monte carlo

Apache is functioning normally

The Heston model is an options pricing model developed to address some of the shortcomings in the Black-Scholes model when pricing European options. In contrast to the Black-Scholes model, the Heston model uses stochastic, not constant, volatility as a key variable to determine option prices.

Developed by mathematician Steve Heston in 1993, this model is thought to be more real-world in nature since implied volatility percentages change during an option’s life. However, the Heston model is just one of many option valuation techniques to consider.

What Is the Heston Model?

The Heston model is used to gauge the value of options. The main difference between this and other models is how volatility is treated. The Heston model for option pricing assumes that volatility is stochastic, or random. That simply means that volatility is treated as a variable, in contrast to other models that assume constant or local volatility.

Option prices are made up of several variables — often referred to as the Greeks. It is important to understand price inputs in order to know how to trade options. Volatility is a major piece of the price of an option. The higher the implied volatility, the more valuable the option is. The Heston approach accounts for this by assuming there is a relationship between a stock’s price and its volatility.

💡 Quick Tip: In order to profit from purchasing a stock, the price has to rise. But an options trading account offers more flexibility, and an options trader might gain if the price rises or falls. This is a high-risk strategy, and investors can lose money if the trade moves in the wrong direction.

How Does the Heston Model Work?

By assuming that volatility is random, many traders believe the Heston option pricing model works better than the Black-Scholes model since it captures the true nature of volatility. The Heston approach is considered a superior model to the Black-Scholes, too. The downside is that it can be more complicated to calculate. Moreover, it can only be used on European options — those that can be exercised only at expiration.

Like other option pricing models, the Heston method attempts to determine the time value piece of an option’s total value. Intrinsic value is straightforward to figure out since it is just the difference between the stock price and strike price. Intrinsic value and time value comprise an option’s total worth.

Heston Model Pros and Cons

The Heston option pricing model has several advantages and disadvantages. By incorporating variable volatility characteristics, an options trader can have more confidence in the Heston model’s output reflecting observed market behavior versus other valuation techniques. The Heston model achieves increased accuracy by considering correlations between the price of a stock and its volatility. It also assumes that volatility exhibits mean reversion.

Additionally, Heston’s approach yields a closed-form solution that can simplify what is a complex mathematical equation.

The Heston model has its limitations. For one thing, the output is only as good as the variables you assume. This model is also thought to be ill-equipped to price options close to expiration due to instances when implied volatility might be extremely high.

Perhaps the biggest downside is its complexity versus Black Scholes and the binomial options pricing model.

Pros Cons
Incorporates more realistic market conditions such as changing volatility levels Only useful on European-style options
Prices options considering the price and maturity variables on volatility Only as good as the inputs used
Yields a closed-form solution that can be used to compare an option’s value to its market price Considered not an accurate gauge to price short-term options with high volatility

Heston vs Black-Scholes Model

Understanding the differences between the Heston model and the Black-Scholes model can help you determine which might work best when you trade options.

Heston Model Black-Scholes Model
Assumes that volatility is random Assumes that volatility is constant
Incorporates a relationship between a stock’s price and its volatility Does not incorporate correlations between a stock’s price and volatility
Can be used in a variety of market conditions Prices options under one set of volatility parameters

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

Heston Model Formula Explained

The Heston volatility model includes several mathematical inputs. Knowing these can help you find the right strategies for trading options. Understanding the model inside and out can arm you with the quantitative armor other traders might not possess.

Here is the full Heston model formula:

Where:

•   St = specific asset price at time t

•   r = the risk-free interest rate, often a short-term Treasury rate

•   √Vt = volatility (standard deviation) of the asset

•   σ = volatility of volatility

•   θ = long-run price variance

•   k = reversion rate to the long-term price variance

•   dt = indefinitely small positive time increment

•   W1t = Brownian motion of the asset price

•   W2t = Brownian motion of the asset’s price variance

Note that the two Brownian motions are negatively correlated. For example, a drop in the asset price will see an increase in volatility. The two Brownians are related by the following equation:

Where ρ is the correlation.

In his original paper describing this model, Heston provided default parameters for the equations above which include:

•   St = 100

•   r = 0

•   Vt = 0.01

•   σ = 0.1

•   θ = 0.01

•   k = 2

•   ρ = 0

•   Option maturity = 0.5 year

Further calibration of the model requires advanced mathematical analysis.

Other Option Pricing Models

The Heston option pricing is just one of many approaches to consider. Let’s outline several of the most common methods you might use to price options.

Binomial Model

The binomial model uses an iterative approach using several periods to value American-style options. It follows a binomial pricing tree, which can be useful in illustrating how option prices change from one period to another. This method is considered intuitive and is used more often than Black-Sholes.

Risk-Neutral Probability

The risk-neutral approach to option pricing assumes that risk is not considered. This method can help a trader assess the true value of an option outside of market risk conditions.

Monte Carlo Simulation

Monte Carlo simulations are sometimes used to gauge the value of options. This method utilizes computer simulations to create thousands of potential outcomes. Option values can be calculated based on the probability-weighted computer output.

Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate realistic market conditions which can be useful for options traders as they attempt to assess how an option value will fluctuate over time. However, it can be time-consuming and costly to run these complex programmatic scenarios.

The Takeaway

The Heston model prices options using stochastic (random) volatility to more accurately model options pricing behavior. The more well-known Black-Scholes option pricing model assumes that implied volatility remains constant.

Some traders believe that the Heston model approach works better to incorporate practical, real-world conditions. Still, there are many techniques to price options for you to consider when you trade.

Qualified investors who are ready to try their hand at options trading, despite the risks involved, might consider checking out SoFi’s options trading platform. The platform’s user-friendly design allows investors to trade through the mobile app or web platform, and get important metrics like breakeven percentage, maximum profit/loss, and more with the click of a button.

Plus, SoFi offers educational resources — including a step-by-step in-app guide — to help you learn more about options trading. Trading options involves high-risk strategies, and should be undertaken by experienced investors.

With SoFi, user-friendly options trading is finally here.

FAQ

What is the Heston model used for?

The Heston Model is used for pricing European options. It uses stochastic volatility to arrive at pricing outcomes, helping traders value options. If a trader determines that an option is over- or under-valued, they might sell or buy the option, then hold it through expiration or trade out of the position before expiration. It is important to remember that European options, unlike American options, cannot be exercised early.

Is the Heston model better than Black-Scholes?

It’s hard to conclude that the Heston stochastic volatility model is better than the more widely known Black-Scholes model. In contrast to Black-Scholes, the Heston model assumes that volatility can change. The Heston model can be more useful to traders since it assumes implied volatility, an important variable for options pricing, increases as options become more in-the-money or out-of-the-money. While the Heston model is considered to be more accurate, it comes with increased computational complexity or in layman’s terms…it’s slower.

What does stochastic local volatility mean?

Local volatility is a basic application of the Black-Scholes model. It accounts for the requirement to price-in skewness into option values. Stochastic volatility contrasts local volatility in that the former can produce a more real-world forward volatility profile. It’s thought that stochastic volatility can overprice options while local volatility and the Black-Scholes method might underprice options.

Photo credit: iStock/FG Trade

SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).

2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.

3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.

For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
SOIN0322020

Source: sofi.com

Apache is functioning normally

The Heston model is an options pricing model developed to address some of the shortcomings in the Black-Scholes model when pricing European options. In contrast to the Black-Scholes model, the Heston model uses stochastic, not constant, volatility as a key variable to determine option prices.

Developed by mathematician Steve Heston in 1993, this model is thought to be more real-world in nature since implied volatility percentages change during an option’s life. However, the Heston model is just one of many option valuation techniques to consider.

What Is the Heston Model?

The Heston model is used to gauge the value of options. The main difference between this and other models is how volatility is treated. The Heston model for option pricing assumes that volatility is stochastic, or random. That simply means that volatility is treated as a variable, in contrast to other models that assume constant or local volatility.

Option prices are made up of several variables — often referred to as the Greeks. It is important to understand price inputs in order to know how to trade options. Volatility is a major piece of the price of an option. The higher the implied volatility, the more valuable the option is. The Heston approach accounts for this by assuming there is a relationship between a stock’s price and its volatility.

💡 Quick Tip: In order to profit from purchasing a stock, the price has to rise. But an options trading account offers more flexibility, and an options trader might gain if the price rises or falls. This is a high-risk strategy, and investors can lose money if the trade moves in the wrong direction.

How Does the Heston Model Work?

By assuming that volatility is random, many traders believe the Heston option pricing model works better than the Black-Scholes model since it captures the true nature of volatility. The Heston approach is considered a superior model to the Black-Scholes, too. The downside is that it can be more complicated to calculate. Moreover, it can only be used on European options — those that can be exercised only at expiration.

Like other option pricing models, the Heston method attempts to determine the time value piece of an option’s total value. Intrinsic value is straightforward to figure out since it is just the difference between the stock price and strike price. Intrinsic value and time value comprise an option’s total worth.

Heston Model Pros and Cons

The Heston option pricing model has several advantages and disadvantages. By incorporating variable volatility characteristics, an options trader can have more confidence in the Heston model’s output reflecting observed market behavior versus other valuation techniques. The Heston model achieves increased accuracy by considering correlations between the price of a stock and its volatility. It also assumes that volatility exhibits mean reversion.

Additionally, Heston’s approach yields a closed-form solution that can simplify what is a complex mathematical equation.

The Heston model has its limitations. For one thing, the output is only as good as the variables you assume. This model is also thought to be ill-equipped to price options close to expiration due to instances when implied volatility might be extremely high.

Perhaps the biggest downside is its complexity versus Black Scholes and the binomial options pricing model.

Pros Cons
Incorporates more realistic market conditions such as changing volatility levels Only useful on European-style options
Prices options considering the price and maturity variables on volatility Only as good as the inputs used
Yields a closed-form solution that can be used to compare an option’s value to its market price Considered not an accurate gauge to price short-term options with high volatility

Heston vs Black-Scholes Model

Understanding the differences between the Heston model and the Black-Scholes model can help you determine which might work best when you trade options.

Heston Model Black-Scholes Model
Assumes that volatility is random Assumes that volatility is constant
Incorporates a relationship between a stock’s price and its volatility Does not incorporate correlations between a stock’s price and volatility
Can be used in a variety of market conditions Prices options under one set of volatility parameters

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

Heston Model Formula Explained

The Heston volatility model includes several mathematical inputs. Knowing these can help you find the right strategies for trading options. Understanding the model inside and out can arm you with the quantitative armor other traders might not possess.

Here is the full Heston model formula:

Where:

•   St = specific asset price at time t

•   r = the risk-free interest rate, often a short-term Treasury rate

•   √Vt = volatility (standard deviation) of the asset

•   σ = volatility of volatility

•   θ = long-run price variance

•   k = reversion rate to the long-term price variance

•   dt = indefinitely small positive time increment

•   W1t = Brownian motion of the asset price

•   W2t = Brownian motion of the asset’s price variance

Note that the two Brownian motions are negatively correlated. For example, a drop in the asset price will see an increase in volatility. The two Brownians are related by the following equation:

Where ρ is the correlation.

In his original paper describing this model, Heston provided default parameters for the equations above which include:

•   St = 100

•   r = 0

•   Vt = 0.01

•   σ = 0.1

•   θ = 0.01

•   k = 2

•   ρ = 0

•   Option maturity = 0.5 year

Further calibration of the model requires advanced mathematical analysis.

Other Option Pricing Models

The Heston option pricing is just one of many approaches to consider. Let’s outline several of the most common methods you might use to price options.

Binomial Model

The binomial model uses an iterative approach using several periods to value American-style options. It follows a binomial pricing tree, which can be useful in illustrating how option prices change from one period to another. This method is considered intuitive and is used more often than Black-Sholes.

Risk-Neutral Probability

The risk-neutral approach to option pricing assumes that risk is not considered. This method can help a trader assess the true value of an option outside of market risk conditions.

Monte Carlo Simulation

Monte Carlo simulations are sometimes used to gauge the value of options. This method utilizes computer simulations to create thousands of potential outcomes. Option values can be calculated based on the probability-weighted computer output.

Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate realistic market conditions which can be useful for options traders as they attempt to assess how an option value will fluctuate over time. However, it can be time-consuming and costly to run these complex programmatic scenarios.

The Takeaway

The Heston model prices options using stochastic (random) volatility to more accurately model options pricing behavior. The more well-known Black-Scholes option pricing model assumes that implied volatility remains constant.

Some traders believe that the Heston model approach works better to incorporate practical, real-world conditions. Still, there are many techniques to price options for you to consider when you trade.

Qualified investors who are ready to try their hand at options trading, despite the risks involved, might consider checking out SoFi’s options trading platform. The platform’s user-friendly design allows investors to trade through the mobile app or web platform, and get important metrics like breakeven percentage, maximum profit/loss, and more with the click of a button.

Plus, SoFi offers educational resources — including a step-by-step in-app guide — to help you learn more about options trading. Trading options involves high-risk strategies, and should be undertaken by experienced investors.

With SoFi, user-friendly options trading is finally here.

FAQ

What is the Heston model used for?

The Heston Model is used for pricing European options. It uses stochastic volatility to arrive at pricing outcomes, helping traders value options. If a trader determines that an option is over- or under-valued, they might sell or buy the option, then hold it through expiration or trade out of the position before expiration. It is important to remember that European options, unlike American options, cannot be exercised early.

Is the Heston model better than Black-Scholes?

It’s hard to conclude that the Heston stochastic volatility model is better than the more widely known Black-Scholes model. In contrast to Black-Scholes, the Heston model assumes that volatility can change. The Heston model can be more useful to traders since it assumes implied volatility, an important variable for options pricing, increases as options become more in-the-money or out-of-the-money. While the Heston model is considered to be more accurate, it comes with increased computational complexity or in layman’s terms…it’s slower.

What does stochastic local volatility mean?

Local volatility is a basic application of the Black-Scholes model. It accounts for the requirement to price-in skewness into option values. Stochastic volatility contrasts local volatility in that the former can produce a more real-world forward volatility profile. It’s thought that stochastic volatility can overprice options while local volatility and the Black-Scholes method might underprice options.

Photo credit: iStock/FG Trade

SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).

2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.

3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.

For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
SOIN0322020

Source: sofi.com

Apache is functioning normally

You don’t have to search all that hard to find the best Italy cruises — most leading cruise lines offer dozens of itineraries that visit Italian ports, often in conjunction with neighboring countries France, Greece and Croatia.

The reason? Italy has it all: coastlines on both the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, historic port cities (Rome, Venice and Naples among them) and spectacular islands (including Sicily, Sardinia, Capri and Elba).

For more cruise guides, news and tips, sign up for TPG’s cruise newsletter.

Plus, with a cruise season that runs from early April through late October (and even year-round for a few cruise lines), Italy offers something for everyone. Travel here to find an alluring mix of impeccably preserved historic sites, renowned regional cuisines and natural wonders waiting to be discovered.

Here are eight of the best Italy cruises for every type of traveler.

Best Italy cruises for cultural immersion: Azamara

JENNA LYN PHOTOGRAPHY/AZAMARA CRUISES/GETTY IMAGES

Azamara pioneered the concept of single-country itineraries, which allow for greater cultural immersion and even overnight stays in select ports. The cruise line’s 11-night voyage in October 2024 is one of its most comprehensive.

The sailing begins in Monte Carlo, Monaco, and ends in Rome (Civitavecchia), with visits to seven more Italian ports and Tunis, Tunisia. You’ll explore Genoa, Livorno (overnight for Florence/Pisa), Porto Santo Stefano (on the Tuscan coast), Cagliari (on Sardinia), Trapani (on Sicily), Amalfi and Sorrento.

This voyage is aboard the 684-passenger Azamara Onward, one of the cruise line’s four virtually identical ships. (All are former Renaissance R-class ships built in the early 2000s and renovated over the past several years.) The vessels’ intimate size and Azamara’s focus on cultural experiences and shore excursions emphasizing history and food (including cooking classes and market tours) make for an immersive cruise itinerary.

Other Italy-Intensive voyages in 2023 and 2024 include the following: a 10-night voyage in October 2023 aboard Azamara Quest, a 10-night voyage in April 2024 aboard Azamara Pursuit, and a seven-night voyage in May 2024 aboard Azamara Quest.

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Best Italy cruises for small-ship lovers: Windstar Cruises

WINDSTAR CRUISES

It’s rare to find a cruise itinerary so fully focused on one specific region of Italy, but Windstar Cruises’ small ships — three classic sailing yachts and three all-suite motor yachts, which accommodate 148 to 342 guests — allow it to offer cruises to less-frequented ports.

Windstar’s 10-day Sicilian Splendors, aboard its 342-passenger sailing yacht Wind Surf, is available on multiple dates in 2023, 2024 and 2025. The ship will cruise round-trip from Rome and call on six Italian ports: Catania (for Mount Etna), Porto Empedocle (for the ancient ruins at Agrigento) and Trapani (for its signature colored salts and Marsala wines), all in Sicily; the island of Lipari (the largest of seven Aeolian Islands); and Sorrento and Amalfi on the stunning Amalfi Coast. The cruise also visits the neighboring islands of Malta and Gozo.

Five-masted Wind Surf is the world’s largest sailing ship. It manages to be intimate without feeling claustrophobic, although it is worth noting that none of its staterooms or suites has a balcony. There is, however, ample deck space for relaxation, with a pool and two hot tubs, as well as inviting alfresco bars and dining areas.

Related: The 2 classes of Windstar ships, explained

Indoors, the ship’s restaurants and social spaces, such as the Veranda Restaurant, Stella Bistro and the Compass Rose Bar, are light-filled, with elegant neutral decor refreshed in 2019.

Musical entertainment takes place in the Wind Surf Lounge and Compass Rose Bar, and Windstar’s excellent dining program reflects an ongoing partnership with the James Beard Foundation. In select tender ports, passengers can enjoy a watersports platform and take out sea kayaks and stand-up paddleboards.

Best Italy cruises for onboard pampering: Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection

EMILIA WRONSKI/THE POINTS GUY

If enjoying yacht-style indulgence as you explore Southern Italy is on your cruise wish list, consider the Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection’s 10-night Rome to Valletta itinerary in May 2024. This cruise visits scenic hot spots such as Sorrento and Amalfi on the Amalfi Coast, history-rich Siracusa in Sicily and three ports (Gallipoli, Taranto and Otranto) in lesser-known Puglia, located on the heel of boot-shaped Italy, before passengers disembark in Malta.

Ritz-Carlton, which entered the cruise realm in 2021 with its 298-passenger luxury yacht, Evrima, offers an all-inclusive “yachting lifestyle” experience. This leisurely sailing features overnights in Sorrento and Taranto and two sea days with ample ways to enjoy onboard pampering. The ship’s spacious suites are designed with a contemporary residential feel and range in size from 300 square feet with an 81-square-foot terrace to 1,091 square feet with a 635-square-foot terrace.

Evrima also offers nine bars and dining venues featuring menus created to reflect the ports visited. For culinary indulgence, guests can book a table at S.E.A., a specialty dining experience designed by Chef Sven Elverfeld of Aqua, the Michelin three-starred restaurant at The Ritz-Carlton in Wolfsburg, Germany.

The ship also features chicly designed spaces for relaxing and socializing, such as the Pool House lounge overlooking an aft infinity pool, a second pool located next to the alfresco restaurant Mistral, a panoramic Observation Lounge and a full-service Ritz-Carlton Spa.

Related: The best luxury cruise lines for elegance and exclusivity

Best Italy cruises for foodies: Silversea Cruises

Barbara Muckermann and Adam Sachs during the event “Celebrating the Harvest” organized by Pasta Mancini in Monte San Pietrangeli, Italy. SILVERSEA CRUISES

The three newest ships in the Silversea Cruises fleet — Silver Moon, Silver Dawn and 2023’s first-in-class Silver Nova — all feature the cruise line’s immersive culinary program known as S.A.L.T. (Sea and Land Taste). When Silversea’s next ship, the 728-passenger Silver Ray, debuts in 2024, it will also take its guests on culinary-focused journeys — among them an 11-day Rome to Venice itinerary in June 2024.

The itinerary includes calls on seven ports in Italy: Rome, Naples, Sorrento, Palermo, Siracusa, Trieste and Venice. The sailing also visits ports in Malta, Montenegro and Croatia.

Silversea’s sailings blend food-centric excursions — such as a visit to a family farm for a tasting of fresh cheese, salami and olive oil in Sorrento — with the onboard S.A.L.T. program to make sampling local cuisine a natural part of the cruise experience. The day-to-day menus at S.A.L.T. Kitchen are all inspired by the ports visited. The Terrain menu focuses on that day’s port while the Voyage menu draws from the best flavors of the entire itinerary.

Passengers aboard Silver Ray should definitely pack an appetite — in addition to S.A.L.T. Kitchen, the ship features seven other restaurants. They are La Dame for haute French cuisine, Atlantide for signature fine dining (think caviar and lobster), Kaiseki for Japanese sushi and teppanyaki (as well as pan-Asian dishes), Silver Note for tapas-style dining and live music, The Grill for casual burgers and salads, La Terrazza for handmade pasta and other Italian specialties, and Spaccanapoli for thin-crusted Naples-style pizza. With 11 nights aboard, there’s time to sample all of them.

Related: The ultimate guide to cruise ship food and dining

Best Italy cruises for families: Norwegian Cruise Line

NORWEGIAN CRUISE LINE

If an Italy adventure with the entire family sounds like the perfect cruise vacation in 2024, Norwegian Cruise Line’s new Norwegian Viva, launching in August 2023 as the sister ship to 2022’s Norwegian Prima, is an ideal playground for guests of all ages.

The most Italy-focused itinerary? The 10-day Mediterranean: Italy, Greece & Croatia cruise (offered aboard 3,099-guest Viva in late June and late September 2024) calls on six ports in Italy — Rome, Livorno, Naples, Messina, Siracusa and Trieste — as well as the islands of Corfu and Malta; Koper, Slovenia; and Dubrovnik and Split in Croatia.

This itinerary is rich in history and culture, including the ancient landmarks of Rome, the archeological wonders of Pompeii and the Leaning Tower of Pisa near Livorno, plus the beauty and culinary treats (sweet cannoli and savory arancini) of Sicily, where Viva makes two port calls. Though the cruise ends in Trieste, the wonders of Venice are just 90 minutes away, so adding a few extra nights to explore its colorful, canal-laced islands is a must.

Onboard Viva, you’ll enjoy more than a dozen dining options (five of them complimentary, including the casual and family-friendly Indulge Food Hall), 16 bars and lounges and all the fun activities/entertainment (including a production of the Broadway hit “Beetlejuice: The Musical”) that the line offers.

Related: Best cruise lines for families

Top amenities include the three-deck Viva Speedway for exhilarating go-kart racing, three thrilling slides (two of them 10-story corkscrew dry slides and one tidal-wave-style waterslide), virtual-reality gaming in the Galaxy Pavilion, tech-enhanced minigolf and more. Also, Viva’s generous outside deck space — especially Deck 8’s Ocean Boulevard with its lively Indulge Outdoor Lounge and sleek Infinity Beach pools — is ideal for scenic cruising in the Mediterranean and Adriatic.

Best Italy cruises for couples: Oceania Cruises

OCEANIA VISTA. ERICA SILVERSTEIN/THE POINTS GUY

The sophisticated onboard ambiance and a romantic itinerary are a lovely combination, and couples can enjoy both on the 12-night Mediterranean Tapestry sailing offered in June 2024 aboard Oceania Cruises’ newest vessel, Oceania Vista.

The 1,200-passenger ship, which debuted in May 2023, will visit four top ports in Italy — Venice/Trieste in Northern Italy, Taormina in Sicily, Amalfi/Positano in Southern Italy and Civitavecchia for a day in Rome.

Beyond Italy, this itinerary offers a sampling of scenic locales in six other Adriatic and Mediterranean countries with a possible pre-cruise stay in Venice. You’ll visit Korcula and Split in Croatia; Kotor, Montenegro; Igoumanitsa and Katakolon in Greece; Ajaccio, Corsica; Monte Carlo, Monaco; Marseille, France; and Barcelona, Spain.

Oceania caters to couples seeking an upscale cruise experience with a culinary focus. Onboard Vista, the atmosphere is sleek and polished, with interior decor awash in elegant neutrals of varying patterns and textures, all woven together into a soothing mosaic (in some cases, literally, as tiled vignettes are used throughout the ship). Vista’s bars and lounges, especially the Martini Bar and the Grand Lounge, are so chic you’ll want to get dressed up every night to enjoy one of the craft cocktails on their newly enhanced menus.

All specialty dining is included in the cruise fare, and stand-out meals at Polo Grill (for an excellent steakhouse menu), Toscana (for authentic Italian, including recipes by Vista’s godmother Giada De Laurentiis) and Red Ginger (for flavorful pan-Asian) are just a reservation away. Two new eateries, Aquamar Kitchen and Ember, serve wellness-focused cuisine and casual American comfort food, respectively, and an expanded Culinary Arts Center lets guests who love to cook take hands-on classes.

Best of all, Vista is an all-balcony ship, so every stateroom features access to fresh air (French Veranda Staterooms don’t have an outdoor sitting area, however). Veranda Staterooms and Concierge Level Veranda Staterooms offer a spacious 290 square feet of indoor space — and some of the best standard bathrooms at sea with roomy walk-in showers and ample storage.

Related: The best cruises for couples seeking romance and together time at sea

Best Italy cruises for travelers on a budget: Royal Caribbean

ROYAL CARIBBEAN

To score a budget cruise fare in the Mediterranean, it helps to look for sailings aboard a cruise line’s older ships. If Italy is your main focus for a future cruise, it’s hard to beat the seven-night Western Mediterranean itinerary in September 2024 aboard Royal Caribbean’s Voyager of the Seas.

It visits five Italian ports: Venice/Ravenna, Messina in Sicily, Naples, Rome and Livorno (for Florence and Pisa). The ship also calls on Marseille and Barcelona. Voyager’s Italy-focused cruise is a jam-packed itinerary with just one sea day.

Ideal for both couples and multi-generational families, the 3,600-passenger Voyager of the Seas (which debuted in 1999 and was last refurbished in 2019) features seven restaurants (including three complimentary dining venues and specialty restaurant favorites Chops Grille and Giovanni’s Table) and eight bars/lounges.

The ship has been “amped-up” so guests can enjoy features found on Royal Caribbean’s newer ships: Perfect Storm waterslides, FlowRider simulated surfing, Battle for Planet Z laser tag, Voyager Dunes minigolf, Studio B ice-skating shows and reimagined spaces for kids and teens.

Nights aboard Voyager of the Seas will be filled with complimentary entertainment options: production shows in the Royal Theater, pub performances by guest entertainers and bands, game-show competitions, pool parties, outdoor movie nights and a ‘70s disco party.

Best Italy cruises for adults-only ambiance: Viking

Aerial view of the Viking Sea leaving Dubrovnik, Croatia. WHITE RAIN/VIKING CRUISE LINE

Is Venice at the top of your wish list? Does an adults-only cruise on a ship with serene, Scandinavian-inspired interior decor and complimentary wine or beer with lunch and dinner sound ideal?

If so, check out Viking’s 15-night Italy, the Adriatic and Greece itinerary, which sails from Athens to Rome and visits six Italian ports — Venice/Chioggia, Bari, Crotone, Messina, Naples and Rome — with three days spent in Venice. As a bonus, you’ll also visit ports in Greece (Katakolon and Corfu), Croatia (Dubrovnik, Split and Sibenik) and Montenegro (Kotor).

Offered on multiple dates in fall 2023, 2024 and 2025, this itinerary is chock full of port experiences; there are no sea days, and a total of 13 cities are visited. Viking includes one free guided shore excursion in each port, usually a panoramic bus tour or historic walking tour. Use that as an overview and then explore on your own or book one of the cruise line’s longer or more specialized excursions. Onboard guest speakers also offer insight into the ports visited and the cultural landscape.

The cruise line’s nine ocean ships are all identical and accommodate 930 passengers, most of whom are couples over age 55. Onboard dining is available in eight restaurants, including the main venue, The Restaurant and the buffet-style World Cafe, the casual Pool Grill and the Norwegian-focused Mamsen’s. Guests can also reserve dinner at two specialty restaurants (at no extra charge): Manfredi’s for Italian cuisine and The Chef’s Table for multi-course, wine-paired menus that rotate throughout the cruise.

Afternoon tea is served in the elegant Wintergarden. The Aquavit Terrace overlooking the aft infinity pool is a sunny spot to enjoy alfresco dining.

If you’re willing to come back early from port, Viking’s ocean ships offer plenty of ways to relax on board. All passengers enjoy complimentary access to the ship’s thermal suite in the LivNordic Spa. It features a thalassotherapy pool, steam room, sauna and snow room. The Main Pool has a retractable roof and can be enjoyed no matter what the weather. However, if you want to live it up at night, note that the ship does not have an onboard casino.

Bottom line

The best Italy cruises offer access to some of the country’s most-loved cities, as well as a chance to explore some of its sunny islands and lesser-known coastal ports. No matter the itinerary, you’re guaranteed to enjoy the splendid landscapes, treasured antiquities and, of course, the incredible gelato.

Planning a cruise? Start with these stories:

Source: thepointsguy.com

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