Mortgage rates jumped for all types of loans compared to a week ago, according to data compiled by Bankrate. Rates for 30-year fixed, 15-year fixed, 5/1 ARMs and jumbo loans edged higher.
While mortgage rates are still on track to gradually come down this year, the path might be bumpy. Lenders price mortgages based on many variables, but overall, fixed mortgage rates follow the 10-year Treasury yield, which moves as investor appetite fluctuates with the state of the economy and Federal Reserve decisions.
The Fed indicated it’d cut rates in 2024, but policymakers held off at its latest meeting, citing the need for more promising economic data. The Fed has been working to bring inflation back to its 2 percent target since 2022.
“The Fed is not in a hurry to start cutting interest rates as the progress toward 2 percent inflation has encountered some turbulence,” says Greg McBride, CFA, chief financial analyst for Bankrate.
For now, the Fed expects to issue three rate cuts in 2024. When that happens, the rates on a variety of financial products, including mortgages, should follow suit.
Whether mortgage rates move up or down, though, it’s tough to time the market. Often, the decision to buy a home comes down to needs. Depending on your situation, it might make sense to take a higher rate now and hope to refinance later — buying a home at today’s prices rather than a higher price in the future, while building equity that much sooner.
Rates last updated April 15, 2024.
The rates listed above are averages based on the assumptions here. Actual rates displayed across the site may vary. This story has been reviewed by Suzanne De Vita. All rate data accurate as of Monday, April 15th, 2024 at 7:30 a.m.
30-year mortgage rate climbs, +0.08%
Today’s average rate for the benchmark 30-year fixed mortgage is 7.05 percent, up 8 basis points from a week ago. A month ago, the average rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage was lower, at 6.90 percent.
At the current average rate, you’ll pay $668.66 per month in principal and interest for every $100,000 you borrow. That’s $5.37 higher compared with last week.
15-year mortgage rate moves higher, +0.16%
The average rate for a 15-year fixed mortgage is 6.54 percent, up 16 basis points over the last week.
Monthly payments on a 15-year fixed mortgage at that rate will cost approximately $873 per $100,000 borrowed. The bigger payment may be a little harder to find room for in your monthly budget than a 30-year mortgage payment, but it comes with some big advantages: You’ll come out several thousand dollars ahead over the life of the loan in total interest paid and build equity much faster.
5/1 ARM rate increases, +0.02%
The average rate on a 5/1 adjustable rate mortgage is 6.58 percent, up 2 basis points over the last 7 days.
Adjustable-rate mortgages, or ARMs, are mortgage loans that come with a floating interest rate. To put it another way, the interest rate will change at regular intervals, unlike fixed-rate mortgages. These loan types are best for people who expect to refinance or sell before the first or second adjustment. Rates could be substantially higher when the loan first adjusts, and thereafter.
While borrowers shunned ARMs during the pandemic days of super-low rates, this type of loan has made a comeback as mortgage rates have risen.
Monthly payments on a 5/1 ARM at 6.58 percent would cost about $637 for each $100,000 borrowed over the initial five years, but could increase by hundreds of dollars afterward, depending on the loan’s terms.
The average rate for the benchmark jumbo mortgage is 7.21 percent, up 12 basis points from a week ago. Last month on the 15th, the average rate for jumbo mortgages was below that at 7.04 percent.
At today’s average jumbo rate, you’ll pay principal and interest of $679.47 for every $100,000 you borrow. That’s up $8.11 from what it would have been last week.
Refinance rates
30-year fixed-rate refinance increases, +0.08%
The average 30-year fixed-refinance rate is 7.07 percent, up 8 basis points from a week ago. A month ago, the average rate on a 30-year fixed refinance was lower at 6.85 percent.
At the current average rate, you’ll pay $670.01 per month in principal and interest for every $100,000 you borrow. That’s an increase of $5.38 over what you would have paid last week.
Where are mortgage rates heading?
With mortgage rates buffeted by many factors, it’s impossible to predict exactly when they’ll rise or fall. With the Fed still aiming for three rate cuts this year, it’s possible we’ll see lower rates sooner rather than later.
Keep in mind: The rates on 30-year mortgages mostly follow the 10-year Treasury, which shifts continuously as economic conditions dictate, while the cost of variable-rate home loans mirror the Fed’s moves.
These broader factors influence overall rate movement. As a borrower, you could be quoted a higher or lower rate compared to the trend.
What today’s rates mean for your mortgage
While mortgage rates change daily, it’s unlikely we’ll see rates back at 3 percent anytime soon. If you’re shopping for a mortgage now, it might be wise to lock your rate when you find an affordable loan. If your house-hunt is taking longer than anticipated, revisit your budget so you’ll know exactly how much house you can afford at prevailing market rates.
You could save serious money on interest by getting at least three loan offers, according to Freddie Mac research. You don’t have to stick with your bank or credit union, either. There are many types of mortgage lenders, including online-only and local, smaller shops.
“All too often, some [homebuyers] take the path of least resistance when seeking a mortgage, in part because the process of buying a home can be stressful, complicated and time-consuming,” says Mark Hamrick, senior economic analyst for Bankrate. “But when we’re talking about the potential of saving a lot of money, seeking the best deal on a mortgage has an excellent return on investment. Why leave that money on the table when all it takes is a bit more effort to shop around for the best rate, or lowest cost, on a mortgage?”
More on current mortgage rates
Methodology
Bankrate displays two sets of rate averages that are produced from two surveys we conduct: one daily (“overnight averages”) and the other weekly (“Bankrate Monitor averages”).
The rates on this page represent our overnight averages. For these averages, APRs and rates are based on no existing relationship or automatic payments.
Learn more about Bankrate’s rate averages, editorial guidelines and how we make money.
Editorial Note: We earn a commission from partner links on Forbes Advisor. Commissions do not affect our editors’ opinions or evaluations.
As we head into peak home-buying season, signs of life have begun to spring up in the housing market.
Even so, still-high mortgage rates and home prices amid historically low housing stock continue to put homeownership out of reach for many.
Moreover, the National Association of Realtors agreed to a monumental $418 million settlement on March 15 following a verdict favoring home sellers in a class action lawsuit. Still subject to court approval, the settlement requires changes to broker commissions that will upend the buying and selling model that has been in place for years.
Housing Market Forecast for 2024
Elevated mortgage rates, out-of-reach home prices and record-low housing stock are the perennial weeds that experts say hopeful home buyers can expect to contend with this spring—and beyond.
“The housing market is likely to continue to face the dual affordability constraints of high home prices and elevated interest rates in 2024,” said Doug Duncan, senior vice president and chief economist at Fannie Mae, in an emailed statement. “Hotter-than-expected inflation data and strong payroll numbers are likely to apply more upward pressure to mortgage rates this year than we’d previously forecast.”
Despite ongoing affordability hurdles, Fannie Mae forecasts an increase in home sales transactions compared to last year. Experts also anticipate a slower rise in home prices this year compared to recent years, but price fluctuations will continue to vary regionally and depend strongly on local market supply.
U.S. home prices declined in January for the third consecutive month due to high borrowing costs, according to the latest S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller Home Price Index. But prices year-over-year jumped 6%—the fastest annual rate since 2022.
Chief economist at First American Financial Corporation Mark Fleming predicts a “flat stretch” ahead.
“If the 2020-2021 housing market was too hot, then the 2023 market was probably too cold, but 2024 won’t yet be just right,” Fleming said in his 2024 forecast.
Will the Housing Market Finally Recover in 2024?
For a housing recovery to occur, several conditions must unfold.
“For the best possible outcome, we’d first need to see inventories of homes for sale turn considerably higher,” says Keith Gumbinger, vice president at online mortgage company HSH.com. “This additional inventory, in turn, would ease the upward pressure on home prices, leveling them off or perhaps helping them to settle back somewhat from peak or near-peak levels.”
And, of course, mortgage rates would need to cool off—which experts say is imminent despite rates edging back up toward 7%. For the week ending April 11, the 30-year fixed mortgage rate stood at 6.88%, according to Freddie Mac.
However, when mortgage rates finally go on the descent, Gumbinger says don’t hope they cool too quickly. Rapidly falling rates could create a surge of demand that wipes away any inventory gains, causing home prices to rebound.
“Better that rate reductions happen at a metered pace, incrementally improving buyer opportunities over a stretch of time, rather than all at once,” Gumbinger says.
He adds that mortgage rates returning to a more “normal” upper 4% to lower 5% range would also help the housing market, over time, return to 2014-2019 levels. Yet, Gumbinger predicts it could be a while before we return to those rates.
Nonetheless, Kuba Jewgieniew, CEO of Realty ONE Group, a real estate brokerage company, is optimistic about a recovery this year.
“[W]e’re definitely looking forward to a better housing market in 2024 as interest rates start to settle around 6% or even lower,” says Jewgieniew.
NAR Settlement Rocks the Residential Real Estate Industry
Following years of litigation, the National Association of Realtors (NAR) has agreed to pay $418 million to settle a series of antitrust lawsuits filed in 2019 on behalf of home sellers.
The plaintiffs claimed that the leading national trade association for real estate brokers and agents “conspired to require home sellers to pay the broker representing the buyer of their homes in violation of federal antitrust law.”
Though the landmark settlement is subject to court approval, most consider it a done deal.
The settlement requires NAR to enact new rules, including prohibiting offers of broker compensation on multiple listing services (MLS), the private databases that allow local real estate brokers to publish and share information about residential property listings. The rule is set to take effect in mid-July, once the settlement receives judge approval.
Moreover, sellers will no longer be required to pay buyer broker commissions and real estate agents participating in the MLS must establish written representation agreements with their buyer clients.
NAR denies any wrongdoing and maintains that its current policies benefit buyers and sellers. The organization believes it’s not liable for seller claims related to broker commissions, stating that it has never set commissions and that commissions have always been negotiable.
How Will the New Rules Impact the Buying and Selling Process?
Per the settlement’s terms, the costs associated with buying and selling a home are set to change dramatically.
“The primary things that will change are the decoupling of the seller commission and the buyer commission in the MLS,” says Rita Gibbs, a Realtor at Realty One Group Integrity in Tucson. “It’s gonna cause some chaos.”
While sellers will no longer be able to offer broker compensation in the MLS, there’s no rule prohibiting off-MLS negotiations. Because of this, Gibbs suspects buyers and sellers will continue offering broker compensation off the MLS.
The Department of Justice confirmed it will permit listing brokers to display compensation details on their websites. However, buyer agents will need to undergo the tedious task of visiting countless broker websites to find who’s offering what.
Michael Gorkowski, a Virginia-based real estate agent with Compass, is also trying to figure out how to manage the potential ruling.
“We often work with buyers for many months and sometimes years before they find exactly what they’re looking for,” Gorkowski says. “So in a case where a seller isn’t offering a co-broker commission, we will have to negotiate that the buyer pays an agreed-upon commission prior to starting their search.”
The Changes Will Impact These Home Buyers Most
“In the short term, it is absolutely going to injure buyers, especially FHA and VA buyers,” Gibbs says. “With rare exception, these buyers are not in a position to pay for their own agent.”
Gibbs says that if sellers don’t offer compensation, many buyers who can’t otherwise afford to pay a broker will choose to go unrepresented.
Gorkowski notes that veterans taking out VA loans face a unique challenge under the new rules. “[P]er the VA requirements, buyers cannot pay so it must be negotiated with the seller for now.”
As a result, NAR is calling on the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to revise its policies prohibiting VA buyers from paying broker commissions. Even so, there’s skepticism that the federal government will be able to implement changes in time for the July deadline.
Gibbs and Gorkowski are among the many agents especially concerned about first-time home buyers. After July, first-time and VA buyers will be required to sign a buyer-broker agreement stating that they will compensate their broker—but Gibbs says many won’t have the means to do so.
In this situation, agents would likely only show buyers homes where sellers are offering compensation.
“This is a very troubling situation,” Gorkowski says.
Housing Inventory Forecast for 2024
With many homeowners “locked in” at ultra-low interest rates or unwilling to sell due to high home prices, demand continues to outpace housing supply—and likely will for a while—even as some homeowners may finally be forced to sell due to major life events such as divorce, job changes or a growing family.
“I don’t expect to see a meaningful increase in the supply of existing homes for sale until mortgage rates are back down in the low 5% range, so probably not in 2024,” says Rick Sharga, founder and CEO of CJ Patrick Company, a market intelligence and business advisory firm.
Housing stock remains near historic lows—especially entry-level supply—which has propped up demand and sustained ultra-high home prices. Here’s what the latest home values look like around the country.
Yet, some hopeful housing stock signs have begun to sprout:
Existing inventory is showing signs of loosening as impatient buyers and sellers have begun to accept the reality of mortgage rates oscillating between 6% and 7%.
Home-builder outlook also continues to get sunnier, trending back up amid declining mortgage rates and better building conditions.
The most recent National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index (HMI), which tracks builder sentiment, saw a fourth consecutive monthly rise, surpassing a crucial threshold with an increase from 48 to 51 in March. A reading of 50 or above means more builders see good conditions ahead for new construction.
At the same time, new single-family building permits ticked up 1% in February—the 13th consecutive monthly increase—according to the latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
Residential Real Estate Stats: Existing, New and Pending Home Sales
Though some housing market data indicates signs of growth are in store this spring home-buying season, persistently high mortgage rates may hinder activity from fully flourishing.
Here’s what the latest home sales data has to say.
Existing-Home Sales
Existing-home sales came to life in February, shooting up 9.5% from the month before, according to the latest data from the NAR. Sales dipped 3.3% from a year ago.
Experts attribute the monthly jump to a bump in inventory.
“Additional housing supply is helping to satisfy market demand,” said Lawrence Yun, chief economist at NAR, in the report.
Existing inventory rose 5.9%—logging 1.07 million unsold homes at the end of February. However, there are still only 2.9 months of inventory at the current sales pace. Most experts consider a balanced market falling between four and six months.
Meanwhile, existing home prices continue to soar to unprecedented heights, reaching $384,500, which marks the eighth consecutive month of yearly price increases and a February median home price record.
New Home Sales
Sales of newly constructed single-family houses ticked down by a nominal 0.3% compared to January, but outpaced February 2023 sales by 5.9%, according to the latest U.S. Census Bureau and HUD data.
Amid a high percentage of homeowners still locked in to low mortgage rates, home builders have been picking up the slack.
“New construction continues to be an outsized share of the housing inventory,” said Dr. Lisa Sturtevant, chief economist at Bright MLS, in an emailed statement.
Sturtevant notes that declining new home prices are coming amid a recent trend of builders introducing smaller and more affordable homes to the market.
The median price for a new home in February was $400,500, down 7.6% from a year ago.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Pending Home Sales
NAR’s Pending Homes Sales Index rose 1.6% in February from the month prior even as mortgage rates approached 7% by the end of the month. Pending transactions declined 7% year-over-year.
A pending home sale marks the point in the home sales transaction when the buyer and seller agree on price and terms. Pending home sales are considered a leading indicator of future closed sales.
The Midwest and South saw monthly transaction gains while the Northeast and West saw declines due to affordability challenges in those higher-cost regions.
“While modest sales growth might not stir excitement, it shows slow and steady progress from the lows of late last year,” said Yun, in the report.
Ongoing Affordability Challenges Could Throw Cold Water on Spring Home-Buying Hopes
Though down from its 2023 high of 7.79%, the average 30-year fixed mortgage rate in 2024 remains well over 6% amid rising home values. As a result, home buyers continue to face affordability challenges.
According to data from its first-quarter 2024 U.S. Home Affordability Report, property data provider Attom found that median-priced single-family homes remain less affordable than the historical average in over 95% of U.S. counties.
For one, the data uncovered that expenses are eating up more than 32% of the average national wage. Common lending guidelines require monthly mortgage payments, property taxes and homeowners insurance to comprise 28% or less of your gross income.
At the same time, home prices and homeownership expenses continue to outpace wage growth.
Consequently, the latest expense-to-wage ratio is hovering at one of the highest points over the past decade, according to the Attom report, despite some slight affordability improvements over the last two quarters.
“Affording a home remains a financial stretch, or a pipe dream, for so many households,” said Rob Barber, CEO at Attom.
Pro Tips for Buyers and Sellers
Here are some expert tips to increase your chances for an optimal outcome in this tight housing market.
Pro Tips for Buying in Today’s Real Estate Market
Hannah Jones, a senior economic research analyst at Realtor.com, offers this expert advice to aspiring buyers:
Know your budget. Instead of focusing on price, figure out how much you can afford as a monthly payment. Your monthly housing payment is influenced by the price of the home, your down payment, mortgage rate, loan term, home insurance and property taxes.
Be flexible about home size and location. Perhaps your budget is sufficient for a small home in your perfect neighborhood, or a larger, newer home further out. Understanding your priorities and having some flexibility can help you move quickly when a suitable home enters the market.
Keep an eye on the market where you hope to buy. Determine the area’s available inventory and price levels. Also, pay attention to how quickly homes sell. Not only will you be tuned in when something great hits the market, you can feel more confident moving forward with purchasing a well-priced home. A real estate agent can help with this.
Don’t be discouraged. Purchasing a home is one of the largest financial decisions you’ll ever make. Approaching the market confidently, armed with good information and grounded expectations will take you far. Don’t let the hustle of the market convince you to buy something that’s not in your budget, or not right for your lifestyle.
Pro Tips for Selling in Today’s Real Estate Market
Gary Ashton, founder of The Ashton Real Estate Group of RE/MAX Advantage, has this expert advice for sellers:
Research comparable home prices in your area. Sellers need to have the most up-to-date pricing intel on comparable homes selling in their market. Know the market competition and price the home competitively. In addition, understand that in some price points it’s a buyer’s market—you’ll need to be prepared to make some concessions.
Make sure your home is in top-notch shape. Homes need to be in great condition to compete and create a strong “online curb appeal.” Well-maintained homes and attractive front yards are major features that buyers look for.
Work with a local real estate agent. A real estate agent or team with a strong local marketing presence and access to major real estate portals can offer significant value and help you land a great deal.
Don’t put off issues that require attention. Prepare the home by making any repairs or improvements. Removing any objections that buyers may see helps focus the buyer on the positive attributes of the home.
Will the Housing Market Crash in 2024?
Despite some areas of the country experiencing monthly price declines, the likelihood of a housing market crash—a rapid drop in unsustainably high home prices due to waning demand—remains low for 2024.
“[T]he record low supply of houses on the market protects against a market crash,” says Tom Hutchens, executive vice president of production at Angel Oak Mortgage Solutions, a non-QM lender.
Moreover, experts point out that today’s homeowners stand on much more secure footing than those coming out of the 2008 financial crisis, with many borrowers having substantial home equity.
“In 2024, I expect we’ll see home appreciation take a step back but not plummet,” says Orphe Divounguy, senior macroeconomist at Zillow Home Loans.
This outlook aligns with what other housing market watchers expect.
“Comerica forecasts that national house prices will rise 2.9% in 2024,” said Bill Adams, chief economist at Comerica Bank, in an emailed statement.
Divounguy also notes that several factors, including Millennials entering their prime home-buying years, wage growth and financial wealth are tailwinds that will sustain housing demand in 2024.
Even so, with fewer homes selling, Dan Hnatkovskyy, co-founder and CEO of NewHomesMate, a marketplace for new construction homes, sees a price collapse within the realm of possibility, especially in markets where real estate investors scooped up numerous properties.
“If something pushes that over the edge, the consequences could be severe,” said Hnatkovskyy, in an emailed statement.
Will Foreclosures Increase in 2024?
In February, total foreclosure filings were down 1% from the previous month but up 8% from a year ago, according to Attom.
“These trends could signify evolving financial landscapes for homeowners, prompting adjustments in market strategies and lending practices,” said Barber, in a report.
Lenders began foreclosure on 22,575 properties in February, up 4% from the previous month and 11% from a year ago. Meanwhile, real estate-owned properties, or REOs, which are homes unsold at foreclosure auctions and taken over by lenders, spiked year-over-year in three states: South Carolina (up 51%), Missouri (up 50%) and Pennsylvania (up 46%).
Despite foreclosure activity trending up nationally and certain areas of the country seeing notable annual increases in REOs, experts generally don’t expect to see a wave of foreclosures in 2024.
“Foreclosure activity is still only at about 60% of pre-pandemic levels … and isn’t likely to be back to 2019 numbers until sometime in mid-to-late 2024,” says Sharga.
The biggest reasons for this, Sharga explains, are the strength of the economy—we’re still seeing low unemployment and steady wage growth—along with excellent loan quality.
Massive home price growth in homeowner equity over the past few years has also helped reduce foreclosures.
Sharga says that some 80% of today’s homeowners have more than 20% equity in their property. So, while there may be more foreclosure starts in 2024—due in part to Covid-era mortgage relief programs phasing out—foreclosure auctions and lender repossessions should remain below 2019 levels.
When Will Be the Best Time To Buy a Home in 2024?
Buying a house—in any market—is a highly personal decision. Because homes represent the largest single purchase most people will make in their lifetime, it’s crucial to be in a solid financial position before diving in.
Use a mortgage calculator to estimate your monthly housing costs based on your down. But if you’re trying to predict what might happen next year, experts say this is probably not the best home-buying strategy.
“The housing market—like so many other markets—is almost impossible to time,“ Divounguy says. “The best time for prospective buyers is when they find a home that they like, that meets their family’s current and foreseeable needs and that they can afford.”
Gumbinger agrees it’s hard to tell would-be homeowners to wait for better conditions.
“More often, it seems the case that home prices generally keep rising, so the goalposts for amassing a down payment keep moving, and there’s no guarantee that tomorrow’s conditions will be all that much better in the aggregate than today’s.”
Divounguy says “getting on the housing ladder” is worthwhile to begin building equity and net worth.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Will declining mortgage rates cause home prices to rise?
Declining mortgage rates will likely incentivize would-be buyers anxious to own a home to jump into the market. Expect this increased demand amid today’s tight housing supply to put upward pressure on home prices.
What will happen if the housing market crashes?
Most experts do not expect a housing market crash in 2024 since many homeowners have built up significant equity in their homes. The issue is primarily an affordability crisis. High interest rates and inflated home values have made purchasing a home challenging for first-time homebuyers.
Is it smart to buy real estate before a recession?
If you’re in a financial position to buy a home you plan to live in for the long term, it won’t matter when you buy it because you will live in it through economic highs and lows. However, if you are looking to buy real estate as a short-term investment, it will come with more risk if you buy at the height before a recession.
Employees want commute expenses covered in exchange for office return | Mortgage Professional Business Growth “commute worthy.” Additional pay requested for office return In addition to perks, employees in the United States also said they would comply with an office-return policy if this meant getting a higher salary. According to the Ringover survey, nearly half … [Read more…]
Homebuyers hopeful that interest rates would be cut and that mortgage interest rate cuts would soon follow will have to wait a bit longer for relief. Or so it seems. After months of encouraging inflation news, the most recent report showed it increasing again in February. And anticipated rate cuts may now not come until June (or later). Last week, one Fed official even said that there may not be any rate cuts at all in 2024, which would leave mortgage rates stuck at their highest point in decades.
While this can be discouraging news for buyers (and current owners looking to refinance), it doesn’t mean that you need to get stuck with today’s average rate, either (6.95% for 30-year mortgages as of April 8). There are multiple ways to get a rate lower than that right now. Below, we’ll break down five ways to get a lower mortgage rate this spring.
Start by shopping for rates and lenders online today.
How to get a lower mortgage rate this spring
Here are five effective ways to get a below-average mortgage rate this season.
Boost your credit score
The best mortgage rates and terms will always go to the borrowers with the highest credit scores, so if your credit profile needs improving, now is the time to do so. While a high credit score won’t result in the mortgage rates of 2021 returning, it can help you get the lowest rate available right now, and that can result in major savings when spread over the traditional 30-year mortgage term.
See what mortgage rate you could qualify for here now.
Shop for lenders
Just like you wouldn’t purchase the first car you test-drove, you shouldn’t necessarily lock in the first mortgage rate offer you get from a lender. Instead, shop around and compare rates and options from multiple banks — and be sure to look at any fees or closing costs that are tacked on. While a lower mortgage interest rate is ideal, excessive fees could quickly eat away at the savings received with the lower rate.
Consider a shorter mortgage term
Today’s 30-year mortgage loan rate is 6.95% — but a mortgage term at half that time frame comes with a rate of 6.34% now. While that may not be a dramatic difference, every percentage point (and a quarter of a percentage point) can help. That said, a shorter mortgage term will result in a compressed time frame, leading to bigger mortgage payments, thus negating the benefit of the lower rate for many borrowers.
Get an adjustable-rate mortgage
An adjustable-rate mortgage is exactly what its name implies: the rate will adjust over time. This can result in a lower mortgage rate to start (usually for a few years) before re-adjusting to a higher one after that period has ended. That later adjustment could come, however, at a time when the rate climate has stabilized, allowing buyers to get the benefit of that lower rate for a few years before refinancing into a fixed, lower rate in the future.
Purchase mortgage points
By purchasing mortgage points from your lender, you’ll be able to secure a lower rate than you otherwise would have gotten on your own. The cost of these points can then usually be rolled into your overall mortgage loan or paid during the closing process. And while purchasing mortgage points won’t allow you to buy yourself a 3% rate, it can make a major difference by knocking off half a percentage point or slightly more from the rate you would have been offered without it.
Learn more about your mortgage rate options here now.
The bottom line
While the historically low mortgage interest rates of recent years are unlikely to return anytime soon, that doesn’t mean that buyers have to get stuck with a 7% rate either. By boosting their credit score, shopping for lenders, considering a shorter mortgage term, pursuing an adjustable-rate mortgage and purchasing mortgage points — or by combining multiple strategies — buyers can secure a below-average rate right now. Just be sure to carefully weigh the pros and cons of each option before acting, as some may be more costly than others.
Matt Richardson
Matt Richardson is the managing editor for the Managing Your Money section for CBSNews.com. He writes and edits content about personal finance ranging from savings to investing to insurance.
Welcome to NerdWallet’s Smart Money podcast, where we answer your real-world money questions. In this episode:
Explore how to protect yourself from identity fraud, understand its emotional toll and learn fraud recovery steps.
How can you protect yourself from identity theft and fraud?
What steps should you take if you become a victim of financial fraud?
Hosts Sean Pyles and Sara Rathner delve into the unsettling world of identity theft and fraud prevention to help listeners safeguard their finances and wellbeing. They begin with a discussion on the various facets of identity theft, with tips and tricks on identifying fraudulent activity, enhancing personal banking security and dealing with the aftermath of having your identity compromised. Then, they discuss the differences between identity fraud and scams, the importance of good cyber hygiene, and the steps to take immediately if your personal information is breached.
Sean also speaks with John Breyault, Vice President of Public Policy, Telecommunications and Fraud at the National Consumers League, about the current trends in identity theft and the forms of fraud that are on the rise in 2024. They cover topics such as new account fraud, the impact of zero-day vulnerabilities on personal data security and the necessity for consumers to stay vigilant with software updates and report incidents promptly.
They also explore how victims can navigate the process of recovering from fraud, including freezing credit reports, changing passwords, and engaging with financial institutions and law enforcement to document the crime and seek restitution.
Check out this episode on your favorite podcast platform, including:
NerdWallet stories related to this episode:
Episode transcript
This transcript was generated from podcast audio by an AI tool.
Sean Pyles:
So there you are just going along with your life, running errands, finishing work projects, walking the dog, making lunch, paying bills, and then you realize, something is very, very wrong. Someone has gotten into your accounts and stolen your money.
Charlene MacNeil:
August 28th was a normal day. I took my cat to the vet, went and got groceries. That morning, I checked my online banking just to make sure I had enough money to do everything. It just seemed like a normal day and then everything changed that evening when I got that email.
Sean Pyles:
Welcome to NerdWallet’s Smart Money podcast. I’m Sean Pyles.
Sara Rathner:
And I’m Sara Rathner.
Sean Pyles:
We’re back with our Nerdy deep dive into identity theft, fraud, and scams, and their potentially devastating effects on your finances if you become a victim. As we said last episode, and we’ll continue to reiterate over and over, these crimes do not discriminate. Absolutely anyone can find themselves in deep water with their money situation because these financial criminals have so very many tools and options at their disposal.
Sara Rathner:
Yeah. And, Sean, I think we also want to repeat the message that this doesn’t just happen to you because you’re ignorant or careless. It happens because as our guest last week said, “We have to be 100% right all the time.” We have to be watching our accounts and changing our passwords, realizing we’re talking to someone who’s pretending to be from a bank, etc., etc. And the criminal only has to be right once to get what they’re after. So if they catch you in a moment where you’re tired or hangry, they might just do that.
Sean Pyles:
So the last thing that you should feel is embarrassed or ashamed if you do become a victim of ID theft or a scam. Angry and upset, yes, ashamed, no. The more we all talk about it, the more educated we become and the harder we make it for the thieves and scammers.
Sara Rathner:
Yes. Let’s take our power back.
Sean Pyles:
Yes. So last week we talked about identity theft, how it happens, what to be on the lookout for, and how to protect yourself as much as possible. Today we’re going to look at the next step in that process, which is the identity fraud that happens after the theft.
Sara Rathner:
It’s the credit card opened in your name. It’s the tax return that isn’t really yours. It’s the healthcare account that also isn’t yours that gets the thief medical care on your dime. Listener, we’re going to help you understand what it looks like, how to avoid it, and what to do if it happens to you.
Sean Pyles:
All right, well, we want to hear what you think too, listeners. Tell us your stories of identity theft or share how you’re working to fight it or recover from it. Leave us a voicemail or text the Nerd hotline at (901) 730-6373. That’s (901) 730-NERD, or email a voice memo to [email protected].
Sara Rathner:
So, Sean, where do we start today?
Sean Pyles:
Well, we’re going to start today with a real world tale of identity fraud. We’re hearing from Charlene MacNeil, a mom from Alberta, Canada. She’s got a story about what happened when someone was able to get into her account at BMO Bank, a subsidiary of the Bank of Montreal. Then after Charlene, we’re going to talk with an expert in ID fraud, who’s seen it all in his capacity at the National Consumers Union. Charlene MacNeil, welcome to Smart Money.
Charlene MacNeil:
Hello. Thanks for having me.
Sean Pyles:
Charlene, you experienced a form of bank account fraud. When did you first realize that something was wrong?
Charlene MacNeil:
On August 28th, I had just put my kids to bed and I got an email pop up on my cell phone saying that I had a credit limit alert from BMO and it told me that I had $33 left in my account.
Sean Pyles:
And so that was an indication that you didn’t have sufficient funds or maybe your credit was run up. What were you thinking when you first saw that?
Charlene MacNeil:
I panicked when I saw the $33. It just didn’t make sense. So I immediately went onto my online banking and noticed that my line of credit was maxed to the $15,000 mark.
Sean Pyles:
And what steps did you take once you realized that something was very wrong with your account?
Charlene MacNeil:
I immediately called BMO and just told them the email that I got and she told me that she would cancel my card right away and my account and to go to the branch immediately the next day to file a report of what had happened.
Sean Pyles:
So the next day, did you go in and talk with them about that?
Charlene MacNeil:
Yeah, I went in the next morning and I told her what had happened and she had told me that there was a text message that was sent to me like a one-time passcode, and I tried to think back to the day before because I do get text messages or calls from scammers sometimes, but that summer I felt like I had gotten quite a few, but I just kind of always ignored them, so I didn’t really think much of it. And then when she was looking at my account, she asked me if I knew the company Wise, because she noticed that’s where the money had been sent and I Googled Wise right away because I didn’t know what she was talking about.
And when I Googled it, it said international money sending. So she was, “Oh, that’s a red flag. That’s crazy.” She made me feel like we should be able to get the money back, that she would fill out this report and send it off and it should be okay. What had happened was they took my line of credit money, transferred it to my checking account, and they set up a bill payment to the company Wise, and then they sent out the money that way through a bill payment.
Sean Pyles:
So a slightly convoluted way to get the money that you had from your line of credit over to them essentially?
Charlene MacNeil:
Yes, exactly.
Sean Pyles:
And so it seems like things are maybe going, okay, this was a frustrating experience, but you thought you were going to be able to get your money back?
Charlene MacNeil:
Yeah, I went back to work and I felt relieved. “Okay, that’s done. It should be fine.”
Sean Pyles:
But that’s not what ended up happening.
Charlene MacNeil:
No. Two days later, the teller that had helped me, she called me and started the conversation with, “I have some very unfortunate news. They will not refund that money to your line of credit.” And my heart fell because I was just, “What do you mean?”
Sean Pyles:
And this was $15,000 they said they weren’t going to refund?
Charlene MacNeil:
I had a balance on there before. So really they just took whatever I had left in my line of credit and sent it out, so it was like $9,700.
Sean Pyles:
And what reason did they give you for why you wouldn’t be able to get this money back?
Charlene MacNeil:
They had told me that they tried reaching out to Wise, but the money had already been transferred. So whoever the bill was made out to through the company, they had the money and that’s it. They couldn’t get the money back, but she did say, “If you want, we could escalate this and see if there’s something else that they could do.”
Sean Pyles:
Because there have to be some kind of protections. This was an instance of fraud. You didn’t authorize this transfer of money?
Charlene MacNeil:
No, but as this continued on, they kept saying that I had gotten this one time passcode sent to me August 28th at 4:20 p.m., but I don’t recall entering this six digit code that they’re telling me that I entered. But from their records, it shows I entered the code and that it was all good.
Sean Pyles:
It’s also possible that someone could have somehow gained access to your phone number or gotten that code themselves. Correct?
Charlene MacNeil:
That’s what I am trying to explain to them. I just know that I didn’t enter this code.
Sean Pyles:
So did you end up escalating this then?
Charlene MacNeil:
I did. I escalated it three times and then I finally got a final response just saying that it’s really unfortunate, but we can’t get that money back. And they just kept telling me it’s the one-time passcode and that’s the reason why the money was sent out that I pretty much authorized it to be sent out.
Sean Pyles:
I’m really sorry to hear that. Do you know how the people were able to get into your account?
Charlene MacNeil:
I don’t know. I just have a lot of people just giving me different ideas of how maybe it could have happened. I had a conference in Vegas at the beginning of August and it was on the news that Vegas was having issues with scammers.
Sean Pyles:
Was it an issue with people getting on public Wi-Fi and logging into their bank accounts?
Charlene MacNeil:
That or people also told me that maybe somebody walked by my purse and scanned my purse, but people have told me that too, thinking it’s because of the Wi-Fi.
Sean Pyles:
So I’m wondering, Charlene, how has this experience made you feel about the safety of your money? Have you thought about switching banks, anything like that?
Charlene MacNeil:
I’m very nervous because it blows my mind to think that somebody can get onto your online banking and then move money like that without a signature or maybe voice recognition or something. I shut down my line of credit now and I’m kind of waiting to hear what’s going to happen, but I am really considering moving banks. I wish this almost happened on a credit card because I feel like credit card companies have your back more than the bank.
Sean Pyles:
Yeah. Your story brings me back to a theme which is that fraud, scams, anyone can experience these things and it’s not like you followed a typical playbook of seeing a text message come through on your phone or clicking a link in email and entering your login credentials. You don’t know how someone got your information. It just exemplifies that you could be doing everything right and somehow people could still get your information and still get into your bank.
Charlene MacNeil:
Yeah, exactly. August 28th was a normal day. I took my cat to the vet, went and got groceries. That morning, I checked my online banking just to make sure I had enough money to do everything. It just seemed like a normal day and then everything changed that evening when I got that email.
Sean Pyles:
What do you think your next steps will be?
Charlene MacNeil:
I’m not very hopeful, to be honest. It’s something that I just have to accept. And I mean, I’ve done better the last couple months, but in the beginning it was very difficult. I lost lots of sleep, missed some work. It was very stressful. And you feel like you’re the one that did something wrong.
Sean Pyles:
Well, I’m sorry that you experienced this. I’m wondering if there’s anything that you would like listeners to keep in mind as they try to protect themselves and their finances online?
Charlene MacNeil:
Yeah, I mean it’s so important to be checking your banking probably daily just to make sure everything is going as you think. Be very careful, I guess, on public Wi-Fi. I was actually just on a trip with my family to Mexico and so many people use public Wi-Fi. And I did in Vegas just to load my boarding passes.
I did not check my online banking. I know a lot of people when they hear me say that I was on public Wi-Fi in Vegas. I did not check my online banking, but I was on public Wi-Fi and I guess people can be sitting in that room and gain all of your information. So I don’t know. I don’t want people to be paranoid, but I kind of feel paranoid.
Sean Pyles:
It might not be a bad idea in the year 2024 when if you’re on a public Wi-Fi network, someone who’s also on that can get into your device very easily. That’s the truth of where we are right now.
Charlene MacNeil:
Yes, and I heard once they’re in, then they can be in there for a while. If I would’ve checked my online banking a day or two later, they could have seen me enter my codes. Yeah, it’s very invasive.
Sean Pyles:
Well, Charlene, thank you for sharing your story with us today.
Charlene MacNeil:
Well, thank you for hearing me.
Sara Rathner:
Sean, this just makes me so sad and angry that anybody has to deal with this because it’s just not fair. It’s not a fair fight against these really savvy identity thieves.
Sean Pyles:
It’s really not. And what’s so worrisome to me about Charlene’s story is that she still can’t pinpoint exactly how these criminals got into her account. Again, it just shows that this kind of fraud can happen to anyone, but as tempting as it might be to just throw up your hands and yell, “I give up,” that just feeds the beast and doesn’t do us any good.
Sara Rathner:
Well, I’m looking forward to some advice on how to avoid all of this and anything that we could do to keep it from happening to us, to me, to my loved ones, and of course to our listeners.
Sean Pyles:
Well, our next guest will walk us through some of what happens when you’re the victim of identity fraud and give advice on how to avoid it and recover from it if it does happen to you. John Breyault is Vice President of Public Policy Telecommunications and Fraud at the National Consumers League. That’s coming up. Stay with us.
John, thanks so much for joining us on Smart Money.
John Breyault:
Hey, thanks for having me on the show. I really appreciate it.
Sean Pyles:
So last week we spent some time explaining identity theft and the various ways that bad actors can steal our IDs from us. And today, we’re going to explore what they do with all that information once they’ve got it. So I’d like to start by asking you to explain maybe the difference between ID fraud and scams. We’re going to talk about scams in our next episode, but what differentiates the two?
John Breyault:
Both scams and ID theft, we call fraud, right? It’s a crime where it involves typically a scammer trying to acquire information or funds that they can use for their own purposes. So identity fraud is definitely a subset of fraud overall, but it is certainly one of the biggest subsets.
So we know that, for example, the Federal Trade Commission every year puts out their Consumer Sentinel Data Book. It’s a compilation of millions of fraud complaints that they get from agencies and organizations like mine all over the country. And in 2022, which is their most recent data, they received 5.2 million fraud reports and the number one category that they heard about was identity theft. And so clearly this continues to be a major problem that the biggest enforcement agency out there is hearing about. Definitely identity theft is one of the biggest types of fraud, and one I think we continue to see consumers of every age level, every education level, every demographic be victimized by.
Sean Pyles:
And when you think about specific ways that ID fraud and scams can manifest, what makes them distinct?
John Breyault:
I think what makes each scam distinct is often, number one, what is the entry point for the scammer? Is it one where they have to interact with the victim, say by sending them a link that the consumer clicks on and then provides the data to the identity for the scammer that’s then used to commit fraud? Or is this something where the scammers can commit identity fraud really with no interaction with the victim at all?
We know, for example, that due to data breaches, that’s practically limitless information about almost every American out there on criminal forums on the dark web that can be used to basically commit identity theft as a service. With a few hundred dollars in Bitcoin, you too can hire an identity thief to do things like start bogus credit card accounts in your name or try and get healthcare benefits or unemployment insurance. These are all very common types of identity theft that’s out there, and that doesn’t require any of us to do anything.
Sean Pyles:
So you touched on this a little bit, but John, can you give us a sense of what you’re seeing out there right now? What are some of the most prevalent forms of identity fraud in 2024?
John Breyault:
Yeah, I would say some of the fastest growing types of identity theft is new account fraud. It’s not necessarily a new type of identity theft. We’ve seen scammers using information to create new credit card accounts for decades at this point, but certainly it is returning to its previous position as one of the top types of identity fraud. And it’s happening because the resources that identity thieves were devoting to government benefits fraud is going down. As those pandemic relief programs start to wind down, there’s less money for the identity thieves to steal. And so they’ve gone back to some of the tried and true types of identity fraud.
Sean Pyles:
Is there anything that’s relatively new that consumers should know about that maybe they haven’t really heard about?
John Breyault:
What we have seen over the past year has been a staggering increase in the number of data breaches attributable to what are called zero-day vulnerabilities. And if you’ve never heard of a zero-day vulnerability, that’s okay. Basically what it means is it’s a vulnerability that nobody else has identified. Think of it as having a key to a vault that nobody else has, and until the people who own that vault figure out that you have that key, they have no reason to try and solve the problem or change the lock.
Sean Pyles:
So this could be something like a weakness in our phones’ operating systems that allows a bad actor to get into our phones.
John Breyault:
Yes, exactly. It’s operating systems like Windows. It is browsers that can be hacked. It could be Microsoft Office. Really any software program can have a zero-day vulnerability. And so what’s concerning to us is just the increase in breaches that were attributable to zero days. It’s gone up. I believe the number that the ITRC cited was by more than 100% over the past 12 months.
Sean Pyles:
Do we know why this might be? Is it that software developers are maybe pushing out code a bit faster than they should and they aren’t combing through for vulnerabilities? Or is it that hackers are really zeroing in on these vulnerabilities and trying to exploit them?
John Breyault:
Well, I think that’s the $64,000 question, as they say. We have theories on how that is. One of the more worrying ones is that the scammers have learned how to automate their search for zero-day vulnerabilities using artificial intelligence. And if they’re able to search for these zero days at scale, a very low cost, that is scary because I think AI has revolutionized so many other facets of our economy and businesses and government over the past several years.
It definitely has the potential to do the same thing when it comes to fraud. I think many of us who work on fraud and identity theft on a daily basis, we are thinking of the potential of this as the same kind of potential for supercharging fraud and scams that we saw when the internet sort of became a technology that everybody was using. That’s the kind of scale of the threat that’s out there.
Sean Pyles:
And so when people get notifications on their phone saying, “Oh, you have a new software update to patch a security vulnerability,” this might be something that is being addressed. Correct? And it’s important for people to actually update their phones regularly so that they are having the most secure software possible?
John Breyault:
Yes. Cyber hygiene is definitely one of the lowest cost and easiest ways for consumers to reduce their risk of falling victim to identity fraud because once they are detected, the operating systems and browser makers are usually pretty quick to plug the hole. But that is often dependent on consumers paying attention to those little pop-up boxes that say, “Do you want to update your browser? Do you want to update windows?” And actually taking action. Definitely don’t wait to update. Make sure you do that because it really is one of the easiest ways to reduce your risk.
Sean Pyles:
So, John, walk us through some of the ways that listeners can protect themselves from identity fraud. We heard last week about protections from identity theft. So let’s assume that the theft has already happened and now we have to react to prevent the fraud. What are some first steps here?
John Breyault:
Well, number one, I would say act quickly. We know that identity theft is a crime that often relies on consumers doing nothing. If you know that your information has been compromised, take steps to reduce your risk. For many people, that’s going to start with freezing their credit report. All of the major credit reporting bureaus offer consumers the ability to freeze credit.
Number two, I would say try and limit the damage to the extent you can. For example, particularly if your primary email address has been compromised, that can be the entry point for scammers to take over lots of other accounts, your bank accounts, your social media accounts. So definitely change the password on your primary email account right away and turn on two-factor authentication as well to add an additional layer that the scammers have to get through. They’re going to try and use that entry point.
I would do the same for any financial accounts that you may have linked to that email account. In addition, call the banks and let them know what’s going on so that they can place fraud alerts on your accounts. And then finally, make sure and get a police report. Identity theft is a crime in all 50 states, but consumers, I think particularly if you start to see activity related to identity theft, having that report is often documentation that will be needed to get the kind of help from not just law enforcement, but also from banks and other entities that you’ll need.
I think, unfortunately, we know that local police departments aren’t always super excited to create those reports, so you may have to be persistent to do that, but definitely local police departments is the place I would start. And then work your way up to the State Attorney General and ultimately the Federal Trade Commission.
Sean Pyles:
Related to what you were just discussing, let’s go a step further. So let’s say someone took your information and then fraud happened before you could get to it. Who should you really go to for help? Let’s talk about reporting it and starting to deal with the fallout of fraud.
John Breyault:
Yeah. Once fraud has occurred, typically you still have rights. For example, an identity thief created a credit card in your name and started running a bunch of charges. You aren’t liable for that, but you’re going to need to take steps like have that identity theft affidavit and a police report ready to show to creditors who may wonder why you haven’t been paying your credit card bill that you just opened weeks ago. So definitely I would say getting those reports is going to be one key piece of information to have.
Also, call and talk to the entities who the identity thief is using in your name. Let them know who you are, what’s been going on, and see what you can do to address the fraud. Most of us don’t spend all day every day recovering from identity theft, but most of the financial institutions do have people who are devoted to helping you through that journey. But you’ve gotta keep records of that. Grab a notebook, create a little Word document on your computer, and start logging every communication that you have with those entities so that you can create a paper trail because you can’t just depend on them to know where you are in the process and to ensure that in one place they’re going to quickly try and use that information to commit identity theft in other places as well.
Sean Pyles:
Earlier in this episode, I spoke with a woman who experienced a form of bank fraud. A fraudster got access to her line of credit, and her bank didn’t offer much in the way of resolving the issue. She didn’t get her money back. And I’ve heard other similar stories before. What sort of recourse do people in that situation have to try to recoup their losses?
John Breyault:
Generally, if the consumer victim is not the one who is actually hitting send on the money transfer, whether it’s through a payment app or through a wire transfer from your bank, then you have protections under federal law as well as many state laws. So I think it’s important that if in a case like that where it sounds like the scammer got in because they were able to hack this woman’s credentials that she should have rights. Certainly if the bank seems unwilling to work with her, I would say your next stop should be the State Attorney General as well as groups like the Identity Theft Resource Center, which have great resources and help coach victims through recovering from these identity theft schemes.
Sean Pyles:
Yeah. And your advice just there brings up the idea of jurisdiction. The woman that I spoke with was based in Canada, where they have different rules and regulations than we do in the U.S. So I think it’s important for anyone to be familiar with what laws protect them where they’re living, whether it’s in a different country or a specific state.
John Breyault:
Yeah, absolutely. And I would say a great place to start that journey of learning what your rights are and what laws may apply is the FTC has a great website at identitytheft.gov where you can start to go through their checklist and create an identity theft recovery plan.
Sean Pyles:
Well, one final question. I’m asking this of all the experts that we’re talking with for this series, so I’ll ask you too. Have you ever fallen victim to a scam or identity theft or fraud?
John Breyault:
I definitely have. Fortunately for me, it wasn’t sort of life altering, but what got me interested in working on fraud was a trip I took to Jamaica on vacation where I was in a bar, which probably tells you the first thing that I wasn’t thinking very clearly, but one of the locals came up to me and said, “Hey, if you give me $20, I can get you cheaper drinks at the bar.” And I said, “Great.” And so I gave him the $20 and he turned around, bought some beers for him and his friends and just ignored me.
And I wasn’t about to start a fight with a bunch of guys in a bar in Jamaica. So I just said, “Okay, lesson learned.” Don’t always take what people say to you at face value and listen to your gut before you hand over your money. Unfortunately, in this country we have, when it comes to identity theft and being a victim of fraud, we often have this tendency to blame the victim.
And there’s a real stigma attached to being a victim of fraud. And we often use terms like, “You fell for a scam.” Or people say, “I can’t believe I was so stupid.” Or we use terms like, “pig butchering scams,” which suggest that somehow the victim is the one who’s culpable. I think that that is wrong. If I could have one additional message for listeners of this podcast, it’s show a little compassion the next time somebody tells you their fraud story and recognize that these are people who are victims of organized, multinational, very savvy criminals, and help them work through sort of this crime they’ve been a victim of and encourage them to report it.
Sean Pyles:
Well, John, thank you again for talking with us.
John Breyault:
I appreciate it, Sean.
Sean Pyles:
Sara, one thing that I really want listeners to remember is that the cost of experiencing identity fraud can go well beyond the money loss, which of course can be significant. People who are victimized in this way often suffer mental health consequences. Many feel ashamed or like they brought this upon themselves. So like John said, if you’ve experienced a loss like this, get help. Yes, contact the FTC and your local police, but also think about talking with a loved one or a therapist who can help you process your emotions around this.
Sara Rathner:
Yeah, know that you are not alone. You probably know people who have gone through something like this and you could commiserate with each other. The important thing is to receive nonjudgmental help from people who are on your side and will help you wrap your head around everything that’s happened to you, and you can come out the other side stronger and more determined to protect yourself in the future. Okay, Sean, tell us what’s coming up in Episode 3 of this series. I assume there are more horrors on the way.
Sean Pyles:
Unfortunately, yes. Next week we’re going to walk into the lion’s den of the scammiest people on earth. Imposter scams, romance scams, phishing, vishing, all in the name of parting you from your money.
Speaker 5:
That’s what these scammers try to do. They try to rush you into making a decision by telling you something’s urgent or an emergency like the family emergency scam, where they’ll say, “Oh, this is your grandchild and I’m overseas, and I need you to wire money fast because I’m jail or in the hospital.”
Sara Rathner:
Yikes. Well, for now at least, that’s all we have for this episode. Do you have a money question of your own? Turn to the Nerds and call or text us your questions at (901) 730-6373. That’s (901) 730-NERD. You could also email us at [email protected]. Also visit nerdwallet.com/podcast for more info on this episode. And remember to follow, rate and review us wherever you’re getting this podcast.
Sean Pyles:
This episode was produced by Tess Vigeland. I helped with editing, Kevin Berry helped with fact checking, Sara Brink mixed our audio.
Sara Rathner:
And here’s our brief disclaimer. We’re not financial or investment advisors. This nerdy info is provided for general educational and entertainment purposes and may not apply to your specific circumstances.
Sean Pyles:
And with that said, until next time, turn to the Nerds.
As we approach the mid-2020s, the question on many homeowners’ and potential buyers’ minds is: what will mortgage rates look like in 2025? It’s a crucial question, as even a small fluctuation in rates can significantly impact monthly payments and overall affordability.
Looking ahead, experts offer a range of predictions, reflecting the inherent uncertainty in economic forecasting. Factors such as inflation, economic growth, monetary policy, and global market conditions all play a role in shaping the future of mortgage rates.
A conservative estimate suggests that 30-year fixed mortgage rates could be in the range of 5.5% to 7% by 2025. This prediction takes into account potential economic growth, the Federal Reserve’s likely responses to changing conditions, and the broader real estate market’s status.
Other forecasts are slightly more optimistic, with projections of a gradual decrease in mortgage rates over the next 18 months. For instance, Fannie Mae anticipates rates might slide to 6.0%, Wells Fargo expects around 5.8%, and the Mortgage Bankers Association estimates rates could fall to 5.5% by the final quarter of 2025.
However, it’s important to note that these predictions come with a degree of uncertainty. The past few years have shown that unprecedented events, such as the pandemic and geopolitical tensions, can rapidly alter the economic landscape. As a result, forecasters often advise caution and suggest that these projections are best viewed as guidelines rather than guarantees.
The consensus among experts is that while rates are expected to peak soon due to high inflation and policy measures, they will likely remain above historical lows. This means that while we may not see the rock-bottom rates of the early 2020s, there is also little expectation of a return to the double-digit rates of the 1980s.
Will Mortgage Rates Decline in 2025?
According to recent analyses and expert predictions, there is a sense of cautious optimism about the potential for mortgage rates to trend downward in 2025. The Mortgage Bankers Association, for instance, has projected that 30-year mortgage rates could fall to around 5.6%. This forecast is based on current market trends and economic indicators, suggesting a silver lining for those hoping for more favorable borrowing conditions.
The current landscape of mortgage rates has been shaped by a variety of factors, including inflation, Federal Reserve policies, and global economic conditions. In the past, rates below 4% were considered competitive, with a historical low point of around 3.75% in 2020 serving as a benchmark for what constitutes a ‘good‘ rate. However, the economic turmoil and policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to fluctuations that defy simple predictions.
Looking ahead, the expectation of a downward trend is influenced by several factors. Economic recovery, inflation expectations, and the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy are all expected to play a role in shaping mortgage rates in the coming years. The Federal Reserve, in particular, is anticipated to continue its delicate balancing act, adjusting interest rates to maintain economic stability while fostering growth.
It’s important to note, however, that these predictions are not guaranteed. The financial landscape is complex and subject to change due to unforeseen global events and policy shifts. Therefore, while the projections provide a general direction, individuals should remain vigilant and consult with financial advisors to understand how these trends may affect their personal circumstances.
In summary, while there is hope for a decrease in mortgage rates by 2025, it is crucial for potential borrowers to stay informed and prepared for any outcome. By keeping an eye on economic developments and seeking professional advice, one can navigate the mortgage market with greater confidence and make decisions that align with their financial goals.
For college students, sending money to friends has never been easier thanks to peer-to-peer payment apps like Venmo, PayPal and Cash App. But that convenience poses risks, including vulnerability to errors, fraud and the tendency to overspend.
As a result, payment apps can contribute to financial stress at a time when young people are learning how to manage their finances on their own. “Peer-to-peer payment apps are cash on steroids because they’re a straw stuck into your bank account,” says Anne Lester, author of “Your Best Financial Life.”
Not only does that make spending easier and more “frictionless,” Lester explains, but it also means “if you trust the wrong person, then you’re in big trouble,” because it can be difficult or impossible to get the money back.
To keep young people safe while using payment apps, money experts suggest taking these extra steps to guard against scams and overspending.
Triple-check the recipient
One risk with peer-to-peer payment apps is sending the money to the wrong person by accident. “If you send money, make sure you are 100% certain you are sending it to the right person, because it’s very hard to get the money back,” says Nilton Porto, associate professor of consumer finance at the University of Rhode Island.
For college students living on tight budgets, Porto says, an incorrect payment could really impact their ability to pay for essentials like rent and food, even if they eventually get the funds returned.
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Protect against fraud
Porto suggests being wary of unexpected requests, even those purportedly from a roommate, that claim to be urgent. “We don’t need to send money to almost anybody right away,” he says, explaining that scam artists often use urgency as a way to trick people into sending cash to them. Similarly, disregard any requests received through one of the apps containing a link that requests personal information, as it could also be a scam.
Erin Lowry, author of the “Broke Millennial Workbook,” warns against downloading any unfamiliar payment apps. “I would not be an early adopter to a payment app,” she cautions, given that it has access to your bank account.
As an additional precaution, Lowry suggests connecting payment apps to a bank account that you don’t keep the bulk of your money in. “My payment apps are connected to a bank account that’s not my primary account, so if something were to happen, it’s a low risk,” she says.
Update your privacy settings
“Default privacy settings are usually public,” notes Amanda Christensen, an accredited financial counselor and extension professor at Utah State University. That means a young adult’s payments to friends or funds received for a job could be visible to the public.
“The social part of the payment apps is where we get some of the best scammers out there because they can see what’s being regularly paid for,” Christensen says. To adjust who can see your activity in Venmo, for example, go into “settings” on the app and scroll to find the various “privacy” options, such as public, friends or private.
Earn a return elsewhere
Christensen suggests establishing a habit of transferring any balance out of payment apps once a week. “Set a note in your phone,” she says, cautioning against treating the app like a checking account, where you let money sit.
Not only is cash sitting in an app vulnerable to fraud, but it also doesn’t earn a return like it could in a savings account. Jake Cousineau, author of “How to Adult” and a high school teacher, says he sees many young people receiving payments for side jobs like tutoring through payment apps. Instead of quickly transferring the money into a savings account, they let it linger, which means losing out on interest that would otherwise be accumulating. Payment apps also generally lack the protections from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. that come with bank accounts, he adds.
Don’t forget to budget
The convenience of payment apps makes it easy to overspend, Christensen notes. That’s why she suggests turning to cash at times for a week or so. “Reconnect yourself to the pain of spending,” she says.
Cousineau recommends not letting “these apps get in the way of having a detailed budget.” Just because you can easily send a friend $20 with a few taps doesn’t mean you should.
The apps might even be able to help. Porto says you can use the timeline of a payment app to help track your spending. Just as with a credit or debit card, you can scroll through your history to determine what changes you might want to make in the future. “You can see where all the money went, which can be very powerful for college students,” he says.
In other words, leverage the power of these payment apps to help you manage your money, instead of just spending it.
This article was written by NerdWallet and was originally published by The Associated Press.
Do you want to learn how to make $10 a day? Whether you want to make an extra $10 every day or if you just need an extra $10 fast right now, you have options. Plus, if you are looking to make $10 a day every day, this is about $300 each month or $3,650…
Do you want to learn how to make $10 a day? Whether you want to make an extra $10 every day or if you just need an extra $10 fast right now, you have options.
Plus, if you are looking to make $10 a day every day, this is about $300 each month or $3,650 extra each year!
Surprisingly, you might not need to spend much time to reach this goal – maybe just an hour or less each day. The great thing about this is that many of the ways mentioned below are flexible and can be done on your own schedule.
Whether you work full-time, stay home with kids, or have a packed student schedule, there are lots of ways to make that extra $10. And even though $10 may seem small, if you do it every day for a month, it adds up to a few hundred dollars, which can be a big help for your budget or savings.
Getting some extra money can be easy by using what you already have online. You don’t need a second job to make $10 more each day. There are lots of online ways to do this. Maybe you want more money or just some spending cash without working a lot. Either way, you can find ways to meet your money goals.
Recommended reading: How To Get $20 PayPal Now
Best Ways To Make $10 a Day Fast
Below are the best ways to make $10 fast.
1. Paid online surveys
Earning $10 by taking surveys is a real possibility and a simple way to make money from home. Some survey companies will even give you $5 or $10 just for signing up and becoming a new member.
When I was repaying my student loans, I filled out surveys every week. I did this before work, during lunch, or after work. It was easy because I could do it whenever I had some free time and could do it on my own schedule. I enjoyed doing them because it was super flexible and would earn me some extra money without any physical labor or really even any brain power.
Survey companies pay you for answering surveys, watching videos, and trying out products. Sometimes, they might even send you free products to test. The best part is, signing up with these companies is completely free!
The paid online survey companies I recommend include:
These survey websites typically give out rewards as cash deposited into PayPal accounts or as free gift cards for places like Amazon.
2. Start a blog
Starting a blog is a creative way to make $10 a day.
Starting a blog won’t immediately earn you $10 a day because it takes time to set up. However, with time and effort, bloggers can usually start earning at least $10 a day in the future.
A blog is a website that contains articles, similar to what you’re reading now. You can start a blog on many different niches and topics like personal finance, recipes, travel, pet care, family life, and more. There are many different kinds of blogs available on the internet.
You can earn money from a blog by teaming up with companies for sponsorships, displaying ads, doing affiliate marketing (such as promoting products from Amazon), and selling items like ebooks, candles, T-shirts, and more directly on your blog.
This is how I make money online, earning well over $10 a day. It took me about 6 months to make my first $100 with my blog, so getting started does take time. It took around a year to reach about $5,000 a month and approximately 2 years to reach $10,000 a month.
You can learn how to start a blog with my free How To Start a Blog Course (sign up by clicking here).
3. High-yield savings accounts
A high-yield bank account is a low-risk way to earn extra money. These accounts offer a higher interest rate than regular savings accounts, so your money grows faster.
While you might not earn $10 every day from a high-yield savings account, it’s quite easy to earn $10 or more over time. You can then stack this with other methods to make $10 every day or $300 a month.
I personally use Marcus by Goldman Sachs because they have a very high interest rate. At the time of this writing, you can get up to 5.40% through a referral link bonus. So, if you have $10,000 saved, you could earn $540 in a year with a high-yield savings account like this. In comparison, with normal banks, your earnings would only be around $50 for the same amount saved.
4. Sell printables on Etsy
One way to make $10 a day from home is by selling printables on Etsy. Printables are digital products that buyers can download and print at home. Think planners, art, or even educational materials.
You have probably used printables in your life, just like most people have. I purchase printables all the time because they make my life much easier. It’s convenient to print things out and have them readily accessible when needed. I recently downloaded a digital printable that is a calendar of new activities to do with my toddler, in fact. (It has a specific new activity to do each day for her age group.)
You can learn more at How I Make Money Selling Printables On Etsy.
Do you want to make money selling printables online? This free training will give you great ideas on what you can sell, how to get started, the costs, and how to make sales.
5. Mystery shopping
Mystery shopping can be a fun way to earn money. If you enjoy shopping and going out, this option can help you make $10 a day.
Companies hire mystery shoppers to visit stores and behave like regular customers. You’ll make purchases, ask questions, and then give feedback on your experience.
Secret shoppers evaluate places like restaurants, stores, car dealerships, banks, and more.
My favorite mystery shopping company that I have personally used is BestMark. There are many other good mystery shopping companies as well.
I have mystery shopped a lot over the years. At one point, I was earning around $150 to $200 a month from it, as well as getting free restaurant meals, free retail items, and more. Most of the shops were very easy to complete and I could do them on my own schedule.
6. Get a raise at work
If you’re wanting to increase your daily earnings by $10, asking for a raise at your current job can be a great strategy as you would be simply continuing the job you already have and not having to find a second job.
Start by evaluating how your skills and experience contribute value to the company. Are you taking on additional responsibilities? Have you achieved any big goals or improved anything at work lately?
Remember, timing is everything when it comes to asking for a raise. I recommend setting up a private meeting with your boss to talk about your raise and make sure it’s a calm period in the work cycle, not the middle of a big project or problem.
Then, during your meeting, be direct about your request and explain how your hard work deserves additional compensation and talk about the value you bring to the company.
7. Answer questions in a focus group
Joining a focus group is a great way to earn $10 quickly, or potentially more! Now, you typically won’t be able to make $10 every single day with a focus group because they are more limited in availability, but you can make well over $10 in a single day with them.
A focus group is a small gathering of people who share their opinions about new products or services. Companies use these insights to improve their offerings.
I have participated in a focus group that paid me approximately $400 for just 75 minutes of my time. While this payment was higher than usual, most focus groups typically pay anywhere from around $50 to over $100 per hour. The amount you get paid can vary greatly depending on the length and topic of the study, but there are certainly studies that offer higher compensation than others.
One focus group company that I recommend joining is User Interviews.
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User Interviews pays very well for market research studies and these are some of the highest paying online surveys, with each paying $50 to $100 or more. The average pays over $60.
8. Donate plasma
Donating plasma can earn you between $20 to $50 each time you donate, and you can earn up to $300 a month if you donate regularly.
Plasma is the liquid part of your blood, and it’s in high demand for medical treatments. Your plasma can help individuals with immune deficiencies, bleeding disorders, and other health problems.
The process is similar to donating blood, but it takes a bit longer – usually about an hour. You’ll be comfortably seated during the procedure, and a machine will take your blood, separate the plasma, and return the blood cells to your body.
Typically, you can donate plasma twice a week. Most donation centers require a 48-hour gap between sessions to make sure that your body has time to recover.
Recommended reading: How to Make Money in One Hour: 15 Real Ways
9. Food delivery
If you want to make an extra $10 a day, food delivery is a good choice. It’s a flexible way to earn cash by helping people get their meals delivered right to their doorstep. With apps like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Postmates, you can sign up and start delivering right away.
When you choose to be a food delivery driver, you work on your schedule. All you need is a reliable way to get around, like a car, bike, or scooter, and a phone. The exact amount you’ll make can depend on the time of day, your location, and how many orders you take.
Typically, you receive more than $5 for each delivery. Plus, customers may tip you for your service as well.
Recommended reading: How To Make $5 Fast
10. Deliver groceries
If you’re looking for a way to make an extra $10 a day, delivering groceries might be the perfect side gig for you. With many people busy or preferring to stay home, you can help by bringing their food shopping right to their doorstep.
Popular apps like Instacart and Shipt are always looking for shoppers. You’ll need to meet some basic requirements, like having a car and a phone. After you’re approved, you can start to accept delivery jobs through the app.
You can choose when you want to work. Maybe it’s after your day job or just on weekends. Each trip to the store and delivery earns you money, and you can see your earnings add up with every order you complete.
I have ordered groceries through Instacart many times when I’m too tired to shop, when I’m on vacation and want groceries delivered straight to the vacation home, and when I’m running low on time at home. It is a great service to have!
11. Transcribe
Transcribing is when you get paid to type out what you hear, and it’s a way to make $10 a day if you have a good ear and can type fast.
Transcription jobs are found online and offer flexible schedules. To start, you’ll need a computer and a solid internet connection.
As a beginner, you can earn around $15 an hour, but with more experience, that number can go up.
Recommended reading: 18 Best Online Transcription Jobs For Beginners To Make $2,000 Monthly
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In this free training, you will learn what transcription is, why it’s a highly in-demand skill, who hires transcriptionists, how to become a transcriptionist, and more.
12. Freelance on Fiverr
If you’re looking to earn an extra $10 a day, Fiverr is a platform to try out if you want to freelance.
Fiverr lets you sell skills you’re good at, such as graphic design, data entry, social media management, writing blog posts for others, and more. You can sell thousands of different kinds of freelance gigs, and you can make your service as customized as you want.
I have freelanced a ton over the years, and it’s a great way to make money from home without having to pay anything to get started. You just need your skills and time!
13. Walk dogs
If you love dogs and want to learn how to make $10 a day (or more) without paying, then walking dogs is a side hustle you can easily get started with.
Dog walking apps like Rover help you to list your dog walking services. This is an in-demand service where you may be able to earn $15 to $30 an hour walking dogs.
Once you’re signed up on a dog walking platform, you’ll get alerts for dog walking jobs in your area. You can choose the ones that fit your schedule. A typical session lasts about 30 minutes, and you might walk one or more dogs during this time.
If you have the chance to walk multiple dogs at once, then you may be able to earn more money by aligning many dog walking gigs at the same time. Some clients do pay more for their dog to be walked alone if that’s what they want.
I have two close family members who are dog walkers and they both really love it!
14. Invest in stocks for dividends
If you’re looking to make some extra money daily, you can try dividend stocks. These are shares of companies that give you money back, called dividends, just for owning them. This is like getting a “thank you” for investing in the company.
To make $10 a day, you’d need to earn around $300 a month from dividends.
Dividends work by paying shareholders a portion of a company’s earnings per share of stock they own. For example, if you own 10 shares of Company ABC and they pay $5 in cash dividends per share each year, you will receive $50 in dividends annually. Dividends are usually paid on a monthly, quarterly, or yearly basis, with quarterly payments being the most common (four times a year). In this scenario, the $5 in cash dividends per year would likely be distributed as $1.25 per quarter for each share of stock you own.
Recommended reading: What Are Dividends & How Do They Work? A Beginner’s Guide
15. Play games online
If you enjoy playing games, you can actually make money from it! While you might not consistently earn $10 every day, you can likely make $10 occasionally by doing something in your spare time.
Game apps can pay you real money because they generate revenue from ads and in-app purchases. They then share a portion of their earnings with players to keep them engaged and playing their games.
Here is a quick list of popular online game platforms that offer real cash rewards:
Swagbucks
KashKick
InboxDollars
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Swagbucks is a site where you can earn points for answering surveys, shopping online, watching videos, using coupons, and more. You can use your points for gift cards and cash.
16. Sell things you no longer need
A simple way to earn $10 quickly (or even more) is by selling items you no longer need around your home.
Everyone has things like old books, clothes, unused gift cards (to many places such as Walmart, Starbucks, Target, Amazon, and more), or electronics that they no longer use. Selling these items can help you make money fast.
You have several options for selling your old stuff, like eBay, Facebook Marketplace, Mercari, Craigslist, or even holding a garage sale at your home.
17. Charge scooters
If you’re looking to make an extra $10 each day, then you may be able to find a side gig as a scooter charger for companies like Lime or Bird. These companies pay individuals to pick up, charge, and redeploy their electric scooters around the city.
You can get started by signing up on the company’s website by submitting your name, email, and location. You’ll need to download an app that will guide you to scooters needing to be charged.
Typically, a single scooter gives you around $3 to $5 once fully charged. It might sound small, but charging just a couple of scooters can quickly add up to your $10 daily goal.
18. Babysit
Babysitting is a popular way to bring in some extra cash. If you enjoy spending time with children and have some free hours, this could be a smart pick for making $10 a day or even more.
On average, you could earn between $15 to $25+ per hour for watching kids. The rate might go up if you’re taking care of more than one child or if the children need special attention.
Jobs can range from a couple of hours after school to full days. This makes babysitting a flexible job that can fit into your schedule.
19. Sell on Amazon
If you’re looking to make some cash each day, you might try selling retail items on Amazon. Amazon’s Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) program can be a great way. You send your products to Amazon, and they handle shipping and customer service for you.
Here’s a quick start guide:
Sign up – Creating an Amazon seller account is your first step. It’s pretty easy and you can do it online.
Choose your products – Find items you want to sell.
List your items – Describe what you’re selling, add pictures, and set your price. Make sure it looks good so people want to buy it.
Ship to Amazon – Box up your items and send them to an Amazon warehouse.
Sell and earn – Once your products are listed, you can start making sales. Amazon gives you a part of the sale price, and that’s how you make your money.
If you want to learn more about starting an Amazon business, I recommend signing up for this free training that will teach you how to sell products on Amazon and make $100 to $500 per day.
20. Rent out your storage space
If you have unused space in your home like a closet, garage, or even a spare bedroom, you can turn it into money! Yes, by renting out your storage space, you could easily make a payout of around $10 a day or $300 a month without much work.
A site to use to rent out your space is Neighbor.
Frequently Asked Questions
Below are answers to common questions about how to make $10 a day fast.
How can I make $10 a day?
You can make $10 a day by doing small freelance gigs, completing online surveys, or selling items that you no longer need. Another way could be to save your spare change from everyday purchases (such as with the Acorns app).
How to make $10 an hour online?
You might be able to earn $10 an hour online by selling virtual assistant services, content writing, graphic design, or tutoring through platforms made for freelancers. Your hourly rate will depend on the skills you have and the demand for them.
How to make $10 a day for free? Can I make $10 daily without any upfront investment?
Making $10 a day for free is possible through apps that reward you for participating in surveys or completing certain tasks, freelancing services like writing or virtual assisting, and walking dogs. You can learn more about this at 22 Ways To Make Money Online Without Paying Anything.
How can kids make $10 each day?
Kids can make $10 a day by doing chores for neighbors (such as by going around the neighborhood and seeing who needs their lawn cut or leaves raked), setting up a lemonade stand, or pet sitting. It’s great for teaching them about the value of work and earning at a young age.
How To Make $10 a Day – Summary
I hope you enjoyed this article on how to make $10.
There are many ways to make an extra $10, whether you need $10 right now or if you want to make $10 each day.
Making an extra $10 can be helpful, whether you have a full-time job, are a stay-at-home parent and just need to make a little extra money, or whatever else.
If you like sharing your thoughts, you can make money doing online surveys. If you’re good at crafts and art, selling printable designs on Etsy could be a good fit. For those who love pets, walking dogs using apps can bring in extra cash. And if you prefer working at night, you can offer your skills on freelance websites after the day is over to make that extra $10.
These little bits of money each day can add up and give your budget more room to move each month.
Are you looking to learn how to make $10 a day or fast?
A tax deduction reduces your taxable income, potentially lowering the amount of income you can be taxed on. A tax credit directly reduces the amount of tax owed. Tax deductions are based on expenses or contributions, such as mortgage interest or charitable donations. Tax credits are applied after calculating how much you owe in taxes and can provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction.
When you file your federal and state tax returns, you probably look for ways to reduce the amount of money you owe. To maximize your savings, you need to know the difference between a tax credit vs. a deduction. Both affect the amount of tax due, but they do so in different ways. Here’s how to distinguish between the two.
Note: This is for informational purposes only and is not tax advice. Please consult your tax professional to discuss your individual situation.
Defining Tax Credit vs. Tax Deduction
A tax credit is a tax incentive that allows you to subtract the amount of the credit from the amount of tax you owe. For example, if you owe $2,000 in taxes and take a credit worth $1,000, the credit reduces your tax bill to $1,000. The tax credit is a dollar-for-dollar adjustment.
In contrast, a tax deduction is an amount of money deducted from your income. When you take a deduction, it reduces your taxable income by the same amount of money. For example, the standard deduction allows you to deduct $14,600—$29,200 for married couples—from your adjusted gross income.
Here’s the main difference between the two. Tax credits reduce your tax bill directly, as they offset your tax liability. Tax deductions don’t reduce your taxes directly, but they lower your tax bill by reducing the amount of taxable income you have.
Refundable vs. Nonrefundable Tax Credits
Once you understand the difference between a tax credit vs. a deduction, you also need to know the difference between refundable and nonrefundable tax credits. The type of credit you apply makes a big difference in determining the size of your refund.
If you owe less than the amount of a refundable credit, you get the difference back from the IRS or your state revenue agency. Assume you owe $500 and are eligible for a refundable credit worth $1,500. Not only would the credit wipe out your $500 tax bill, but it would also help you qualify for a $1,000 tax refund.
With nonrefundable credits, you don’t get back the difference between the amount of the credit and the amount of tax you owe. In the scenario above, the credit would reduce your tax bill to $0, but you wouldn’t get the extra $1,000 as a refund.
Common Tax Credits and Deductions
Before you prepare your tax return, take time to learn about some of the most common tax credits and deductions for taxpayers in your situation. Many credits and deductions are based on your income, family size, and filing status. You may also qualify for credits and deductions based on college enrollment, self-employment, or charitable donations.
Tax Credits
Earned Income Tax Credit
The EITC is a federal tax credit for filers with low to moderate incomes. To qualify, you must have earned income, which is income you get from working. Dividends, bank interest, and other forms of passive income don’t count as earned income.
You must also earn less than $63,398 annually. The amount of the EITC ranges from $600 to $7,430, depending on how many children you have.
American Opportunity Tax Credit
The American Opportunity Tax Credit is a federal tax credit worth up to $2,500 per year. You may qualify if you have expenses related to your first four years of higher education, such as tuition, textbooks, or course fees.
Additionally, the AOTC is partially refundable. If you owe $0, you can get back 40% of the remaining amount of the credit as a refund. For example, if you owe $0 and are eligible for the $2,500 maximum, you can get a $1,000 refund when you file your return.
To qualify for the AOTC, you must have a modified adjusted gross income of no more than $80,000 per year—$160,000 if you’re married and file a joint tax return.
Lifetime Learning Credit
The Lifetime Learning Credit is also an educational credit, but it’s a little more flexible than the AOTC. To claim this credit, you must meet the following requirements:
You paid qualified expenses for higher education.
You paid the expenses for an eligible student enrolled at any college, trade school, university, or other educational institution that meets the requirements to participate in a federal student aid program. This is known as an “eligible institution.”
The eligible student is you, your spouse, or a dependent claimed on your tax return.
Your modified adjusted gross income doesn’t exceed $90,000—or $180,000 if you’re married and file a joint tax return. Note that the amount of the credit is gradually reduced if you have a MAGI between $80,000 and $90,000. If you’re married and file a joint tax return, the phaseout starts at $160,000.
This credit is worth up to $2,000 per year, and there’s no limit to the number of times you can claim it.
Child and Dependent Care Credit
The child and dependent care credit reimburses you for some of the expenses you paid for the care of a qualifying individual. If you have a child, they must be under the age of 13 at the time you pay for care. A qualifying individual may also be an adult who’s mentally or physically unable to care for themselves.
The IRS only allows you to claim this credit if you paid for care because you were working or actively looking for work. You can’t claim the credit if you needed child or dependent care for another reason, such as attending school or taking time off to care for an elderly parent.
If you qualify for the credit, the amount you can claim depends on your income. Under the IRS rules, an eligible taxpayer may claim 20% to 35% of their child and dependent care expenses. However, you’re only allowed to claim up to $3,000 in expenses for one dependent or $6,000 in expenses for two or more dependents.
Assume the following:
You have one eligible dependent.
You spent $3,600 on childcare expenses during the tax year.
Based on your income, you can claim 35% of your eligible expenses.
In this scenario, you can’t claim the full $3,600 in expenses, so you’d multiply $3,000 by 35% to determine the amount of your credit.
Tax Deductions
Medical Expense Deduction
The medical expense deduction allows you to deduct unreimbursed medical expenses on your federal tax return. However, you can’t use this deduction unless you itemize, which involves deducting specific expenses rather than taking the standard deduction. Itemizing doesn’t always save you the most money, so consult with a tax professional before you take this deduction.
If you decide that itemizing is right for your situation, you can only deduct medical expenses that exceed 7.5% of your adjusted gross income. Here’s an example:
Assume you have an AGI of $60,000 and $7,000 in unreimbursed medical expenses. If you multiply $60,000 by 0.075, you get $4,500. You can only deduct expenses exceeding the 7.5% threshold, so your deduction would be $2,500, not the full $7,000.
An unreimbursed medical expense is any expense that hasn’t been reimbursed by your health insurance company or another entity. Note that you can’t claim expenses that were paid from a flexible spending account or a health savings account, as both types of accounts already have tax advantages.
Mortgage Interest Deduction
If you have a home loan, you may be able to deduct the interest on your federal tax return. To qualify for this deduction, you must file Form 1040 or Form 1040-SR, itemize your deductions on Schedule A and have an ownership interest in the mortgaged property.
The amount of money you can deduct depends on the amount of your mortgage and when you took it out. Calculating the deduction can be a bit tricky, so don’t be afraid to consult a qualified tax professional.
Student Loan Interest Deduction
If you have student loans, the IRS allows you to deduct $2,500 or the amount of interest you paid during the year, whichever is less. For example, if you paid $2,346 in interest during the year, you can deduct $2,346 from your AGI. You can’t deduct the full $2,500.
Additionally, you can’t claim the student loan interest deduction if you earn more than $75,000 as a single filer or $155,000 if married filing jointly.
Making Sense of Tax Credits vs. Deductions
Credit and deduction amounts aren’t set in stone. The IRS may decide to change the eligibility criteria for some of these credits and deductions. It’s wise to consult a tax professional if you need help determining the best way to file your tax return.
Note that the credits and deductions above apply to your federal tax return only. Your state may offer additional savings opportunities, or it may have different eligibility criteria. Ask your tax professional if you qualify for any state-level credits or deductions.
Visit Credit.com for more information that may help you during tax season.
Portfolio beta refers to a popular metric that investors use to measure a portfolio’s risk, or its sensitivity to price swings in the broader market. While past performance does not indicate future returns, knowing a portfolio’s beta can help investors understand the price variability of their stocks, or how much their holdings may move if there’s stock volatility or big gains in a benchmark index like the S&P 500.
Investors often consider beta a measure of systematic risk, or risk that stems from the entire market and that investors can not diversify away. Macro events such as interest-rate or economic changes often fall into the category of systematic risk, while idiosyncratic, stock-specific risk includes events like a change in company management, new competitors, changed regulation, or product recalls.
Table of Contents
How to Calculate Beta of a Portfolio
The Beta of a portfolio formula requires relatively simple math, as long as investors know the Beta for each stock that they hold and the portion of your portfolio that each stock comprises.
Here are the steps you’d follow to calculate the Beta of a hypothetical portfolio:
1. Calculate the total value of each stock in the portfolio by multiplying the number of shares that you own of the stock by the price of its shares:
Stock ABB: 500 shares X $20 a share each = $10,000.
2. Figure out what proportion each stock in their portfolio represents by dividing the stock’s total value by the portfolio’s total value:
Stock ABB’s total value of $10,000/Portfolio’s total value of $80,000 = 0.125.
3. Multiply each stock’s fractional share by its Beta. This will calculate the stock’s weighted beta:
Stock ABB’s beta of 1.2 X its fractional portfolio of 0.125 = 0.15.
4. Add up the individual weighted betas.
Here is the whole hypothetical portfolio with a total beta of 1.22, benchmarked to the S&P 500. That means when the index moves 1%, this portfolio as a whole is 22% more risky than the index.
Stock
Value
Portfolio Share
Stock Beta
Weighted Beta
ABB
$10,000
0.125
1.20
0.15
CDD
$30,000
0.375
0.85
0.319
EFF
$15,000
0.1875
1.65
0.309
GHH
$25,000
0.3125
1.42
0.44375
Sum
1.22
4 Ways to Characterize Beta
Investors always measure a portfolio’s beta against a benchmark index, which they give a value of 1. Stocks that have a beta higher than one are more volatile than the overall market, and those with a beta of less than one are less volatile than the overall market.
Understanding beta is part of fundamental stock analysis. Once you know the beta of your portfolio, you can make changes in order to increase or decrease its risk based on your overall investment strategy by changing your asset allocation.
There are four ways to characterize beta:
High Beta
A high beta stock — one that tends to rise and fall along with the market often — has a value of greater than 1. So if a stock has a beta of 1.2 and is benchmarked to the S&P 500, it is 20% more volatile than the broader measure.
If the S&P 500 rises or falls 10%, then the stock would conversely rise or fall 12%. The same would be true for portfolio beta. While there’s more downside risk with high-beta stocks, they can also generate bigger returns when the market rallies – a principle of Modern Portfolio Theory.
Low Beta
A low beta stock with a beta of 0.5 would be half as volatile as the market. So if the S&P 500 moved 1%, the stock would post a 0.5% swing. Such a stock may have less volatility, but it also may have less potential to post large gains as well.
Still, investors often prefer lower volatility securities. Low beta investment strategies have shown strong risk-adjusted returns over time, too.
Negative Beta
Stocks or portfolios with a negative beta value inversely correlate with the rest of the market. So when the S&P 500 rises, shares of these companies would go down or vice versa.
Gold, for instance, often moves in the opposite direction as stocks, since investors tend to turn to the metal as a haven during stock volatility. Therefore, a portfolio of gold-mining companies could have a negative beta.
So-called defensive stocks like utility companies also sometimes have negative beta, as investors buy their shares when seeking assets less tied to the health of the economy. A downside to negative beta is that expected returns on negative beta securities tend to be weak – even less than the risk-free interest rate.
Zero Beta
A stock or portfolio can also have a beta of zero, which means it’s uncorrelated with the market. Some hedge funds seek a market-neutral strategy. Being market-neutral means attempting to perform completely indifferent to how an index like the S&P 500 behaves. 💡 Quick Tip: Options can be a cost-efficient way to place certain trades, because you typically purchase options contracts, not the underlying security. That said, options trading can be risky, and best done by those who are not entirely new to investing.
How to Calculate an Individual Stock’s Beta
For investors, calculating the beta of all their stock holdings can be time consuming, and typically, financial data or brokerage firms offer beta values for stocks.
But if you wanted to calculate beta for an individual stock, you’d divide a measure of a stock’s returns relative to the broader market over a given time frame by a measure of the market’s return by its mean, also over a specific time frame. Here is the formula:
Beta = covariance/variance
Covariance is a measure of a security’s returns relative to the market’s returns.
Variance is a measure of the market’s return relative to its mean or average.
Recommended: What Is Covariance and How Do You Calculate It?
Alpha vs Beta vs Smart Beta
Beta is one of the Option Greeks, terminology frequently used by traders to refer to characteristics of specific securities or derivatives in the market. Another commonly used Greek term is Alpha. While beta refers to an asset’s volatility relative to the broader market, Alpha is a measure of outperformance relative to the rest of the market.
Beta also comes up a lot in the exchange-traded fund or ETF industry. Smart Beta ETFs are funds that incorporate rules- or factor-based strategies.
What Impacts Beta?
A variety of factors impact an asset’s beta. In general, stocks seen as riskier than average typically feature higher betas. Stock-specific factors such as debt levels, aggressive management, bold projects, volatile cash flows, and even ESG factors can influence a stock’s idiosyncratic risk. Higher business risk, while stock-specific, can lead to a more volatile stock price than the overall market, hence a higher beta.
Higher betas often appear in particular sectors. There are even investment fund strategies that play on beta – you can buy funds that exclusively own high beta or low beta stocks. A stock’s sector, industry, geographic location, and market cap size all impact a stock’s volatility and beta.
Cyclical and growth sectors like energy, industrials, information technology, and consumer discretionary often feature high betas. Utilities, consumer staples, real estate, and much of the healthcare sector typically have low beta.
Small caps and stocks domiciled in emerging-market economies also often have a higher beta (compared to the U.S. large-cap S&P 500). 💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).
Important Things to Know About Beta
1. A stock’s beta may change over time. Because beta relies on historical price data, it is subject to change.
2. Beta is not a complete measure of risk. It can be a useful way for investors to estimate short-term risk but it’s less helpful when it comes to considering a long-term investment because the macroeconomic environment and company’s fundamentals may change. In some cases, beta is not the best measure of a stock or a portfolio’s risk.
3. Beta is an input when investors are using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) — a way to measure the expected return of assets taking into account systematic risk. It’s a method that also looks at the cost of capital for investors.
4. The estimated beta of a stock will be less helpful for companies that do not trade as frequently. Thin liquidity for a stock may bias its beta value since there is less robust historical price data.
5. Beta does not offer a complete picture of a stock’s risk profile as it’s linked to systematic risk. Investors must also consider stock-specific risk when managing their portfolios.
The Takeaway
As discussed, beta is a popular metric that investors use to measure a portfolio’s risk, or its sensitivity to price swings in the broader market. Knowing stock holdings’ betas can be important information when you’re building your portfolios.
You can calculate their portfolio beta using simple math as long as you’re able to obtain the individual betas for your stock holdings. While beta is a helpful tool to try to gauge potential volatility in a portfolio, its reliance on historical data makes it limited in measuring the complete risk profile of an asset or portfolio.
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FAQ
What is a good beta for a portfolio?
In a general sense, a good beta for a portfolio would be 1. That’s only a general guideline or rule of thumb, however, as it means that a portfolio’s value is roughly as volatile as the market overall.
What does a beta of 1.3 mean?
A beta of 1.3 means that a portfolio’s value is 30% more volatile than the overall market, which means its value will swing more wildly than the market.
Why is market portfolio beta 1?
Beta measures a portfolio or asset’s sensitivity relative to the overall market. If a portfolio’s beta is 1, it is equally as volatile as the market, not more or less so.
How do I reduce my portfolio beta?
Perhaps the simplest way to reduce your overall portfolio’s beta is to replace higher-beta assets within the portfolio with assets that have lower associated beta.
Is it possible to have zero beta portfolio?
It is possible, and would amount to a zero-beta portfolio, which means the portfolio itself has no systemic risk whatsoever. In other words, this portfolio would have no relationship to the overall movements of the market, and likely have low returns.
What is the difference between stock beta and portfolio beta?
A stock beta is a measure of an individual stock’s volatility, while portfolio beta is a measure of an overall investment portfolio’s volatility.
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