just disregard the bill.”
So if I hadn’t called my doctor, I would have been on the hook for this bill. This was a relatively small bill as far as medical bills go, and it was fairly easy for me to clear up. I’m obviously very fortunate in this case, but for so many people, especially those with chronic illnesses or complex medical conditions, the onslaught of navigating insurance, verifying that you’re being billed correctly and then somehow coming up with the money to cover bill after bill is just totally exhausting and can make achieving financial goals nearly impossible.
So why am I going on and on about things that we already know too much about?
Sara Rathner:
Just so you know, you’re over time.
Sean Pyles:
Oh, God. I’m going to keep going. I’m almost done.
Sara Rathner:
Keep going, Sean. Let’s do this.
Sean Pyles:
All right. I am going on and on about this because I think it’s important to remind people that it does not have to be this way. We are in an election year, people, so I don’t know, let’s try to do something about it.
Okay, Sara, how many seconds was that?
Sara Rathner:
Oh, well I stopped timing it the second it hit the clock, so that might’ve been just an extra 10 seconds, honestly.
Sean Pyles:
Okay. It’s hard to fit so much into such a small amount of time.
Sara Rathner:
You know what? Your rage is such that it cannot be fit into a tiny container and that is valid. It’s okay to let the rage out and give it some more space.
I agree with you. What’s annoying is, for example, this past year I had a baby, and that is expensive to the tune for me of $7,000 out of pocket after insurance. Hi. $7,000 is a lot of money, people.
And what was annoying about that, and this is something for anybody who maybe is facing a planned medical procedure like a surgery or childbirth or anything like that, or who takes medication for chronic illnesses, I tried to call the billing department at the hospital to talk to my insurance company to say, “Can you at least give me an idea of how much money I will be out?” I knew going into it that I would be having a C-section. So I could say, “I’m having a C-section, that means I have to work with an anesthesiologist, which is an extra expense. Can you tell me ballpark, even if you’re off by a grand, how much should I budget for this?” And everyone’s like, “We don’t know.” Shrug emoji.
Then the bills just fly in for months and you think you’re done. So you’re like, “Okay, we’re done paying for the hospital bill. Now we can put our money into other stuff.” And then you get another bill for like, $1,100.
Sean Pyles:
And you have to question, was this billed correctly? Was it coded correctly? You don’t know. And it just flies in the face of all the things that we try to talk about in the personal finance space, which is around anticipating big expenses, budgeting for it, saving up for it if you can. It’s impossible when you don’t know what you’re going to be paying.
Sara Rathner:
Right, and if you’re facing surgery, what, are you just going to not have anesthesia to save money? Do not recommend.
Sean Pyles:
That is not a money-saving tip that we would recommend. No.
Sara Rathner:
No, that’s a place where you should spend good money, get good and numb.
But really it is an extra expense. And that’s so, so frustrating because you are not only out a lot of money, but you’re feeling kind of vulnerable because you’ve just gone through some medical stuff, even if it’s just blood work or something, and you want to take good care of your health, and it’s sometimes financially impossible to do that.
Sean Pyles:
Yeah. Not to mention completely demoralizing.
Sara Rathner:
Yeah, and some people just don’t go to the doctor because of the cost, or the dentist. And then years later, they’re faced with really serious health issues because they’ve been neglecting their health because of the cost.
Sean Pyles:
Yeah. I don’t know, it’s really tough in this space to talk about medical expenses because at NerdWallet and in the personal finance realm, we try to give actionable advice, and a lot of the time the advice is reactive. If you get a medical bill, you do have to ensure that it’s coded correctly. Maybe try to work out a payment plan with your medical office if you can’t cover the bill in one go. But it’s so hard to be proactive like you were just describing and understand what you’re going to have to pay if you want a routine procedure like blood work or something more significant like having a baby, makes me want to yell into the void all day every day.
Sara Rathner:
Yeah. Well, we took more than 100 seconds about this. If you have a body, then this is something that affects you, and it is really hard to deal with those extra unexpected costs.
Sean Pyles:
All right, so that is what we are mad about this week, listener. I know there’s a lot to be mad about in the world of money, so do not keep it in. Let us hear what you’re mad about, and we might just share it on a future episode.
You can text your Money Hot Take to us or leave a voicemail on the Nerd hotline at 901-730-6373. That’s 901-730-NERD. Or you can email it to podcast@nerdwallet com.
Sara Rathner:
All right, I don’t know about you, but my heart rate is starting to come down from all of that. Ooh, deep breaths, everyone. This episode’s money question is up next. So calm down too and stay with us.
Sean Pyles:
This episode’s money question comes from Lauren, who wrote us an email. Here it is.
“Hi nerdy Nerds. I’m not a parent. I’m never going to be a parent. Because of that, I have made it part of my financial plan to contribute to the 529 plans of kids around me. Because I don’t have nieces and nephews, I’m contributing toward the savings of my friend’s three-year-old. How much needs to go into a 529 starting at age two or three to cover a four-year private college?”
“I got the details on this kid’s 529 plan from his dad and started contributing about $100 a month. We didn’t talk about it. I intend to keep chipping in until the kid is done getting formal education 20 to 25 years from now. How do I talk to the parents? I want to understand if I’m helping enough without becoming privy to their private financial details. I also don’t want to make it seem like I have any vote whatsoever in how the kid charts an educational path. How do I broach this with the parents?”
Sara Rathner:
To help us answer this listener’s question, on this episode of the podcast, we are joined by NerdWallet writer Elizabeth Ayoola. Welcome.
Elizabeth Ayoola:
Hello, and hi.
Sean Pyles:
Elizabeth, so good to have you on.
So let’s start by setting some groundwork. Can you please describe what a 529 college savings plan is, how they work, and why they’re such a big deal?
Elizabeth Ayoola:
A 529 plan is a huge deal indeed to me anyway. I wish I had one when I went to college because I was left with a huge bill. But anyways.
529s are tax advantaged college savings plans, and they allow people to save and invest money for education expenses. So, with that said, the money gets to grow, and it gets to compound, which can mean beneficiaries have a nice education pot to pull from when they need the money. And for those who don’t know what compounding is, it’s essentially when your interest earns interest.
Sara Rathner:
It’s the eighth wonder of the world.
Elizabeth Ayoola:
Sara Rathner:
So you mentioned education expenses and that’s what the purpose of this account is, but what kinds of education expenses can you use a 529 to fund?
Elizabeth Ayoola:
Funds in a 529 account can be used to cover a vast range of qualified expenses, and that can range from tuition to computers and education related equipment. The expenses can also be used to pay for education needs of your beneficiaries. And the good thing that I like is that the beneficiaries can be in anywhere from kindergarten through grade 12. So that said, it’s not only for college students.
Sean Pyles:
Right, that is a really good point because people hear about 529 accounts, and they think they may be specifically for people going through a traditional four-year education, but people can also use the funds in the 529 college savings plan to cover things like trade schools too. So it really isn’t only for that traditional four-year higher education route.
Sara Rathner:
So earlier you mentioned that 529s are tax advantaged accounts. Can you talk a little bit about the tax treatment of them, and what should people know when they’re considering opening a 529?
Elizabeth Ayoola:
Well, one thing that I personally like about these accounts that some people don’t know also is that some states offer a tax deduction if you contribute to their plan. And when I say their plan, I mean the state that you live in. But there is no federal tax deduction for a 529 contribution. So it’s only at a state level. The tax deduction is usually capped. So no, you can’t just deduct your entire contribution. The deduction amount varies from state to state. So it’s best that you check in your state what the amount may be, if they offer it.
And a little bit off-topic, but I also like that the IRS doesn’t set a cap on your contributions to a 529 account, although some states do set a limit.
Sean Pyles:
And I’ll call out two other tax benefits of 529 college savings plans. The first is that investment growth in this account is tax-free, and second, distribution for qualified expenses like tuition or books are also tax-free.
Elizabeth, another important thing to know about 529 college savings plans is that each state has their own, and you don’t have to choose the 529 plan from the state that you live in. And this can all get a little bit confusing because there are so many states to choose from. So, at a high level, can you outline the main differences between a 529 from one state to the next, and how would someone go about choosing which state’s 529 plan to use?
Elizabeth Ayoola:
One of the major differences that people should know and a reason that people may cheat on their state’s 529 plan is lower fees. I personally have a 529 from a different state than my current home state for that very reason. So people should consider shopping around and comparing fees before opening an account. Ultimately, the goal should be to do some math and see whether the deductions and the credits that you’re going to get in the state that you live in are worth more than the lower fees that you could get in another state in the long term.
Also, note that you can open multiple 529 accounts. I have multiple 529 accounts. I recently opened a second one in my home state, Florida, because my son was awarded a grant and it could be transferred to a 529 account, but the catch was it had to be a Florida 529 plan.
Sara Rathner:
So 529s have some flexibility, which we talked about before, not just for four-year educations, but also for trade schools and for K to 12 expenses as well. And interestingly enough, 529s were just made even more flexible. Can you talk about recent changes around the ability to roll 529 funds into a Roth IRA, and what that means for folks who maybe aren’t considering going to college?
Elizabeth Ayoola:
The Secure Act 2.0 was recently passed, and if I can be honest, that’s what motivated me to open up my first 529 account, and I just opened it last year. I was always on the fence and only saved money in a brokerage account because I was afraid of what would happen if my son decided not to go to college in 15 years. He’s six, by the way.
I decided to get off the fence when the Secure Act 2.0 made it possible for people to roll at least a portion of the unused funds into a Roth account. However, you do have to wait until 15 years after you’ve opened the 529 account before you can roll those funds over. And you can also only roll up to a certain limit starting in 2024. It may be ideal to read the IRS’s rules, they have a lot of fine print around the conversion or speak to a finance professional about it.
I think Roths are also awesome because they aren’t subject to required minimum distributions and withdrawals. They’re also tax-free when you meet certain requirements like waiting until 59-1/2, amongst other rules.
Sara Rathner:
All right, well thank you for that great summary of the tax rules surrounding this new change. We just want to let you all know that we are not investing or tax professionals, and if you have any specific questions to your own situation, definitely consult a professional who can give you guidance.
Now let’s turn to the fun stuff. The math, Sean. I know that you are in the midst of your certified financial planner coursework. I have slogged through that myself. It is a lot. It is a lot of math.
Sean Pyles:
Sara Rathner:
And now that you know how to do it, I’m sure you’re eager to show off your chops. So are there any insights you can share that will help our listener figure out how much they need to save every month or every year to help their friends reach their savings goals?
Sean Pyles:
As a matter of fact, yes. And you’re right, I have been waiting for an opportunity to show off what I’ve been learning about because often I’m just doing calculations in silence and this is a time for me to be loud and proud about hitting buttons on a calculator. So let’s do it.
I’ll spare you and our listeners the specifics of the calculation, but I plugged the listener’s situation into a time value of money calculation and got a rough estimate for how much they will need to save.
Sara Rathner:
All right, drum roll. What’s the number?
Sean Pyles:
For our listener to meet the savings goal that they outlined in their question, remember, they want to save for four years of education at a private college starting now-ish and saving until the kid finishes school. They would need to save around $8,000 per year. Obviously, that’s a lot of money to contribute to a 529 account, no less for a kid who isn’t your own. And this is why 529s are often just part of the picture when it comes to paying for college, which usually includes some combination of scholarships, grants and loans and generous gifts from family friends.
Sara Rathner:
That is definitely more than a hundy a month.
Sean Pyles:
Yeah, that’s for sure.
All right, so all of that math out of the way, I want to talk about the other part of our listener’s question. They seem to be concerned about how much they should contribute and also how to talk about this with their friends. I am not a parent, so I would love to hear from both of you who are parents, how you would approach the situation if you had such a generous friend. Would you welcome the money, or say get out of my business? Or if you are going to accept this money, if you want to have this conversation with your friend, how would you want them to communicate that with you?
Elizabeth Ayoola:
Honestly, I would welcome the money, especially because I’m a single mama. So as a matter of fact, my friends always contribute to my son’s savings account in London for his birthdays or holidays and I really, really appreciate it. It can be a better gift to me than toys that stab me in the foot within a few days.
Sean Pyles:
Elizabeth Ayoola:
I would also appreciate a friend asking me what my savings goals are, so they know how to support that goal. However, I do think, for the sake of boundaries, I would like my friend to ask me my comfort level with the topic before they dive in and start trying to give advice.
I think it’s also important to note that not everyone is comfortable discussing money or financial goals. But with that said, here’s an example of maybe how somebody could say it. So you may say, “Hey, I want to help you reach John’s college savings goal. Are you comfortable discussing that target number you have in mind, and can you tell me how I can support that?” Or another option could be you saying, “Hey, would you like to do the math yourself and then let me know how I can support that goal?” So those are just a couple of options.
Sara Rathner:
Yeah, I mean, I’m not going to look a gift horse in the mouth. College is expensive now, and it’s only going to become even more expensive in the future. Even in-state tuition, where I live in Virginia, is often over $20,000 a year. That used to be the economical way to get a four-year degree, and now it’s also very, very expensive. So what’s it going to be like by the time my kid’s in college? I don’t know. A lot.
Sean Pyles:
I think we can confidently say more money.
Sara Rathner:
Confidently, we can say a whole lot more money.
I would want my friends to decide for themselves what they feel comfortable giving, because I don’t feel comfortable telling another person how they should allot their money because they have other competing financial goals and obligations. And I never want to tell another person what they can do with their money unless they specifically ask me to tell them what to do with their money, which nobody ever asks me.
Sean Pyles:
And you also don’t want to give the impression that your friends can’t look after their own family’s finances, right? That’s a bit of the awkwardness underlying the question, is you want to help someone that you care about and this child that you’re seeing grow up in the world, but you don’t want to impose your will upon them. It seems like our listener is being very thoughtful about that. And you don’t want to make it seem like you think they aren’t doing enough.
Sara Rathner:
Right, or you think their kids should go to a four-year private university because that’s what you value, but maybe the parents have other values that they want to impart upon their child as the kid grows up, and then the kid will go off and do their own thing as a young adult.
In my case, we have a 529 for our son. We have family members who’ve contributed money. They’ve just written checks to us, and then we deposit it into our account that is tied to our 529 and then deposit the money into the 529.
Ultimately, when you contribute, you do go through the account owners, and that’s oftentimes parent or guardians. You are going to have to communicate with them because they’re ultimately the gatekeeper of that account. They are the owners, and then the child is the beneficiary.
Sean Pyles:
That actually brings up something that I wanted to talk about, which is who would own this account? The listener could in theory open up a 529 account on their own for this kid. But long-term, it’s probably going to be easier if the parents are the owners of the account, because that way when the kid is eventually ready to go to college or trade school or what have you, the parent can be the one managing those distributions.
Personally, I know as a friend, as much as I love my friends and my friends’ kids, I don’t want to have to manage that down the road. So that’s something else that they should think about when they’re talking about this with their friends.
Sara Rathner:
I definitely agree with talking to the parents and ultimately contributing to an account that the parents or guardians are in charge of.
Sean Pyles:
Well, Elizabeth, do you have any final thoughts around 529s and helping your friend’s kids afford college?
Elizabeth Ayoola:
I think we have given some very juicy tips here and only two more things come to mind, which is one, while it’s noble to contribute to your friend’s kids or loved one’s kids’ 529 account, please take advantage of any state income tax deductions that you might be eligible for. The rules around this can be muddy. And I know the original listener who asked this question lives in a different state than where he’s contributing, but sometimes you’re able to get a deduction depending on the state that you live in. So if you can get money back, I mean, why not?
My second thing that I’ll say is that if your loved one doesn’t have a number in mind, guide them to a college savings calculator or run the numbers together over coffee if they’re open to doing that.
Sean Pyles:
Great. Well, thank you so much for coming on and talking with us.
Elizabeth Ayoola:
I loved it. Thank you for having me.
Sean Pyles:
And that is all we have for this episode. If you have a money question of your own, turn to the Nerds and call or text us your question at 901-730-6373. That’s 901-730-NERD. You can also email us at [email protected].
Visit nerdwallet.com/podcast for more info on this episode. And remember to follow, rate, and review us wherever you’re getting this podcast.
Sara Rathner:
This episode was produced by Sean Pyles and myself. Kevin Berry and Tess Vigeland helped with editing. Sara Brink mixed our audio. And a big thank you to NerdWallet’s editors for all of their help.
And here’s our brief disclaimer:
We are not financial or investment advisors. This nerdy info is provided for general educational and entertainment purposes and may not apply to your specific circumstances.
Sean Pyles:
And with that said, until next time, turn to the Nerds.
Investing has become much easier over the years thanks to the popularity of robo-advisors. Rather than working with a human financial advisor, a robo-investing uses algorithms to make a wealth management plan for each investor.
There are many advantages to using these services. Robo-advisors are typically less expensive than hiring a financial advisor. They allow you to start investing in the stock market even if you don’t have much money to start with.
So if you’re looking for an easy, inexpensive way to get started with investing, a robo-advisor could be a great option for you.
10 Best Robo-Advisors: Uncovering the Standout Performers
Here is an overview of our top picks for the best robo-advisors, as well as a brief explanation about what we like about each one:
1. Personal Capital
Key Features:
Hybrid robo-advisor with access to human financial advisors
Advanced investment strategies including tax optimization
Comprehensive financial planning tools
Retirement and savings goal tracking
High minimum balance requirement
Who it’s best for:
Personal Capital is ideal for more advanced investors with higher account balances, as well as those who seek a combination of automated investing with human financial advisor support.
Its comprehensive planning and retirement tracking features make it a powerful platform for long-term wealth management.
2. Wealthfront
Key Features:
Diversified portfolios with 11 different asset classes
Tax-loss harvesting for all investment accounts
High-interest cash account
Automatic rebalancing and portfolio optimization
College savings plan (529) support
Who it’s best for:
Wealthfront is a strong option for investors seeking a fully automated robo-advisor with a focus on tax efficiency and diversified investments.
Its high-interest cash account and college savings plan support make it an attractive choice for those looking to cover various financial goals.
3. Betterment
Key Features:
Goal-based investing tailored to personal milestones
Automatic rebalancing and tax-efficient strategies
Socially responsible investing options
Access to human financial advisors (with premium plan)
No minimum account balance
Who it’s best for:
Betterment is a great choice for beginners and experienced investors alike, who want a goal-oriented approach to investing.
With its socially responsible investing options and access to a licensed advisor (with the premium plan), it provides a well-rounded platform for a variety of investors.
4. Ally Invest
Key Features:
Low account minimum and no trading commissions
User-friendly online platform
Various research-based tools
No advisory fees for managed portfolios
Integration with Ally Bank for seamless banking and investing
Who it’s best for:
Ally Invest is an excellent option for new investors looking for a low-cost, user-friendly platform with no trading commissions.
Its integration with Ally Bank makes it a convenient choice for those who want to manage their banking and investing under one roof.
5. Vanguard
Key Features:
Hybrid robo-advisor with access to Vanguard personal advisor services
Low-cost, diversified investment options
Retirement and college savings plans
Strong reputation and established history
Higher minimum investment compared to other robo-advisors
Who it’s best for:
Vanguard Digital Advisor is ideal for investors seeking a trusted, established provider with a focus on low-cost, diversified investments.
Its hybrid model offers the benefits of automated investing along with access to a human advisor, making it a strong option for those with larger account balances.
6. M1
Key Features:
Fractional share investing
Customizable portfolios or pre-built expert portfolios
No management fees or commissions
M1 Borrow feature allows borrowing against your portfolio
M1 Spend feature integrates banking and investing
Who it’s best for:
M1 Finance is well-suited for investors who want a high level of customization with their portfolios, allowing them to create their own investment “pies” or choose from pre-built expert portfolios.
As a cost-effective solution, it appeals to budget-minded investors who appreciate the opportunity to leverage their portfolio through borrowing or take advantage of integrated banking services.
7. Ellevest
Key Features:
Focus on socially responsible investing
Gender-specific investment advice
Goal-based investing approach
Access to career coaching and financial planners
Low fees
Who it’s best for:
Ellevest is an excellent choice for investors who prioritize socially responsible investing and seek a platform tailored to the unique financial challenges faced by women.
Its goal-driven approach, coupled with access to career coaching and financial planners, makes it a comprehensive platform for value-oriented investors.
8. Facet
Key Features:
Comprehensive financial planning services
Access to dedicated Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
Flat-fee pricing model
No account minimums
Not fully automated
Who it’s best for:
Facet Wealth is ideal for individuals who want personalized investment management services but can’t afford the fees associated with traditional financial advisors.
Its flat-fee pricing model and access to a dedicated CFP provide a high level of personalization and support, making it a valuable option for those seeking a more hands-on approach to wealth management.
9. SoFi Automated Investing
Key Features:
No management fees
Low minimum balance requirement
Automatic rebalancing
Access to certified financial planners
Robust customer service
Who it’s best for:
SoFi Automated Investing is an excellent option for investors seeking a low-cost, accessible platform with strong customer support.
With no account fees and a low balance requirement, it’s a great choice for those just starting their investment journey or those who want access to financial planning resources without paying high fees.
10. Blooom
Key Features:
Focus on retirement savings (401(k)s and IRAs)
No minimum account balance requirement
Flat yearly management fee
401(k) analysis and optimization
Auto rebalancing and investment recommendations
Who it’s best for:
Blooom is a standout option for investors looking to optimize their retirement savings, specifically in 401(k)s and IRAs.
With its flat yearly management fee and no minimum account balance requirement, it’s an accessible platform for those who want to improve their retirement investment approach and maximize their long-term returns.
A Side-By-Side Comparison of the Best Robo-Advisors
Listed below is a side-by-side overview of what each robo-advisor has to offer.
BROKER
FEES
PROMOTION
ACCOUNT MINIMUM
Ally Invest
0.0%
No promotions offered
$100
Personal Capital
0.49%-0.89%
No promotions offered
$100,000
Wealthfront
0.25%
$5,000 in assets managed for free
$500
Betterment
0.25%
A year of free management
$0
FutureAdvisor
0.50%
Three months of free management
$10,000
Vanguard
0.30%
No promotions offered
$50,000
Bloom
$10 per month
$10 off first year
$0
M1 Finance
0.0%
No promotions offered
$0
Ellevest
0.25%
Possible $750 cash bonus
$0
Facet Wealth
$480 per year or more
No promotions offered
$0
SoFi Automated Investing
0.0%
Free career counseling and loan discounts
$100
Wealthsimple
0.40%-0.50%
$10,000 in assets managed for free
$0
How do robo-advisors work?
A robo-advisor is a specialized software that provides automated investment portfolios based on your goals and risk tolerance. Your risk tolerance is based on your answers to the questions provided.
Robo-advisors use algorithms to choose the right asset allocation based on your risk tolerance, investment goals, and time horizon, providing a customized and efficient approach to portfolio management. Some services give you access to human advisors as well.
Robo-advisors are a viable option for anyone who wants to start investing but can’t afford a portfolio management firm. Or if you just want a hands-off approach to investing, robo-investing is a great choice for diversifying your investments. These services typically have low management fees and require low account minimum balances.
So if you don’t have tens of thousands of dollars at your disposal but still want to start building an investment portfolio, using a robo-advisor has a much lower barrier to entry. There are many online services available on the market, but the ones listed above stand out from the pack.
How to Choose the Right Robo-Advisor for Your Needs
Selecting the right robo-advisor requires considering your investment goals, risk tolerance, and personal preferences. Here are some factors to help guide your decision-making process:
1. Determine your investment goals
Before choosing a robo-advisor, it’s essential to outline your financial goals. Are you saving for retirement, building an emergency fund, or working towards another specific milestone? Understanding your objectives will help you find a robo-advisor that aligns with your needs and offers relevant services.
2. Assess your risk tolerance
Risk tolerance refers to your comfort level with the potential fluctuations in the value of your investments. Some investors prefer a conservative approach, while others may be willing to take on more risk for potentially higher returns. Choose a robo-advisor that offers investment options aligned with your risk tolerance and provides suitable recommendations based on your preferences.
3. Compare fees and account minimums
Fees and account minimums are crucial factors to consider when selecting a robo-advisor. Some platforms charge a percentage of your assets under management, while others may have a flat fee.
Additionally, account minimums can vary widely, ranging from no minimum to tens of thousands of dollars. Choose a robo-advisor with a fee structure and minimum investment requirement that suits your financial situation.
4. Review available investment options
Different robo-advisors offer varying investment options, including individual stocks, bonds, ETFs, and mutual funds. Some platforms may also provide access to socially responsible investments or other specialized options. Ensure the robo-advisor you choose offers options that align with your goals and values.
5. Consider additional features and services
Many robo-advisors offer added features and services, such as automatic rebalancing, tax-loss harvesting, and access to human advisors. Some platforms may also provide banking services or wealth management tools. Assess which additional features are important to you and select a robo-advisor that meets your requirements.
6. Evaluate the user experience
The user experience, including the platform’s ease of use, customer support, and educational resources, is an essential aspect of choosing a robo-advisor. Look for platforms with intuitive interfaces, responsive customer service, and helpful resources to guide you through the investment process.
7. Read reviews and testimonials
Researching reviews and testimonials from current users can provide valuable insight into a robo-advisor’s performance, customer satisfaction, and any potential issues you may encounter. Look for reviews from reputable sources and users with similar objectives and investment preferences to ensure the robo-advisor is the right fit for your needs.
What should you look for in a robo-advisor?
When researching robo-advisors, it’s crucial to know what features and qualities are essential for a successful investment experience. Here are five things you should keep in mind when you’re considering different services.
Management fees: Most robo-advisors will charge an annual fee. This is usually calculated as a percentage of your total assets. You should make sure you understand the management fee structure because this will cut into your earnings.
Types of accounts offered: You should make sure you have a general understanding of the different accounts offered. For instance, retirement accounts like Roth IRAs and 401(k)s will have limits on how much you can contribute each year. Make sure you understand the difference between a taxable investment account and tax-deferred or tax-free accounts offered and how they benefit your financial goals.
Investments: It’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with the types of investments offered. For instance, many robo-advisors offer low-cost index funds, mutual funds, and ETFs. You should make sure that you like the accounts being offered and that they are fairly low cost.
Rebalancing: Since your investment portfolio will fluctuate, over time, it’s easy for it to become out-of-sync with your overall investing goals. You should look for a company that offers automatic portfolio rebalancing.
Access to financial advisors: And finally, one of the benefits of using a robo-advisor is that it’s a hands-off approach to investing. But some robo-advisors offer access to financial planners, and this offers many benefits. Having a financial planner involved brings a human element to your portfolio and makes it more personalized.
An Explanation of the Different Investment Options Available through Robo-Advisors
Robo-advisors provide investors with a variety of investment options to create a well-diversified portfolio tailored to their risk tolerance and financial objectives. Understanding the different options available can help you make informed decisions about your portfolio. Here are some of the most common options offered by robo-advisors:
1. Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
ETFs are a popular investment option among robo-advisors due to their low costs and broad diversification. An ETF is a collection of securities, such as stocks, bonds, or commodities, that tracks a specific index or sector. ETFs trade on stock exchanges, just like individual stocks, and offer investors exposure to a wide range of asset classes, industries, and regions.
2. Index Funds
Index funds are mutual funds that track the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500 or Nasdaq Composite. Like ETFs, they provide broad diversification and have low management fees. By investing in an index fund, you’re essentially buying a small piece of every company within that index, reducing the overall risk in your portfolio.
3. Mutual Funds
Mutual funds pool the investments of multiple investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. They are less common in robo-advisor portfolios due to their higher fees compared to ETFs and index funds, some robo-advisors still include them as an investment option, particularly for specific sectors or strategies.
4. Bonds
Bonds are debt securities issued by governments, corporations, or other entities to raise capital. When you invest in a bond, you’re essentially lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the principal amount at the bond’s maturity. Bonds are typically considered less risky than stocks and can provide a steady income stream, making them a popular choice for conservative investors or those nearing retirement.
5. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
REITs are companies that own, operate, or finance income-producing real estate properties. They allow investors to gain exposure to real estate investments without the need to buy or manage properties directly. REITs can provide diversification and income potential to a portfolio, as they typically pay regular dividends from the rental income generated by their properties.
6. Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Funds
SRI and ESG funds focus on investments in companies that meet specific ethical, environmental, social, or governance criteria. These funds allow investors to align their investment portfolios with their values and support businesses that have a positive impact on society and the environment. Some robo-advisors offer SRI and ESG options to cater to the growing demand for responsible investing.
7. Target-Date Funds
Target-date funds are designed to simplify long-term investing, particularly for retirement planning. These funds automatically adjust their asset allocation over time, gradually shifting from higher-risk investments like stocks to more conservative investments like bonds as the target retirement date approaches. This helps investors maintain an age-appropriate risk level in their portfolios without needing to make manual adjustments.
Tips for Monitoring and Adjusting Your Investment Strategy with a Robo-Advisor
While robo-advisors are designed to automate much of the investment process, it’s essential to periodically review your investment plan and make adjustments as needed. Here are some tips for monitoring and adjusting your strategy when using a robo-advisor:
1. Regularly review your risk tolerance and investment goals
Your risk tolerance and investment goals may change over time due to personal circumstances or market conditions. Ensure you update your robo-advisor profile to reflect any changes, as this will help the platform adjust your portfolio to align with your current objectives and risk appetite.
2. Monitor your portfolio performance
Keep an eye on your portfolio’s performance and compare it to relevant benchmarks or other investment options. This will give you an idea of whether your robo-advisor is effectively managing your investments and meeting your expectations. If your portfolio consistently underperforms, it may be time to consider other investment strategies or try a different robo-advisor.
3. Rebalance your portfolio as needed
While many robo-advisors automatically rebalance your portfolio, it’s still a good idea to review your investments periodically. If you notice significant deviations from your target allocation or if your investment goals change, you may need to adjust your portfolio accordingly.
4. Stay informed about market trends and developments
Even though robo-advisors handle most of the investment decisions for you, it’s essential to stay informed about market trends and developments. This will help you better understand your portfolio’s performance and make more informed decisions about any adjustments you may need to make.
5. Evaluate the robo-advisor’s features and offerings
Periodically review the features and offerings of your robo-advisor to ensure they still align with your needs and preferences. Some robo-advisors may introduce new investment options, tools, or services that could benefit your investment strategy. If you find a different robo-advisor that better suits your needs, don’t hesitate to switch.
6. Consider seeking professional advice
If you have concerns about your investment approach or need help understanding complex financial situations, consider consulting a certified financial planner or other financial professional. While a robo-advisor can be an excellent option for many investors, there may be times when personalized advice from a human advisor is necessary.
Bottom Line
Robo-advisors are an excellent solution for investors seeking a low-cost, user-friendly approach to growing their wealth. They provide the advantages of professional portfolio management and access to diverse investment options without the hefty fees typically associated with traditional financial advisors.
As you embark on your investment journey, remember to consider your long-term goals, risk tolerance, and personal values when selecting a robo-advisor. Make sure to evaluate management fees, account types, and available investment options to ensure your chosen platform aligns with your investment strategy.
Keep an eye on your portfolio and leverage the tools and features offered by your robo-advisor to maximize returns, optimize asset allocation, and stay on track to achieve your financial goals.
By understanding the full potential of robo-advisors and making informed decisions about your investments, you can confidently take charge of your financial future and reap the rewards of a well-managed, diversified portfolio.
A Roth IRA can be a retirement savings tool for children as well as adults. Funded with after-tax dollars, a Roth IRA grows tax-free, so account holders won’t need to pay taxes when they withdraw money in retirement as long as the account has been open for at least five years. Plus, the money in a Roth IRA will have many decades to grow if you open it when your child is young.
And while a Roth IRA has an early distribution penalty, that penalty is generally waived for certain expenses, such as paying for qualified college expenses, if your child needs to access those funds. That flexibility can make a Roth IRA appealing.
Can you open a Roth IRA for a child? Yes! A Roth IRA for kids, called a Custodial Roth IRA, can be opened by a parent, grandparent, or other adult for a child of any age, as long as the child earns income (more on that later).
Here’s everything you need to know about a Roth IRA for kids.
What Is a Roth IRA for Kids?
A Roth IRA for kids, also known as a custodial Roth IRA, is an IRA opened by an adult (usually a parent), who manages the account until the child gets full control of it, which is at age 18 or 21 in most states.
A custodial Roth IRA for kids generally operates in the same way a Roth IRA for adults does. The account holder contributes after-tax dollars toward their retirement savings and the money grows tax-free in the account.
In order to open and contribute to a Roth IRA, your child must have earned income. 💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.
Who’s Eligible for a Roth IRA for Kids?
A child of any age can have a Roth IRA for kids. However, to be eligible, a child must have an earned income. Earned income can include the compensation earned from jobs like babysitting, dog walking, or working for an employer.
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Custodial Roth IRA Rules
In addition to the standard rules for a Roth IRA, there are specific rules for custodial Roth IRAs. These rules include:
No Minimum Age Limit
A child of any age can have a custodial Roth IRA as long as he or she has earned income.
A Child Must Have Earned Income
In order to open a custodial Roth IRA, a child must have earned income. The IRS generally defines earned income as taxable income, wages, and tips. This can also include self-employment, such as yard work or babysitting. Cash gifts given to a child do not count as earned income.
There Are Contribution Limits
The contribution limit for a Roth IRA is $7,000 for 2024 ($8,000 for those 50 and older), or the total of the individual’s earned income for the year, whichever is less.
In addition, a child (or an adult on behalf of a child) cannot contribute an amount greater than the child’s earned income. So if a child earned $2,000 as a lifeguard at the local swimming pool, for example, the most that can be contributed to the child’s custodial IRA that year, including contributions from parents, is $2,000.
Certain Early Withdrawals Are Allowed
In general, you can withdraw contributions from a Roth IRA at any time without penalty. Earnings typically can’t be withdrawn before age 59 ½ without penalty except in certain circumstances. Allowable exceptions include withdrawals up to certain limits to pay for qualified college expenses, cover certain medical bills, and to buy a first home.
Eventual Conversion to a Regular Roth IRA
When the child reaches the legal age in their state (typically 18 or 21, depending on the state), the custodial Roth IRA will need to be converted to a regular Roth IRA in the child’s name.
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How to Open a Custodial Roth IRA for a Kid
A Roth IRA for kids can be opened by any adult, such as a parent or grandparent, for instance. While the child is a minor, the adult will have sole access to the account; once the child comes of age (the timing of which varies by state), the account will transfer over to the child.
As with any Roth IRA, investment options within the account can include stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
A Roth IRA can be opened through a financial institution or brokerage firm. You can typically open the account online by providing some basic information about yourself and your child. Choosing the right institution and Roth IRA offering depends on the investor and their preferences, so be sure to do some research. 💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that you must choose the investments in your IRA? Once you open a new IRA and start saving, you get to decide which mutual funds, ETFs, or other investments you want — it’s totally up to you.
Benefits of Starting a Roth IRA for a Child
Flexibility in how to use the funds can be one benefit of opening a custodial Roth IRA as part of an investment plan for your child. A Roth IRA can provide flexibility not only for potential expenses in early adulthood — such as college expenses or buying a home — but can be an investment vehicle throughout your child’s lifetime.
Another benefit is that a Roth IRA typically gives you more control over investments than an education-focused 529 college savings plan, and it may allow you to create a diversified portfolio of different asset classes.
A Roth IRA is a gift that can keep growing, since investors can potentially maximize compounding returns to get the most out of their investment. Here’s how a Roth IRA may unlock the power of compounding: As an example, let’s say you open a custodial Roth IRA when the child is 10 years old, and contribute $2,000 annually. At a certain point, your child might take over contributing $2,000 annually.
Assuming a 7% rate of return, the account will be worth $928,000 by the time your child is 60 years old — even though the amount you and your child contributed would be $100,000 in total. In comparison, if that same money was put in a taxable savings account over the same time period, the total of the account would be approximately $515,764.
And unlike a traditional IRA, there is no required minimum distribution (RMD) on a Roth IRA once the account owner reaches retirement age. A Roth IRA also allows people to continue contributing throughout their lifetime, as long as they’re earning income.
Alternatives to a Roth IRA for a Kid
If you’re looking for other possible investments for your child, some options to consider include the following.
• Savings account: A parent can open a savings account for a child, as long as the parent is a joint account holder. Savings accounts typically have low interest rates (as of January 2024, the average interest rate for a savings account was 0.47%), so you might want to look for a high-yield savings account instead. These accounts have average interest rates of more than 4% as of early 2024.
• Savings bonds: If your child doesn’t have earned income, you may want to consider savings bonds. However, savings bonds don’t offer the same potential tax advantages a Roth IRA does since you have to pay federal income tax on the bonds when they mature or you cash them. You won’t pay income taxes on Roth IRA earnings unless you take a non-qualified distribution.
• 529 plans: These plans can help you save for your child’s education. You can typically invest the money you contribute to a 529 plan and choose from a wide range of investment options. While these plans aren’t tax deductible at the federal level, your state may offer tax breaks for contributions made to them. And funds can be withdrawn tax-free for qualified education expenses. As of 2024, money left in a 529 may be rolled over to a Roth IRA for your child, although certain conditions and limits may apply.
• UGMA/UTMA accounts: A Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) account and a Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA) account are custodial accounts in which an adult can invest on behalf of a child. These accounts are typically used to invest in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and so on. There are no contribution or income limits, and gifts below the annual gift threshold do not need to be reported. However, there are no tax benefits when contributions are made, and earnings are made to these accounts, and earnings are subject to taxes. When the child reaches legal age, they take over control of the account.
The Takeaway
For a child with earned income, a custodial Roth IRA may be a good way to help them prepare for their future and get started on the path to investing. A child does need to have an earned income to open a custodial Roth IRA, and contributions cannot exceed their income. If your child qualifies, a Roth IRA for kids could potentially give them years of tax-free growth on their money.
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FAQ
Can you open a Roth IRA for a child if they don’t earn income?
No. A child must have earned income — which the IRS defines as wages, salaries, tips and other taxable employee compensation, as well as net earnings from self-employment — in order to open a custodial Roth IRA.
Can you open a Roth IRA for a baby?
It’s possible to open an IRA for a baby. As long as a baby earns an income — modeling baby clothes, for instance — you can open a custodial Roth IRA for them. There is no minimum age to open a custodial Roth IRA, but the child must have earned income.
Is it a good idea to open a Roth IRA for a child?
It may be a good idea to open a Roth IRA for a child for several reasons. A Roth IRA can help a child save up for and cover certain expenses in early adulthood, such as qualified college expenses. Also, a Roth IRA typically has higher returns than a savings account. And because kids have a low tax rate now, when contributions are made, it makes sense to open a Roth IRA, which is taxed upfront. At retirement, as long as they are at least age 59 ½, they can withdraw the money tax-free.
Can I give my child money for a Roth IRA?
Yes, you can contribute to your child’s IRA. However, annual contributions to the account cannot exceed the child’s annual earned income. Also, per IRS rules, the overall amount you can contribute to a Roth IRA is to $7,000 in 2024 for individuals under age 50, or the total annual earned income, whichever is less.
What is the disadvantage of a Roth IRA for kids?
One potential disadvantage of an IRA for kids is that your child must earn an income in order to open and contribute to an account. In addition, you can only contribute the amount the child earns. So if the child makes $500 for the year babysitting, that is the most you can contribute to their custodial Roth IRA.
Can I open a Roth IRA for my 2 year old?
As long as your 2-year-old earns an income, you can open a custodial Roth IRA for them. There is no minimum age requirement for a Roth IRA for kids.
How do I prove my child’s income for a Roth IRA?
If your child receives a W-2 or 1099 form for work they did for an employer, you can use those documents to prove your child’s income. However, if they are self-employed and do work like babysitting, dog walking or yard work to earn money, you should keep receipts or records of the type of work they did, the amount they earned, when the work was done, and who it was for, as proof of their income.
What happens to a custodial Roth IRA when the child turns 18?
Once a child is of legal age, which is typically 18 or 21, depending on your state, the IRA must be converted to a regular Roth IRA in the child’s name that they then own and manage.
Do children need to file a tax return to fund their Roth IRA?
As long as their income is below the threshold that requires them to file a tax return, children are typically not required to file a tax return just because they have a custodial IRA. However, you may want to consult with a tax professional about your specific situation.
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Inside: Looking for the perfect graduation gift? Check out our selection of clever ways to give money. These graduation money gift ideas are fun ways to celebrate.
Graduations signify transitions from one chapter of life to a new groundbreaking journey. This major milestone should be marked with a special gift.
In various cultures, gifting money presents the ultimate creativity, coupled with practicality. It expresses your wishes for the graduate’s prosperity and financial independence.
We have the best graduation money gift ideas just for you.
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Why choose money gifts for graduates?
Graduates are on the brink of venturing into new territories, whether it’s furthering education, taking a gap year, investing in big-ticket items, or moving to kickstart a career. These steps often come along with substantial financial burdens.
A money gift, therefore, becomes a thoughtful and practical gesture.
A survey by the National Retail Federation recorded cash to be the most popular graduation gift, given by 55 percent of participants. In addition, 43% give greeting cards (often with cash inside), followed by gift cards at 32%, apparel at 14%, and electronics at 10%. 1
Hence, money gifts are not just loved by grads but also cherished by friends and family, making them a comprehensive gifting solution.
Fun and Creative Money Gifts for Graduates
Money Lei
Creating a money lei as a gift for a graduate is a fun and creative way to give cash. To make the lei, start by folding one-dollar bills in a fan shape, then thread them onto a necklace made of string or yarn.
You can add ribbons, faux flowers, or even banknotes of higher denominations to make it even more special. Learn how to make a money lei from this mom.
Money Chain
A fun and inventive way to present cash as a graduation gift is to create a paper chain out of dollar bills. This concept not only represents an inventive method to gift money, but it also adds a decorative touch to the graduate’s celebration.
You can assemble the chain using dollar bills and a stapler, turning it into a creative money necklace. To make it even more special, include a rosette made out of a larger denomination bill like $20 or $50 with the inscription “Congratulations Grad!”
Get detailed instructions on making a money chain.
DIY Graduation Money Cake
Graduations warrant celebration with a cake. How about centering the stage with a splendid DIY graduation money cake? It’s not just a delicious mouthful but also a delightful sight!
This visually humorous and surprisingly straightforward project involves rolling your dollar bills in a circular shape to resemble cake layers. Topped with a mini graduation hat and a congratulatory note, it’s sure to bring smiles for its sheer creativity and attractive bounty.
Better than a diaper cake, and perhaps more loved than a real cake, a money cake makes a clever centerpiece and a graduation gift. Use our inventive DIY money cake ideas to draw inspiration from to build a money masterpiece. Add a personal touch by incorporating your graduate’s favorite colors, stickers, or little decorative items that reflect their personality or interests.
Adding a creative twist to your monetary gift can make it even more memorable too. Spiraling money into a puzzle box, the recipient must solve the puzzle to claim their cash – this adds an element of excitement and challenge. You can choose a puzzle that suits the graduate’s interest, making this fun idea even more personal and thoughtful.
Secret compartments that hold hidden treasure. The recipient must learn how to crack the puzzle to open the secret box.
Graduation Cap Mason Jar with Money Diplomas
This graduation money jar by Must Have Mom not only serves as an impressive cash gift but, courtesy of the graduation cap, neatly doubles as a party decoration too. Handmade with love, filled with cash, and resonating with the graduation spirit – what’s not to like?
Fill the Mason jar with rolled-up bills, each ingeniously crafted to resemble mini diplomas. Secure these ‘diplomas’ with bright ribbons for color pop. Add some coins to represent the small steps it took to achieve this big milestone. Top it up with a mini graduation cap, which you can easily craft with black cardstock and an adorable tassel.
And the best part? It might even inspire your graduate to save!
Pizza Box Filled with Cash
Who doesn’t love pizza? Break up the monotonous way of handing over cash in a dull envelope by presenting it in a faux pizza box. Yes – you read that right! The pizza box filled with cash is an ingenious idea that adds a mix of humor, surprise, and cash!
Craft a pizza out of money bills, each piece folded and clipped like a pizza slice. Etsy and Simplistically Living suggest adding red paper circles with quarters on top for that real pepperoni look.
Learn how to make a pizza is the dough gift.
Graduation Money Box Gift Pull
The graduation money box gift pull bears a unique resemblance to a Kleenex box, offering a creative way to gift money to graduates.
This fun and interactive gift involves attaching money bills end-to-end using transparent tape and then neatly rolling them into a tissue box such that the top bill resembles a tissue ready to be pulled. Decorate the box to give it a celebratory touch, and as the graduate pulls out what they think is a tissue, they’d be pleasantly surprised to find a continuous roll of money instead.
Money Shirt and Tie Origami
The art of origami takes to gifting, adding a personal touch to the otherwise cliched act of gifting cash. Enter the money shirt and tie origami – a creative, fun, and super unique graduation gift.
This cleverly folded shirt and tie ensemble is made from a dollar bill. An epitome of the exciting transition from lecture halls to corporate corridors, it resonates with the graduate stepping into professional life. The stitched proverb “Clothes make the man” truly shines out here, for this crisp white money shirt is undoubtedly a charming symbol of maturity and real-world readiness. Add a quarter or a dime to resemble a metallic tie-pin.
For an in-depth tutorial on how to fold a dollar bill into a shirt and tie, you can look up directions here.
Unique Money Gift Presentation Ideas
Money Tree: An Ever-Growing Investment
In line with the adage, “Money doesn’t grow on trees,” we introduce you to a tongue-in-cheek yet highly symbolic take on this phrase. The Money Tree! (yep, I love to prove my dad wrong!)
This is a creative and innovative way of presenting cash as a gift. It’s also a symbolic nod towards the idea of financial growth and prosperity for the graduate, subtly wishing them monetary abundance throughout their journey.
Fortune Cookie Money Gift
Looking for a fun and quirky way to present money to the graduates on their big day? How about incorporating a little Asian flair and a dash of fun with a Fortune Cookie Money gift? This surprising and unique concept makes for a perfect impression!
The money fortune cookie idea, courtesy of The Paper Mama, is an attractive alternative to age-old gifting methods. Fold your money bills into the shape of fortune cookies and slip them inside a takeaway Chinese box for the ultimate presentation.
Elevate this gift by including a heartfelt note or some thoughtful advice inside each fortune cookie, just like the actual fortune cookies come with hidden messages. Each ‘cookie’ is also a symbol of luck and prosperity.
Zip-Open Money Holder
A Zip-Open Money Holder serves as a stylish and functional way for men to handle their cash, making it a perfect gift for graduates, birthdays, or festive occasions. The design allows for secure storage, and the feature of easily displaying cash by unzipping adds a hint of excitement to the gift-giving process.
With a myriad of styles ranging from minimalist to flashy, you can match the recipient’s personality perfectly.
Emergency Cash Inside Picture Frame: A Lifesaver Graduation Gift Idea
Imagine a rustic shadow box or a sleek modern frame housing a neat arrangement of cash bills under the caption “In Case of Emergency Break the Glass.”
Add a personal touch by including a caring note like “If you ever need help, I’ll be there for you.” This not only gives the impression of a safety net but also reassures them of your ongoing support.
It’s unconventional cash gifting, fun, practical, and literally, their savior ‘in case of emergency’.
Money Balloons to Life You Off Financially!
A truly unique and memorable way to gift money to graduates is to tuck it inside balloons, creating surprising cash confetti.
This sneaky method not only redefines the act of gift-giving, but also adds a fun and exciting element, as the receiver pops the balloon to discover their monetary gift within.
Check out how to make money balloons.
Handmade Money Surprise Bath Bomb
Time for a lovely bath with a hidden surprise! A fantastic way to hide money especially for teen girls!
This unique gift idea of bath bombs also is made with all natural and vegan skin care products. Perfect for small budgets!
Digital-age Money Gifting Methods
Transforming a Venmo Payment into Special Graduation Gift
Building upon this digital-age trend, Venmo introduced the “gift wrap” option, which transforms your usual cash transaction into an endearing cash gift. The payment comes with a short but heartfelt animated GIF intro, which makes the receipt of money all the more special for the recipient.
While Venmo currently does not offer graduation-specific designs, you may utilize the “Just Because” message. Personalize it in your own words, making it relevant to the graduation context. Conveying your wishes and love instantly uplifts the otherwise mechanical act of transferring money.
This digital-age money gift version is ideal if you’re miles apart on your loved one’s Big Day. Despite the physical distance, with Venmo and other such apps, you’re just a few clicks away from blessing the grad with your love, congratulations, and of course, monetary gift.
Money Tree with Gift Cards
A money tree spruced up with various gift cards is an innovative and exciting way to offer a present. This method is not just creative but offers a tangible and enjoyable surprise that surely excites the recipient.
Don’t miss out on purchasing a mix of gift cards from different retailers, topping the whole experience up with a variety of potential shopping sprees. This thoughtful gesture is sure to be appreciated and remember to add a personal touch for an unforgettable gift.
Gift Card in a Congratulations or Graduation Style Gift Box
For a unique and crafty gift presentation, consider placing your gift card inside a mini graduation cap box. This personalized touch not only adds an element of surprise but also highlights the sentimentality of the occasion.
DIY Money Gifts with Step-by-step Instructions
What a sweet Idea!
A unique and sweet way to gift money is by using a glass jar filled with a person’s favorite sweets or candies. Start by choosing a sturdy glass jar, and flood it with your recipient’s beloved candy.
The trick lies in tucking some cash amongst the treats, creating a delightful surprise for the recipient. You can even add a personal touch and a festive aura by attaching a note or decorating the jar appropriate to the occasion, be it graduation, birthday, or holiday.
Learn how to add an element of surprise to your money gift with a glass jar and sweets/candy,
McDonald’s Money French Fries Gift Idea
Everyone loves McDonald’s fries, but have you ever thought of gifting them in money form? The McDonald’s Money French Fries gift idea brings a unique blend of humor and surprise to your graduation gifting game.
This quirky idea involves emptying a McDonald’s french fry container and refilling it with neatly folded bills that mimic yummy fries. This arrangement can be topped off with a note adding to the humor such as, “Did Ronald McDonald ever tell you to keep the change?” or “Want cash fries with that?”
This fun-filled concept comes from Making Memories with your Kids , adding a light-hearted spin to the routine money gifting. Graduates would appreciate this unusual fusion of their fav fast-food chain and a monetary jump-start.
Money Flowers: An Elegant Cash Bouquet
Redefining flower gifting, meet the impressive Money bouquet, an intelligent amalgamation of art, appeal, and worth sure to impress any graduate.
Make the graduation day extra special by gifting your grad a bouquet of flowers with a twist. This project only requires folding skills and a little creativity. Gently roll your money bills to build the cake, then purchase your grad’s favorite flowers.
Plus you can buy the money bill holder on Etsy to make this project easier.
Pre-DIY Money Bouquet
Everyone loves to receive a bouquet of roses! This money gift idea is hidden within the gift. Very attractive present.
This Bouquet is sure to wow for any occasion!
Money Crayons – To Remind Them How Far they Have Come
Consider the charm of hiding money in crayons, an ingenious nod to the recipient’s childhood.
This unique gift idea not only brings back the delightful memory of days spent drawing and coloring with wax sticks, but it also symbolizes the progress the graduate has made, transitioning from using crayons as a child to earning money as an adult.
Learn how to make money crayons.
Investment in Their Future
Express your confidence in the graduate’s future and support their goals with an investment gift. A 529 college savings plan or an investment account is an excellent idea that not only shows your trust in the graduate but also your commitment to their future.
Many grads don’t know how to invest in stocks. So, this may be a great chance to teach them.
It’s not just about money but also a testament to your confidence in them and their dreams. An investment in their future is an invaluable graduation gift that is sure to be appreciated. It’s symbolic, purposeful, and plays a significant part in sculpting their future.
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Indulge in a Money Cake
Lights! Camera! Cake? Hold that thought because we’re going to redefine the whole cake cutting tradition at graduation parties in a fun and profitable way.
Why make a cake when you can make a money cake? It’s an eye-catching centerpiece, a conversation starter, a whole lot of fun, and a cash gift all in one. Inspirations turn dollar bills spiral into a multi-tier cake, complete with a graduation hat on top and maybe even whipped cream at the edges.
“Bake your success,” or let’s say, “Stack your success,” by creating a money cake for your graduate. So, let your creativity flow and gift a homemade cake that’s literally a slice of liquid net worth!
Money Cake Pull Out Kit
Don’t want to make a real cake? Then, opt for the easy solution with a money cake pull out kit! Perfect surprise for graduates with the most versatile and widely-appreciated gift of them all: cash?
We know how you can do it in style: the amazing money cake dispenser, an incredible accessory that you will use on endless occasions.
This complete cash dispenser set includes the special box, cake topper, 1 plastic roll with 50 connected pockets, and printed instructions.
FAQs About Money Gift Ideas For Graduation
A good grad gift with money is one that not only offers financial assistance but also a personal touch, a dash of humor, or a token of encouragement. It makes the recipient feel cared for and supported in their next journey.
Ultimately, a good grad gift with money expresses your congratulations, best wishes for the next chapters, and a monetary boost to help them get a head start in their next big adventure.
These are just creative ideas to make giving money more memorable.
Deciding how much cash to give for a graduation gift depends on several factors including your personal budget, your relationship with the graduate, and the graduate’s level of education.
We have found money gifts for high school graduates typically range from $20 to $300. The study suggests $50 to $100 as an average amount for close family members and friends.
For college graduates, some suggest higher amounts to reflect the monumental achievement. Paying for the Graduate suggests gifting at least $50, but depending on the relationship, you can give up to $500.
Remember, there’s no hard or fast rule determining the perfect amount for a graduation gift. What counts the most is the sentiment behind the gift. Ensure that it’s an amount you can comfortably give, for the graduate, regardless of the sum, will undoubtedly appreciate any cash gift received.
Which Creative Ways to Give Graduation Money Gifts is your Favorite?
Graduation is a momentous occasion and deserves a unique token of appreciation and celebration. Money gift ideas for graduation give you plenty of innovative ways to express your well-wishes, support, and belief in the successful road ahead for the graduate.
Whether it’s a Money Cake, Emergency Cash Inside Picture Frame, a McDonald’s Money French Fries, a Money Rosettes bouquet, or a Venmo payment with a personal message, you’re sure to leave a lasting impression.
Each of these ideas adds a fun and creative spin to the traditional act of gifting money.
Regardless of the amount, it is the thoughtfulness and creativity that will be remembered most by the graduate. I still remember ways I received money that was given unusually.
So, which is your favorite, and what novel money gift would you create for your loved one’s graduation?
Make sure to include these financial adults for young adults as wise wisdom.
Source
National Retail Federation. “Graduation spending to reach $5.2 billion with cash and greeting cards as most popular gifts.” https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/graduation-spending-reach-52-billion-cash-and-greeting-cards-most. Accessed December 20, 2023.
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About one in seven Americans has unclaimed funds lurking somewhere. In fact, there’s an estimated $70 billion in unclaimed assets in the United States. Typically, the amounts people receive when retrieving this money can be small (say, $20) or, in rare cases, it can be a significant amount of six figures or higher.
States typically manage these funds, which can come from forgotten bank accounts, pensions, insurance benefits, wages, savings bonds, and other sources.
If you’re wondering whether there’s any money out there that belongs to you, read on. This guide will walk you through where unclaimed money may be hiding and how to claim it.
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How to Find Unclaimed Money 5 Ways
Money usually remains unclaimed because owners have no idea it exists. That’s why it may be worth searching for unclaimed funds in your name just in case. So how do you go about it? Unfortunately, there’s no single place you can look for all potential unclaimed cash. It may take some work, but here are some steps you can take to help make sure you’re claiming everything that’s yours.
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1. Searching State Databases
A good first step may be to hunt for unclaimed funds at the state level. Each state has an office that oversees unclaimed property, typically housed in the state treasurer’s, controller’s, or comptroller’s office. You can link to your state by visiting the website unclaimed.org, which is run by the National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators.
Don’t forget to search your name in the database of each state where you have lived, not just the one where you live now. Make sure that you are searching the official state site (it should have .gov in the URL) to avoid scams. If you are married and changed your name, you may want to consider searching under your maiden name too.
You can continue your search by checking MissingMoney.com, which offers a multi-state database endorsed by the National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators.
All of these searches are free to complete. If someone asks you for money to complete a search, that’s a red flag. There’s no reason to pay to access money that’s yours, unless there is a small processing fee.
If you happen to find unclaimed property, each state has its own process for proving that you’re the true owner and getting your hands on the cash. Many states allow you to file a claim electronically.
Usually you need to provide some kind of official documents to prove that you’re the person named as the owner. Luckily, there is typically no time limit for claiming the money. If the owner has died, you can often claim funds from a deceased relative. You can typically file a claim if you’re an heir, trustee, or executor of the estate.
2. Looking for Unpaid Wages and Pensions
Here’s another possibility in terms of how to find unclaimed funds: Hunt for back pay. If your employer owes you back wages, you can search the Department of Labor’s database. Start by inputting the name of the employer. You typically have to move quickly in this case, since the agency only keeps unpaid wages for three years.
You can also look for pensions from a former employer. Pension funds may be unclaimed if a company closed its doors or ended a particular pension plan. You can look for funds through the website of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, which is a government agency.
3. Checking for Unclaimed Tax Refunds
If you think you may have failed to receive a tax refund at some point, you can track that down through the Internal Revenue Service’s website. Keep in mind that you will need to know the exact refund amount in order to conduct the search.
4. Searching for Insurance Funds
Many insurance companies transfer unclaimed funds to states, but a couple of federal government agencies maintain their own unclaimed funds databases. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs holds onto unclaimed VA life insurance funds for most policyholders and, if they’re deceased, their beneficiaries.
People who had mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration can check for potential unclaimed refunds on the website of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
5. Finding Savings Bonds
Another potential place to find unclaimed funds could be in forgotten or lost savings bonds. To check whether you have a bond that has reached maturity, check the government’s website Treasury Hunt. You’ll be prompted to enter your Social Security number and your state.
The site also offers advice on finding lost, destroyed, or stolen savings bonds.
• FDIC and Closed Banks You may also want to see if you have any money that is in a lost bank account or one that was held at a now-closed bank. It’s a very rare occurrence, but bank failures do occasionally happen. If you believe you had funds in one that you never received, you can contact the FDIC Claims Depositor Services at 888-206-4662, option 2.
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Being Aware of Scams
Where there’s free money, there are bound to be con artists trying to take advantage of it. Some companies may offer to help you find unclaimed funds and recover the money for a percentage of the amount owed you. Be cautious: These can be scams. Paying these fees is pointless, since you can search for unclaimed property and reclaim it for free (or perhaps for a small processing fee to the state).
The IRS recently warned of another kind of unclaimed money scam, in which a letter arrives, claiming to be from the government, alerting you to a refund you have not yet accessed. This fraudulent communication then says that your banking details are needed to receive the money. If you send that sensitive information, you could end up losing money and having your accounts compromised.
Using Your Unclaimed Money
If you happen to be one of the lucky people who finds cash waiting for them, what should you do with it? You may be tempted to blow the surprise windfall on those new shoes you’ve been eyeing or on a dream vacation.
But depending on the sum you receive and your financial situation, there may be smarter ways to put the unexpected money to use. Consider these possibilities.
Paying Off Debt
If you have high-interest debt, many people suggest putting much of your extra cash toward knocking it out. That’s because interest rates can cause a balance to balloon significantly over time, meaning the longer you wait to pay off your high-interest debt, the more you’ll likely pay overall.
Credit cards and payday loans tend to have high interest rates, but you may also want to check the rate you’re paying on your student loans, car loan, personal loan, or mortgage. One method for potentially paying off your debt faster is to tackle your highest-interest debt first, while staying on top of minimum payments for your other liabilities.
Building An Emergency Fund
Once you’re on top of your debt or at least the highest-interest liabilities, it may be a good idea to establish or pump up an emergency fund.
Financial experts suggest having enough saved to cover three to six months’ worth of living expenses.
It may be a good idea to keep this money in a safe place, like a high-interest savings account, for unexpected emergencies such as car repairs, medical bills, or a layoff. Having an emergency fund may help you avoid getting into high-interest debt in the future since you have that cash cushion to see you through challenging times.
Saving for a Goal
Once you have a basic emergency fund, you may want to start setting aside money to get closer to a big financial goal. Maybe you want to have a wedding, travel, start a business, or buy a home.
Saving in advance means you may need to take out less in loans or pay less in credit card charges. Or you might be able to avoid them altogether, keeping more of your money in your pocket.
Investing for the Future
Another option is to invest your money in an individual retirement account, college savings plan, brokerage account, or another financial vehicle.
Investing your money for the long-term could allow you to take advantage of the power of compounding returns and potentially increase your chances of reaping solid growth over time. It can be tempting to spend your lucky find on short-term fun, but investing may set you up for financial freedom in the future.
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The Takeaway
How do you find unclaimed funds? Typically, it involves searching on websites to see what pops up. These are usually specific to the kind of money that is sitting unclaimed, whether that means going searching for tax refunds, the contents of closed bank accounts, back wages, or insurance payments.
Whether it’s deciding what to do with reclaimed cash, if you’re owed any, or figuring out how to afford a big goal, life poses plenty of personal finance challenges. Finding the right financial partner can be an important step in making your money work harder for you.
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FAQ
What is the best website to find unclaimed money?
Using a website to find unclaimed money will depend somewhat on the source of the unclaimed funds, such as whether it’s from an insurance claim, a forgotten safety deposit box, or other source. One good place to start can be unclaimed.org, which is run by the National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators.
What happens if money is unclaimed?
When money is unclaimed, it often goes through a dormancy period (perhaps five years), after which the state takes control of the funds.
How do you claim unclaimed money from the IRS?
If you were expecting a federal tax refund and didn’t receive it, visit the IRS’ Where’s My Refund page and/or call their helpline at 800-829-1040. For state taxes, contact your local Department of Revenue by checking this website.
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Robo-advisors are becoming increasingly popular, giving everyday people a more cost-effective way to invest at all levels.
Rather than pouring over investment books and blogs, you can choose a robo-advisor that fits with your general risk philosophy, then pay a small percentage of whatever funds you’re able to invest.
You presumably get the returns without having to worry about the daily maintenance of your investments.
FutureAdvisor: Personalized Investment Advice
FutureAdvisor is a relatively new standout in the industry, offering personalized investment advice to help you reach your financial goals. And while touted as a robo-advisor, FutureAdvisor has a real-life team of human investors helping to manage client portfolios. Their investment strategy focuses on the long-term and is based on academic research and historical performance.
This is also a great choice for those who are wary of fintech startups because all FutureAdvisor accounts are held through Fidelity. You get the security of major financial institutions with the technology of a data-driven startup.
You can also take advantage of certain free services with FutureAdvisor. Keep reading to find out more about how you can invest with FutureAdvisor.
How FutureAdvisor Works
To get started with FutureAdvisor, you’ll need at least $10,000 to invest. Right off the bat that can be limiting to some, but they do collectively manage over $900 million at this point. Once you’re ready to start, you can get a free portfolio analysis.
You can link all of your accounts to FutureAdvisor, which then reviews all of your information. Additionally, you’ll add in your financial goals along with your target timeframe. From there, you’ll receive customized recommendations based on modern portfolio theory.
It’s a comprehensive way to figure out how to stay on track throughout your financial journey, especially since it’s looking at all of your actual information. Once you’ve taken advantage of this free service, you can then choose to sign up to have your funds managed through a FutureAdvisor Premium account. This will give you access to a team of financial advisors.
Supported Investments
Investments they support include IRAs (traditional, Roth, and SEP) as well as individual and joint taxable accounts. There are only two basic requirements: you must start with at least $10,000 and you have to be between 18 and 68 years old.
This is another place where things differ from your typical robo-advisor. You keep your money with a major brokerage, like Fidelity. FutureAdvisor then manages your funds as a fiduciary.
Tracking Retirement Savings
Want to track your retirement savings?
Log onto your FutureAdvisor dashboard any time of the day to view your total assets. You’ll be able to see exactly how your assets are being managed, which is based on various factors, including:
Your age
Risk tolerance
Portfolio size and holdings
How long you have until retirement
You’ll also receive your “best path” to retirement, along with suggested steps and best practices you can take to optimize your investments.
FutureAdvisor Fees
There are three parts to FutureAdvisor’s fee structure. The first is an annual management fee of 0.50%, which is charged in increments on a quarterly basis. The management fee is charged on the number of assets that FutureAdvisor actually manages.
The next fee is the expense ratio for any funds you’re invested in, like ETFs. ETF expense ratios average around 0.15%. Finally, you’ll be charged a commission anytime a trade is made. It may seem like a lot, but FutureAdvisor manages your investments based on the size of your portfolio. Additionally, FutureAdvisor uses several fee-free funds to save you money.
In total, most accounts average an annual fee of 0.65% on the assets you have managed by FutureAdvisor.
When you’re getting started, you won’t be charged anything if your accounts are already held by Fidelity. It’s also free to transfer accounts from Vanguard. However, most other brokerages and mutual fund companies will charge a transfer fee, ranging between $50 and $100 per account.
It’s also worth noting that there are no fees to cancel your account with them. Since your money is held in a Fidelity account, they simply take themselves off as the account manager and you have control to do whatever you want with the funds. Fees may apply if you want to close your account with Fidelity.
Special Features
Whether you just want some free retirement advice or a Premium account to grow your investments, FutureAdvisor has plenty to offer investors of all types. Even if you don’t meet the $10,000 minimum balance, there are services you can take advantage of. And if you do decide to have FutureAdvisor manage your accounts, you’ll be happy to know about some of their best features.
Free Advice
We already talked about the free portfolio analysis you can receive from FutureAdvisor, which is a great perk in itself. However, even if you don’t want to sign up for an account and upload your investment information, there are still tons of amazing resources you can take advantage of.
Are you totally new to retirement planning and investing?
FutureAdvisor’s Investing Library
Navigate over to FutureAdvisor’s Investing Library and you’ll find countless guides and articles. If you’re not sure where to begin, pick an overview topic like “How to Start Investing.” There are also guides on how to invest different amounts, like $10,000 or even $500,000 — so no matter what you have, you receive holistic advice about how to effectively manage your savings.
There are also really specific topics, so if you’re looking for a particular how-to guide about something investment-related, you’re likely to find it here. For example, you can read step-by-step on how to open an IRA or dive deeper into the best ways to diversify your portfolio.
FutureAdvisor also has a section of its website devoted to reaching your goals. In addition to direct investment advice, they also talk about things like the cost of housing and healthcare — both of which are extremely relevant in retirement planning. On top of that, they offer 401(k) and529 college savings plan assistance.
FutureAdvisor’s Algorithm
Interested in how FutureAdvisor determines its investment strategy?
Check out “Inside the Algorithm,” which is loaded with super-specific articles on their automatic rebalancing strategy, tax-efficiency tactics, stock and bond splits, and more. Again, you don’t even have to create a free account to take advantage of this resource library.
It’s completely available to anyone, and it’s smart to look at before you choose FutureAdvisor for your investments. And the blog is updated regularly so you always know about the company’s latest updates.
Tax-efficient Strategies
FutureAdvisor utilizes a few different strategies to minimize your tax liability. Like most robo-advisors, they’ve integrated automatic tax-loss harvesting to all accounts. It’s particularly helpful, however, if you’re in a higher tax bracket.
So what exactly is tax-loss harvesting?
The process can be quite technical, but basically, tax-loss harvesting involves selling a security that’s had a loss. It’s then replaced with a similar position so that your portfolio is right where it should be. But since you sold the original security at a loss, that amount is used to offset your taxes on both your income and capital gains.
Of course, there are all kinds of rules regulating tax-loss harvesting, which is why it’s helpful to have an automated expert like FutureAdvisor monitoring and executing the process for you.
FutureAdvisor also engages in other tax-efficient strategies. When charging your annual fee, they take this money out of your taxable accounts like a traditional IRA, rather than out of a tax-advantaged account, like a rollover IRA. Over time, that can save you money on the amount of taxable income you have.
Capital Gains and Tax Policy
The company adheres to its own Capital Gains and Tax Policy to help clients save as much as possible on their tax burden. In fact, when you sign up for investment management with FutureAdvisor’s Premium service, you can actually see what your projected tax impact will be before they rebalance your portfolio.
Plus, they continually review your short-term and long-term holdings to best balance your portfolio on a regular basis. Just as they do with all their decisions, FutureAdvisor consistently rebalances your portfolio based on your specific situation.
You can expect your portfolio to be rebalanced between four and six times each year. This is the average amount it takes to maintain your target asset allocation to make sure your investments are staying on track.
Fidelity Integration
Unlike most other robo-advisors, FutureAdvisor doesn’t actually hold your money. Instead, they’ve carved out an agreement with Fidelity. They serve as custodian of your investment accounts, but the money is still held by one of two national brokerages.
The great thing about this is that both options are SIPC insured. While that doesn’t protect your investments against market losses, it does offer certain protections if the brokerage closes for some reason.
Fee-Free ETFs
Working with Fidelity also means that FutureAdvisor can help you save money by using fee-free or low-cost ETFs.
Fidelity is just shy of that with 91 fee-free ETFs to choose from. Since you pay both an annual management fee and trade commissions with FutureAdvisor, this can really help you save money while optimizing your portfolio.
The partnership between FutureAdvisor and these two brokerages also gives you flexibility. If you change your mind and don’t want to pay for the Premium service anymore, you simply remove FutureAdvisor as the account custodian. Then you still have your money invested in Fidelity and you don’t have to worry about paying any transfer fees or closing fees.
Is FutureAdvisor right for you?
People who currently have investment accounts with Fidelity are automatic candidates for FutureAdvisor, especially if you’ve been considering using a robo-advisor.
If your funds are already housed within one of these two brokerages, it’s extremely simple to get started. And if you decide you don’t like how your funds are managed, you simply remove FutureAdvisor as your custodian and move on — without paying any fees.
Give FutureAdvisor a Test Drive
Really, anyone can test drive FutureAdvisor by signing up for the free analysis and recommendations. You’ll even get reminders about how and when to rebalance your portfolio, you’ll just have to manually do it yourself. Once you’re comfortable with how your investments look, you may decide to sign up for the Premium account so you can invest on autopilot.
Even with these perks, FutureAdvisor’s fees are a bit higher compared to those of other robo-advisors. If cost is your bottom line, you may want to explore other options. But the upside is that your funds are actually kept with extremely reputable brokerages, making FutureAdvisor an interesting hybrid between a traditional financial advisor and fintechs.
Ultimately, your investments should be based on your personal values and strategies. If these align with FutureAdvisor, it’s definitely worth giving them a try, especially if you start with a free account.
College is expensive, with the yearly cost of attendance at some private schools now topping $75,000. Looking at these numbers, you may wonder how you will ever possibly afford to send your kids to college.
But before you get too disheartened, it’s important to understand that a college’s published “sticker price” is often very different from what you actually have to pay (known as the net price). What’s more, just putting a small amount of money aside each month in a college fund can add up to a significant sum over time, especially if you take advantage of a tax-advantaged college savings account.
Read on to learn key things about how to save for college — from estimating how much you need to set aside to picking the right college saving fund.
Determining the Cost of College for Your Children
Tuition costs vary widely, depending on the type of school your child wants to attend, the type of degree they’ll earn (bachelor’s or associate), and even geographic location.
According to the College Board, the average annual college tuition costs for the 2022-23 school year were:
• $10,940: public four-year in-state (a 1.8% increase from 2021-21)
• $28,240: public four-year out-of-state (a 2.2% increase from 2021-22)
• $39,400 : private nonprofit four-year (a 3.5% increase from 2021-22)
• $3,860: public two-year in-district (a 1.6% increase from 2021-22)
The College Board also studied the annual, inflation-adjusted change in college tuition and fees over the last decade:
• -1%: four-year public schools
• -4%: two-year public schools
• +6%: four-year private (nonprofit) schools
If your kids are young, you may wonder how much college will cost when it’s time for them to head off. Fortunately, there are many online calculators that can help you figure this out, taking factors like your child’s age, the type of school you expect your child to attend, and the expected rise in the cost of college into account.
💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.
Net Price vs. Sticker Price
Every college and university, private or public, lists a sticker price, which is also known as the cost of attendance (COA). This price includes tuition, fees, room and board, books, supplies, and miscellaneous expenses.
The net price, on the other hand, is what a student would actually pay, after factoring in any financial aid provided by the college and the federal government.
Financial aid is based on your family’s income, as well as the student’s academic achievement. Aid is offered in the form of grants, scholarships, work-study, and sometimes federal student loans. Schools offer aid based on financial need, a student’s “merit,” or a combination.
When you fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), you will receive a Student Aid Index, or SAI. (Previously, this was called the Estimated Family Contribution, or EFC.) Colleges use this number to determine the amount of financial aid they award to accepted students. Typically, colleges come up with a financial aid package to help bridge the gap between the school’s sticker price and what your family can afford to pay.
Indeed, sometimes colleges with the highest sticker price end up costing less than a college with a much lower sticker price.
Recommended: How to Start Saving for Your Child’s College Tuition
Using a Net Price Calculator
Fortunately, you can get an idea of what the net price will be for a particular college before you apply by using the government’s net price calculator. This tool can help students and their families get a better idea of the cost of college, after subtracting scholarships, grants, and other financial aid.
Keep in mind, though, that the net price calculator is going to require specific details about your income and assets, so the more transparent you are regarding your personal finances, the more precise your calculation is likely to be.
When is a Good Time to Start Saving for Your Child’s Education?
Generally, the sooner the better. In fact, it can be wise to set up and start making small monthly contributions to a college savings fund soon after your child is born.
For some familes, however, it may not be possible to start saving that early. It’s equally important to pay attention to your other expenses and family’s needs. For example, you may want to prioritize building an emergency and paying off expensive credit card debt over saving for college. It’s also a good idea to make sure you’re on track with retirement savings. At the end of the day, students are able to get loans for an education but it’s not possible to take out loans to fund retirement.
Some Options for Saving
529 Plan
A 529 education savings plan is an investment account that can be used to save for the beneficiary’s qualified education expenses. The funds can be used to pay for higher education or private elementary or high schools. A 529 plan allows your savings to grow tax-free, and some states even offer a tax deduction on your contributions.
All 529 plans are set up at the state level. However, you don’t have to be a resident of a particular state to enroll in its plan.
If your child decides not to go to school, it’s possible to roll the account over into the name of another family member. If the funds aren’t used for education-related expenses, there may be taxes and penalties.
Family members and friends can also contribute to a child’s college savings plan. They may choose to make deposits to an existing 529 account or set up one themselves, naming a beneficiary of their choice.
Some 529 savings plans offer an age-based investment option to automatically adjust the risk of the investment strategy as the beneficiary gets older. This type of investment approach might be similar to how a target date fund works in your retirement plan.
Regular Savings Accounts
You can also save for your child’s college tuition using a savings account at a traditional bank, credit union, or online bank. Just keep in mind that interest rates, even for high-yield savings accounts, tend to be relatively low. Plus, savings accounts don’t offer the tax advantages you can get with some other college savings vehicles.
It may be difficult to reach education financing goals through a traditional savings account alone since the interest rate might not keep pace with the inflation of college expenses.
Roth IRAs
Although generally used for retirement savings, a Roth IRA can be used to pay for the cost of college. Contributions to a Roth IRA are made with after-tax dollars but earnings grow tax-free.
Generally, to withdraw the earnings from an IRA without paying a penalty (or taxes), the account holder needs to be at least 59 ½ years old. However, if you made the first contribution to your Roth IRA at least five years before, you can also withdraw the growth penalty-free for qualified education expenses, including tuition, books, and supplies.
Keep in mind that, while there may not be an early withdrawal fee, the earnings withdrawn may still be subject to income tax.
Other Options to Pay for College
Sometimes saving alone isn’t enough to cover the cost of college. In that case, there are other funding options available that could help students and their families pay for college.
Private Scholarships
Scholarships are essential free money for college because you don’t have to pay them back. Scholarships are typically merit-based and are offered through a variety of organizations and institutions, including nonprofits, corporations, and even directly from universities and colleges. In some cases, scholarships are awarded on the basis of nationality, ethnicity, or economic need. There are a number of searchable databases that compile different scholarship opportunities.
Federal Financial Aid
When you complete the FAFSA each year, you will become eligible for federal financial aid. This can include scholarships, grants, work-study, and federal student loans (which may be subsidized or unsubsidized).
Private Student Loans
If savings and financial aid aren’t enough to cover the full cost of college, you can fill in gaps using private student loans. These are available through private lenders, including banks, credit unions, and online lenders.
Loan limits vary from lender to lender, but you can often get up to the total cost of attendance, which gives you more borrowing power than with the federal government. Interest rates vary depending on the lender. Generally, borrowers (or cosigners) who have strong credit qualify for the lowest rates.
Keep in mind, though, that private loans may not offer the borrower protections — like income-based repayment plans and deferment or forbearance — that automatically come with federal student loans.
💡 Quick Tip: Parents and sponsors with strong credit and income may find much lower rates on no-fee private parent student loans than federal parent PLUS loans. Federal PLUS loans also come with an origination fee.
The Takeaway
College tuition can be a daunting expense. Setting up a dedicated account to save for college tuition can help make the process much more manageable. There are accounts, like 529 plans, that are designed specifically to pay for educational expenses.
In addition to savings, students and their families may rely on scholarships, grants, federal student loans, or even private student loans to pay for tuition and other educational expenses.
If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.
Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.
SoFi Loan Products SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
SoFi Private Student Loans Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.
SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
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Whether you attend a public or private college—in your home state or another—costs are higher than they’ve ever been. In fact, college tuition costs have nearly tripled over the last 40 years, according to Bankrate.
“The cost of college has gotten completely out of control,” agrees Maggie Germano, a financial coach. And it’s not only tuition. “The cost of room and board, books, and other necessary expenses have been going up, too. This can end up putting students and graduates in lots of debt that may make it difficult for them to get ahead in life.”
That’s why earning money as a student in college can be so beneficial to your financial health, both for today and tomorrow. Not only is the money helpful, but it also gives you a chance to build a budget and manage your own finances—critical skills for being financially secure throughout life.
So, how to make money as a college student? The reality is that it can be difficult for students to earn money while keeping up with their studies. But by taking advantage of scholarship opportunities and choosing part-time jobs for students that fit with their schedule, undergrads can enter the next stage of life with a more stable fiscal foundation.
How can students help pay for college?
It’s never too early to begin planning for the cost of college. Even if your parents started a 529 college savings plan for you when you were young, you can look for additional opportunities to lighten the financial load.
The two most common ways to do that, Germano says, are scholarships and financial aid.
Scholarships and grants
“Students should take steps to apply for as many scholarships and grants as they can even before the start of their senior year of high school,” Germano says. “This will help lower the cost burden for them once they begin school.”
Students should speak with their high school guidance counselor to learn about available local, state, and national scholarship programs. Germano also suggests they take the initiative to research online, as new programs are constantly being created.
Financial aid and loans
Many colleges offer financial aid programs for students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. While it’s important to speak to your university’s financial aid office directly, students should also consider filling out the FAFSA form, as many schools rely on it to assess eligibility for assistance. FAFSA stands for Free Application for Federal Student Aid, and by filling it out, students will learn which federal aid and loan programs they may qualify for.
Even with a scholarship and other types of aid, many students will still need to take out a student loan, Germano says.
Be cautious, though. “Most students take out student loans without understanding the terms or how much it will really cost over time,” she says. “Talk to your parents, guidance counselor, or other trusted adults about this process so that you’re going into it with as much understanding as possible.”
What bank accounts do students need?
Before applying for jobs, students should be sure they have a place to put their money. Germano suggests students open a checking account and a savings account so they can best manage their money in both the near and long term.
Rewards checking account
Opening a rewards checking account is a great place to start because it can provide cash-back benefits similar to credit cards—and offer the flexibility to make purchases online and with your debit card.
Earn cash back with your debit card
Discover Bank, Member FDIC
Just make sure your checking account features overdraft protection in case you accidentally overdraw your account.
High-yield savings account
Many students find it difficult to keep up with their bills, let alone put money away for savings. It’s important to make an effort, however, since any money deposited in a high-yield savings account can earn compound interest, potentially leading to significant growth over time.
You can also use different high-yield savings accounts to save for multiple savings goals, such as buying a car, paying off student loans, and building an emergency fund.
How can you find the best part-time jobs for students?
If you’re wondering how to make money as a student, a smart first step is to see what part-time jobs are available. The right part-time job can provide you with a reliable income without having to sacrifice time for studying and socializing. Check out these ideas for both on-campus and off-campus part-time jobs for students:
On-campus jobs
Finding a job on campus is a convenient option for how to make money as a college student. You won’t have to worry about commuting, and the workplace is designed to accommodate your student schedule.
In addition to searching around your campus, Germano recommends finding out if you qualify for the federal work-study program at your school, based on your FAFSA application.
To get your wheels turning, Germano suggests these on-campus job ideas:
Resident assistant
Administrative assistant for a department office
Campus bookstore associate
Campus café barista
Tour guide
Tutor
IT assistant
Mail room assistant
Research assistant
Dining hall worker
Off-campus jobs
Consider applying for a job off campus. Restaurants, theaters, and stores near campus are often open to hiring students, though these jobs may not be as accommodating as those on campus.
Germano recommends asking upperclassmen what the best part-time jobs for students are. They may point you in the right direction and could even be willing to give you a referral.
You can also look into remote part-time jobs for students that you can do from your dorm room.
What is a good part-time job for students online?
If you’re wondering how to earn money online for students or how to make money from home for students, you can check job boards for part-time remote work.
Translation work, being a digital assistant, and tutoring are some potential online jobs for students to earn money.
If you speak two or more languages, then translation work could be one of the first places to turn when looking for online part-time jobs from home for students. These roles often involve translating videos, podcasts, or documents—and, if you have knowledge in the medical or legal sphere, it can be more lucrative.
Digital assistants can provide a range of services, from social media management to responding to email or scheduling appointments. These jobs may require a certain level of availability, so be certain to discuss the expectations of this job so you know if you can balance the role with your classes and social life.
If there’s one or more subjects where you really excel, online tutoring could be a good way to make extra money without leaving your dorm. It can also be rewarding to help your fellow students find success.
Can side hustles help with earning money as a student?
If you can’t consistently work at a part-time job, consider more convenient ways to make money as a student—like a side hustle.
There are plenty of side hustles to choose from, including driving for a ride-share app, house sitting, and pet sitting.
Many modern side hustles can be managed through an app, offering a lot of flexibility. It means you can adjust your work schedule based on when you’re available, for example pulling back during finals week so you have time to study. It’s how to make money as a college student without having to take on too big a commitment.
How can college students manage their time between work and school?
It’s important to make sure your money-making ventures don’t interfere with your studies.
“Some students need to work in order to live and support themselves in school, so those students will have to work as much as will support them,” Germano says. “But for those who have more flexibility, try to be realistic about how much work you can take on without sacrificing your schooling and other responsibilities.”
She recommends reducing your work hours if your grades are being negatively affected. One tip: Try designating specific blocks of time for your academic tasks. With your work and school time clearly defined, you can then enjoy any free time you have to the fullest, without stressing about how you’ll get everything done.
Germano says it’s also important to set realistic goals. If anything, plan for a little more time than you think you might actually need to write an essay or study for a test. Finishing early will be more motivating than failing to accomplish a task in time.
You can also try different time management and finance apps. There are plenty of free apps out there that can help you organize your time and money.
Get ready for a fun, financially secure college experience
While keeping your finances in line and building a strong foundation for the future is essential, you should be enjoying this time of your life.
“Many students who have to work to put themselves through school can have a difficult time balancing work and school in a healthy, sustainable way,” Germano says. Finding time for fun and relaxation is critical and should be top of mind to avoid burnout and maintain positive mental health.
With these tips, you can find the way to make money as a college student that works best for you. Once the cash starts coming in, be sure you know how to budget as a college student and how to save money as a student. Earning extra money is only one part of money management for students. You also want to know that every dollar is being spent wisely.
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A number of investors trade stocks and bonds through an investment broker. What is a broker? A broker — or brokerage firm — is the middleman between the buyer and seller and can help make a transaction go smoothly.
But an investment broker is not strictly necessary. Some companies offer a direct stock plan, allowing investors to purchase shares straight from the company without a broker.
In order to decide if you need an investment broker, it’s essential to know how a broker works, what exactly they do, and how to shop around for one that fits your needs.
What Is an Investment Broker?
Investment brokers enable individuals to buy and sell financial securities, like stocks or bonds, on an exchange market.
What does a broker do? Reputable brokers act as a boon to both buyers and sellers: They ensure that each party actually has the money to buy assets or the assets to sell.
Brokers settle trades by delivering securities and payments to each party, while also taking care of all the bookkeeping and tax-related documentation required. In many cases, going through a brokerage firm is the easiest and most accessible way for individuals to get started with investing. 💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.
Pros and Cons of Using an Investment Broker
As with any financial service, there are both benefits and drawbacks to using a brokerage firm to facilitate your trades.
Pros of Using a Broker
Accessibility
Thanks to the internet, you can open a brokerage account in minutes and start trading stocks as soon as your account is funded. That means employing a financial broker is one of the easiest ways to start an investment journey as quickly as possible.
Simplicity
When you buy and sell through a broker, a lot of the tedious footwork — like keeping tabs on your interest earnings for tax purposes — is taken care of for you. Depending on the type of brokerage firm you go with, you may also have access to professional financial advice and other advisory services that could help you make the most of your portfolio.
Cons of Using a Broker
Fees and Commissions
Although they’ll vary based on the specifics you choose and the type of account you open, some brokers charge maintenance fees and trade fees — also known as commissions — which can eat away at your nest egg. In fact, the average stock broker commission charged by brokerage firms is usually 1% to 2% of the value of the total transaction.
That said, you can minimize your investment fees, or even eliminate them, by shopping around for brokers with the lowest costs. For example, many online brokers offer no commission trading.
Required Portfolio Minimums
Although it’s not true of every brokerage firm, some require you to keep a minimum amount of money in your account to use their services. These minimums might be $1,000 or more, which can be a barrier to entry for some beginner investors.
Recommended: What Is Broker Call Rate?
Two Types of Brokerage Accounts
If you’re still asking yourself, what does a broker do?, it’s important to understand that not all brokers are created equal. There are many kinds of brokerage accounts to choose from. For instance, you may want to choose between a brokerage account vs. a cash management account, both of which are offered by brokerages.
The best product for you will depend on your individual financial goals and your budget. Here’s what you need to know to help make an informed decision.
1. Full-service Brokerage Accounts
Along with the ability to buy and sell assets, a full-service brokerage account might also include advice from human financial planners and portfolio management to help you make the best investment decisions possible.
However, these perks don’t come cheap. Full-service brokerage accounts and wealth-management companies usually calculate their charges as a percentage of your total portfolio, and may have account minimums as high as $250,000. They may also collect trade commissions and annual management fees.
2. Discount Brokerages
Discount brokers offer less consultation and guidance, allowing you to DIY your investment portfolio cheaply. Many have $0 account minimums and may charge less than $10 per trade — or even offer commission-free assets trading.
Both full-service and discount brokerages typically offer both cash and margin accounts. In a cash account, you’ll need the actual cash to buy your assets. In contrast, in a margin account, the broker will lend you some capital to make purchases, using the securities you already own as collateral. 💡 Quick Tip: If you’re opening a brokerage account for the first time, consider starting with an amount of money you’re prepared to lose. Investing always includes the risk of loss, and until you’ve gained some experience, it’s probably wise to start small.
Regulations for Investment Brokers
Investment brokers are regulated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Brokers must register with FINRA, and they are required to follow a standard of conduct known as the suitability rule. Under this rule, brokers need to have suitable grounds for recommending particular investments to clients.
The rule also encompasses something called “know your customer,” which spells out the various steps brokers need to use to identify clients and their goals for savings, including making a reasonable effort to ascertain a client’s financial and tax situation when recommending investments.
Different Types of Investment Accounts
Aside from deciding what type of brokerage you’d like to do business with (and how much you’re willing to pay for financial services), you’ll also need to decide what type of investment account works best for your goals.
Maybe you’re investing for a shorter-term objective, like purchasing a house — or perhaps you’re trying to ensure you’ll have a comfortable retirement. Either way, specific investment account types, or “vehicles,” are designed to help you get there.
Recommended: Understanding a Taxable Brokerage Account vs an IRA
Taxable Brokerage Account
Think of this as a default investment vehicle. It may be a good choice if you’re looking to grow wealth and want to be able to add or withdraw funds on your own terms without waiting to reach a certain age or life circumstance. However, you pay taxes on earnings, so there are no tax advantages to this type of account. If you don’t make any specific investment vehicle choices when you open your brokerage account, this is most likely the one you’re getting.
Individual Retirement Account (IRA)
An individual retirement account, or IRA, is a type of investment account designed specifically for retirement goals and is available to self-employed people and those working for a company. IRAs carry specific tax incentives; for example, contributions to traditional IRAs are deductible, while Roth IRAs allow for tax-free distributions. However, you can’t access the funds without paying a penalty until you reach age 59 ½ or meet certain circumstantial requirements, such as purchasing your first home.
A broker may offer other savings or investment vehicles, such as a 529 college savings plan, a tax-incentivized plan to help people save for educational costs. For full details on the type of accounts available, it makes sense to check with your broker directly.
Alternatives to Investing With a Broker
Although using a broker to invest in the stock market might be a smart money move for some, there are other ways to get started with investing, including the following options.
Recommended: Buying Stocks Without a Broker
Automated Investing
Automated investment products, or robo-advisors, are platforms that utilize a combination of computer algorithms and human financial planners to create and manage diversified portfolios at low costs to users.
Your funds will be invested in a diversified portfolio, and the platform typically offers goal-planning tools and rebalancing services to help keep your funds moving in the right direction.
If you don’t want to pay the high prices for a full-service broker, but self-managing your portfolio makes you more than a little nervous, a robo-advisor may be right for you.
Buying Stocks and Fractional Shares Directly
Depending on whose stocks you’re interested in purchasing, you may be able to buy them directly from the issuer without needing to go through a brokerage firm.
It pays to read the fine print, however: Buying stocks directly may save you money on trade commissions, but you may also be subject to proprietary fees from the company or minimum purchase amounts. And if you’re buying fractional shares (fractions of shares of stock), you need to have an investment account, such as one with an online broker or robo-adviser.
Diversifying your assets can still be helpful for investors who buy stocks directly. If all of your investments are tied up in a single company, you may not be in a great position if that company begins to falter. In contrast, if you’ve invested in several different firms and other asset classes, you will likely have a wider margin for error.
Choosing Alternative Investments
Although the stock market is one of the most popular and generally low-effort ways to invest, there are plenty of other ways to try turning your money into more money.
You might consider exploring alternative investments. For example, you could invest in real estate and sell the property at a profit or turn a condo into a passive income source by putting it up for rent. Or you might invest in art; the value of paintings is not necessarily correlated with the behavior of the stock market, giving it the potential to rise even during a stock market crash.
That said, many alternative investments require significantly more time, work, and know-how than crafting a diversified portfolio of stock market assets. And as always, every investment involves risk. There’s no such thing as a sure thing.
Controlling Your Investments With SoFi
If you’ve decided stock market investments are the right move for you and your money, going through a broker can be a relatively simple and low-cost way to gain access to the market. However, if you’d rather avoid potential downsides, like fees or required account minimums, you may want to consider the option to invest directly. The choice is yours.
Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).
Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.
FAQ
What is the role of a stock broker?
A stock broker is a financial professional who buys and sells stocks on behalf of clients. A broker generally earns a fee or commission for their services.
How do brokers make money?
Brokers typically work on commission. The average stock broker commission is usually 1% to 2% of the value of the total transaction.
Why do people use brokers?
People use brokers to help them buy and sell stocks and bonds. Brokers also handle the necessary bookkeeping and tax-related documentation. For many individuals, using a broker is the easiest way to start investing.
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