UK homeowners are renting out a room in their house as a way of making some extra money amid the cost of living crisis that has pushed mortgage rates to record highs.
Over one in every 10 (12%) London homeowners have started renting out a room in their house in the past year to generate additional income, according to Barclays Consumer Spend report.
The trend is not exclusive to the capital, as some 3% of homeowners across the UK have also rented out a room in their property to make a bit more money.
UK homeowners have been particularly hit by cost of living woes, with the average rate on a two-year fixed deal currently stands at 5.74%, while for a five-year deal, rates are around 5.24%, according to figures from Uswitch.
Borrowers would need to spread their home loans over more than 70 years to be able to afford the same mortgages on offer just two years ago, banks have said.
Mortgage rates have risen substantially as the Bank of England increased interest rates to a 16-year high in a bid to tackle inflation.
The data from the Barclays report showed that one in six (16%) aren’t confident about their ability to meet their mortgage or rental payments, and 18% of those with mortgage or rent payments are adjusting their spending habits to cope with rising housing costs.
Still, consumers’ confidence in their general household finances remained steady in March, at 67%.
Jack Meaning, chief UK economist at Barclays, said: “With an expectation that the Bank of England will cut interest rates from June, and banks responding by reducing mortgage rates, our research suggests that the housing costs that have been a drag on consumers for over a year are on the cusp of a turn, and will become a boost to spending from H2 and beyond. Today’s data shows this transition happening in real time.”
Higher mortgage rates have also hit the property market, as house prices fell for the first time in six months in March amid rising mortgage rates, according to Britain’s biggest mortgage lender.
A typical home now costs £288,430, around £2,900 less than last month, said Halifax.
Household spending such as DIY and electronics fell 5.2% in March, with one in six (16%) holding off home renovations due to current economic pressures.
Bad weather hits consumer spending
Consumer card spending growth flatlined in March as wet weather dampened both retail and restaurant sales.
Retail spending remained almost flat at 0.7%, brought down by falling in-store spending. Face-to-face retail (excluding groceries) was down 2.1% and clothing fell -1.8%, as spring showers deterred shoppers from visiting the high street. Meanwhile, restaurants had another challenging month, down 12.6%, consistent with the fall witnessed in February (13.4%), Barclays said.
This comes as 45% of consumers said they were continuing to rein in discretionary spending, with the majority (53%) of this group cutting back on clothing and accessory purchases, and nearly half (47%) spending less on dining out.
Britons are more concerned than ever about the cost of every day items, with concerns about general inflation shooting up to 87%.
Karen Johnson, head of retail at Barclays, said: “Retailers were braced for a more subdued start to 2024, and recent figures are in line with expectations. The wet weather has been a key factor in the slowdown in discretionary spending, as it’s meant fewer visits to the high street and to hospitality venues.
“However, in spite of this initial lull, many retailers are confident that spending will rebound in the coming months, particularly in anticipation of better weather, the energy price cap drop, an uplift in the National Minimum Wage, and the buzz around major events such as Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour and the Paris 2024 Olympics.”
Easter helps retail sales after difficult start to year
A separate report by the British Retail Consortium (BRC) and KPMG Retail showed a more optimistic view on the UK retail sector in March.
Total UK retail sales were up by 3.5% on last March, above the three-month average of 2.1% and the 12-month average of 2.9%, according to the British Retail Consortium (BRC)-KPMG Retail Sales Monitor.
Food sales increased by 6.8% year on year, driven by Easter falling unusually early and the subsequent uplift ahead of the long weekend.
Easter also boosted sales of products such as cookware and tableware, as people readied themselves to host family and friends. Home textiles such as throws and pillows were also popular as consumers sought to spruce up their homes ahead of spring.
Elsewhere, wet weather dampened sales of garden furniture, barbecues, DIY products, and clothing and footwear.
Online sales continued to slide, falling by 1.4% despite strong performances in home accessories, health, beauty, and homewares.
BRC chief executive Helen Dickinson said: “After a difficult start to the year, retailers are hopeful that with warmer weather around the corner, consumer confidence will spring back up.
“A strong retail industry can boost investment across our towns and cities, and as we gear up for a general election, it is essential the next government recognises this and rethinks the burdensome costs imposed on retailers.”
Watch: London house prices pull ahead in reversal of ‘race for space’
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Looking for the best jobs that help people? Whether you are looking for a full-time job or a way to make extra income, there are many ways to make money by helping others. Picking a job that matches what you want to achieve personally and lets you help others can feel really good. In lots…
Looking for the best jobs that help people?
Whether you are looking for a full-time job or a way to make extra income, there are many ways to make money by helping others.
Picking a job that matches what you want to achieve personally and lets you help others can feel really good. In lots of different fields, jobs where you can help people have become very popular.
Whether it’s teaching, counseling, healthcare, or responding to emergencies, each job lets you change someone else’s life for the better. If you like the idea of helping out your community and giving assistance to those who need it, there are plenty of rewarding jobs that might be right for you.
Now, that doesn’t mean the jobs below are easy. While you may feel good knowing that you are helping people, many of these jobs are very hard. But, you will know that you are truly helping people and changing the world for the better.
30 Best Jobs That Help People
Below are 30 full-time and part-time jobs helping others in crisis, in your community and at homes.
1. Social worker
If you’re someone who likes to help others, becoming a social worker might be the perfect job for you. Social workers support people who face challenges in their lives. This could mean working with children, families, or even whole communities.
Social workers might work in schools, helping kids and families get through tough times, or in hospitals guiding patients through health challenges.
2. Teacher
A teacher’s job is about more than just giving lessons. The job is to guide and help students understand new information. When you teach, you make a real difference in the lives of your students.
Teachers work in different settings, such as at a public school, private institution, or even provide one-on-one education as a tutor. Some teachers work online too, which is a great option if you’re looking for more flexibility.
You can choose to become a kindergarten teacher, high school teacher, college instructor, or anything in between.
Recommended reading: 36 Best Side Jobs for Teachers To Make Extra Money
3. Nurse
Nurses play an important role in healthcare, helping people feel better and stay healthy.
I have met so many amazing nurses in my life, and it is such a helpful career path. I still very much remember all of the wonderful nurses who helped me when I was in the hospital giving birth to my daughter – these nurses were amazing and helped me so much, and I truly felt like they cared.
Nurses can work from home, in a hospital, or even in a law firm. A similar career path where you can help people is to become a nurse practitioner, with a higher salary and extra responsibilities.
Recommended reading: 27 Best Side Hustles For Nurses To Make Extra Money
4. Personal trainer
If you like staying active and want to help others, becoming a personal trainer could be a great fit for you.
As a personal trainer, you’ll get to work with people every day, helping them achieve their fitness goals. It’s not just about showing exercises; it’s about motivating and guiding people to live healthier lives.
Here are some of the things that personal trainers do:
Create workout plans.
Show people how to exercise correctly.
Keep track of a client’s progress.
Teach clients about healthy lifestyle choices.
Personal trainers are found in places like gyms, fitness centers, and sometimes they can even come to your home. Some trainers lead group classes, while others give one-on-one sessions.
5. Occupational therapist
An occupational therapist (OT) helps people of all ages do different activities that are important for their daily lives, work, school, and leisure. Some examples of occupational therapy include:
Dressing – OTs help individuals in selecting appropriate clothing and developing strategies to independently dress themselves.
Eating – OTs may recommend adaptive equipment or techniques to help individuals with feeding difficulties.
Household chores – They provide strategies to make household chores more manageable for individuals with physical or cognitive limitations.
Job tasks – OTs help individuals develop skills and strategies to perform job duties effectively and safely.
Community integration – They support individuals in participating in community events, clubs, and social gatherings.
As you can see, OTs help people in so many ways.
They work in places like hospitals, schools, or even patients’ homes are common spots for occupational therapists.
6. School counselor
School counselors play a big part in guiding students toward their future.
They help with class schedules, give advice, or plan big steps like going to college or finding a job. This job is important because school counselors help students do their best and feel good about themselves.
They also help in other ways, such as helping students who are going through a hard time in life, like helping them with handling a mental health issue or even dealing with the passing of a parent. They are very much needed in all schools!
7. Substance abuse counselor
Substance abuse counselors help people fight addiction and get their lives back on track. Their job is important because they guide people through tough times, showing them how to stay away from drugs or alcohol and live a healthier life.
They meet with people and listen to their stories, teach them new ways of dealing with problems without using substances, and support them as they make changes to better their lives.
8. Physician
Being a doctor is a way to make a big impact in your community, as everyone knows.
Depending on the specialty, they can check your health, find out what’s wrong when you’re sick, and give you the right medicine to help you feel better.
Doctors are important because they help us when we’re sick and also keep us healthy. They listen to our concerns, offer comfort, and provide treatments. This makes a big impact on many people’s lives every single day.
9. Lawyer
A lawyer’s main job is to protect the legal rights of their clients. This means giving advice based on the law and, sometimes, defending your client in court.
A lawyer might work at a large law firm, for businesses, or for everyday people with different problems. Lawyers tend to specialize in one area of law, like helping injured people, family issues, working with businesses, traffic tickets, and so on.
10. Paramedic
Paramedics are the people who arrive first when there’s a medical emergency.
Their job is to take care of people who are hurt or very sick, right there on the spot or while they’re on the way to the hospital for further treatment. They give first aid and other medical care, stay calm under pressure, and drive an ambulance if needed.
11. Firefighter
Firefighters are trained to fight fires and keep people, buildings, and nature safe. They rescue people and animals from burning buildings, help at accident scenes, and teach the public about staying safe from fires.
This is a tough job that every community needs.
12. Nutritionist
If you like helping people and love everything about food and health, think about becoming a nutritionist! A nutritionist is someone who helps people eat better and live healthier lives.
A nutritionist is a health expert who knows a lot about food and how it affects our bodies. They look at what people eat, their health goals, and make personalized plans to help them eat better. Nutritionists teach people about healthy eating, help with meal plans, and give support to make lasting changes in lifestyle.
They work in different places like schools, hospitals, or their own offices to help people be healthier through good nutrition.
13. Pediatric sleep consultant
Getting enough sleep is super important for babies and their parents. But sometimes, parents have trouble making sure their baby sleeps well.
This can lead to some parents getting nearly no sleep, and it impacts their life, their job, and their mental health.
That’s where pediatric sleep experts come in handy. They know a lot about helping kids sleep better, which helps families have better nights. If you really like working with kids and want to help them, becoming a sleep coach could be a great career option for you.
This is an area that so many parents need so that they can continue living their lives.
For me, I have taken many tips from pediatric sleep consultants so that I could help my child sleep better, and so that I in turn could get sleep as well. These were life-changing tips!
Recommended reading: How To Become A Sleep Consultant And Make $10,000 Each Month
14. Dentist
Dentists work with teeth and gums, and they help keep your mouth healthy as well as fix problems when they come up.
If you have a cavity, they can fill it. Or if you have something more serious, they can fix it too. Dentists tell you how to take care of your teeth so you can keep them strong and avoid future problems.
15. Psychologist
Psychologists help people deal with their feelings and thoughts by listening to people and understanding their problems. They work in schools, offices, and sometimes even online.
They ask questions, do tests, and figure out the best way to help people feel better.
16. Police dispatcher
Being a police dispatcher is an extremely important job that helps people in crisis.
Dispatchers have an important job in keeping communities safe and making sure everything runs smoothly. They answer emergency calls when you call 911 and send out the right help.
17. Police officer
Police officers in law enforcement keep areas safe by stopping crime and making sure laws are followed. They patrol the streets, keep an eye out for any trouble, and if someone calls for help or there’s an accident, police officers are the first to arrive.
A police officer’s work is very important for everyone’s safety. They are trained to handle many kinds of situations.
Some police officers have a degree in criminal justice, but not all have college degrees.
18. Massage therapist
Massage therapists use their skills to help relax tight muscles and ease pain. They work in many places like spas, hospitals, or sports centers.
This is a career path where you can make others feel physically better, relieve stress, and feel relaxed.
19. Speech and language therapist
Speech therapists (also known as speech-language pathologists) help people of all ages overcome difficulties with communication, as well as swallowing disorders.
Speech therapists work with children and adults who face challenges with speaking and understanding others, help those who have trouble eating or swallowing due to health issues, and create fun and engaging exercises to improve clients’ speech and language skills.
Many, many people use speech-language pathologists these days, especially for young children, and it is such a needed career path right now. Many cities have very long waitlists because there simply are not enough speech therapists, so this can be a very helpful career choice to get into.
20. Rehabilitation specialist
Rehabilitation specialists give support to those who need a little extra help due to health troubles like injuries or mental health challenges.
A day in the life of a rehabilitation specialist could include working with kids or adults, helping them with their skills to live a good life (kind of like teaching and cheering on someone as they learn or remember how to do important daily stuff).
These jobs are often found in places like hospitals, private clinics, or community centers.
21. Caregiver
Caregiving roles are very important careers that help people who really need it.
Caregivers play an important role in the lives of those who need help due to age, sickness, or disability. They provide support and company, making a real difference every day.
Caregivers do things like cook meals, drive people places, or just talk to make someone’s day brighter.
22. Home health aide
A home health aide is somewhat similar to a caregiver. Caregivers and home health aides both help people who need support with daily activities because of sickness, disability, or getting older. However, caregivers usually do a wider range of tasks like keeping people company, driving people places, cooking, and doing chores.
Home health aides focus more on personal care, such as helping with bathing, dressing, and reminding about medications. Home health aides often get formal training and might work under a nurse or another healthcare worker, while caregivers might not have formal training and often work on their own or for agencies.
Home health aides have an important job where they help people who need extra care to live comfortably in their homes. People like seniors or those with disabilities count on them to be there for them.
23. Translator
Translators connect people who speak different languages, and this job is important because they help people understand each other.
Translators work in many places. Some work in hospitals, making sure doctors and patients understand one another. Others translate books or websites, so everyone can enjoy stories or information, no matter what language they speak.
Many translation jobs let you work from home. Some jobs are full-time, and some are part-time. You can find what fits your life.
Recommended reading: 28 Ways To Get Paid To Text And Make Money
24. Environmental engineer
Environmental engineers figure out how to keep nature clean and safe. They sometimes work on projects that prevent pollution or create plans to fix damage that’s already been done, like cleaning up oil spills.
25. Pharmacist
Pharmacists know all about medicine, fill doctors’ prescriptions for patients, and explain how to take the medicine safely. This is a job that helps people because people need medicine in order to feel better.
Pharmacists work in pharmacies, drugstores, clinics, and hospitals.
26. Optometrist
Optometrists are eye doctors that help people see better. They check your eyes, find out if you need glasses or contacts, and can spot eye troubles before they become a bigger issue.
Eyes are important, of course, and so this is a job that definitely helps people.
27. Midwife
Becoming a midwife might be a great job for you if you enjoy helping people and have an interest in healthcare. Midwives are healthcare professionals who help women before, during, and after they have a baby.
Midwives work in different places, such as in a hospital, in a clinic, or visiting moms at their homes.
I had a midwife and doctor team for my pregnancy, and the midwife was amazing. She made me feel comfortable and was very friendly and calming.
28. Conservationist
Conservationists get to spend their days outdoors, helping plants and animals survive and stay healthy. They research and learn about different species and find ways for humans to live alongside them without causing harm.
The planet is home to incredible animals and places, but some are at risk. Conservationists help protect these natural wonders and make sure there are plenty of wild areas for animals to thrive in. They also work to keep the air and water clean for everyone to enjoy.
29. Dental hygienist
Dental hygienists are important in preventing and treating oral diseases. It’s more than just cleaning teeth.
They also teach patients how to take care of their mouth, show them the right way to brush and floss, and help them understand why oral health is so important.
30. Blogger
Okay, so I realize that this option is not like any of the rest.
But, I have personally helped thousands of people over the years with my blog, so I think being a blogger definitely helps people. I have received many emails and letters from readers who have said that I helped them pay off their debt, stop living paycheck to paycheck, reach retirement, and more.
With a blog, you can help people understand different topics, learn actionable tips, get motivated to reach their goals, and more.
If you enjoy writing and sharing stories or expertise, becoming a blogger might be right up your alley. A blogger creates content for a blog, which is an online space for posting thoughts, knowledge, and insights.
Your blog can become a helpful resource on topics you’re passionate about. Whether it’s cooking, personal finance, or even traveling, your words could be valuable to someone else.
I started Making Sense of Cents back in 2011. Since then, my blog has made over $5,000,000.
I didn’t plan to make money when I started the blog. It was just a way for me to keep track of my own money journey. At first, I didn’t even know people could make money from blogging or how to make a successful blog!
But after only six months, I started earning money from my blog.
You can learn how to start a blog with my free How To Start a Blog Course (sign up by clicking here).
Frequently Asked Questions
Below are answers to common questions about how to find jobs that help people.
What is the best career to help others?
The best careers to help others include becoming a social worker, teacher, nurse, therapist, counselor, and firefighter.
What job helps people with their money?
Financial planners or advisors help people manage their money effectively. They provide advice on investments, savings, and budgeting to help individuals achieve their financial goals and secure their future financial stability.
What job can I do to make people happy?
Many of the jobs above can help people become happy, such as being a teacher, personal trainer, school counselor, nutritionist, pediatric sleep consultant, psychologist, and massage therapist.
What are some jobs that help people’s mental health?
Mental health counselors and therapists give support and treatment to people dealing with mental illnesses. They play an important part in improving their clients’ emotional and psychological well-being.
What are some creative jobs that help others?
Art therapists help people deal with stress, trauma, or sickness by using creative activities. They combine the healing power of art with counseling techniques to support healing and personal development.
What are jobs that help people in crisis?
Jobs that help people in crisis include substance abuse counselors, social workers, registered nurses, and art therapists.
What are jobs helping others without a degree?
A bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, or doctoral degree is not required for all jobs that help people. For example, home health aides and personal care aides help people with daily tasks and give companionship. Typically, formal education is not required, but training and a caring personality are important to actually help people.
Best Jobs That Help People – Summary
I hope you enjoyed this article on the best jobs that help people.
When you think about jobs that help others, you might think of social work or healthcare right away.
But there’s a wide range of options, including jobs in teaching, therapy, public service, and even technical fields like translation or environmental engineering.
Each of these jobs is important for making our community better and healthier, often by working directly with people to make their lives better. These roles give more than just a paycheck – they give you the satisfaction of knowing that your work helps people outside of the office too.
What do you think are the best jobs that help people and pay well?
Today’s average mortgage rates on Apr. 08, 2024, compared with one week ago. We use rate data collected by Bankrate as reported by lenders across the US.
Current mortgage rates
If you’re in the market for a home, here are today’s mortgage rates compared to last week’s.
Product
Rate
Last week
Change
30-year fixed
6.91%
6.91%
-0.00
15-year fixed
6.36%
6.42%
-0.06
10-year fixed
6.27%
6.38%
-0.10
5/1 ARM
6.61%
6.63%
-0.02
30-year jumbo mortgage rate
7.00%
7.02%
-0.02
30-year mortgage refinance rate
6.96%
6.92%
+0.04
Average rates offered by lenders nationwide as of April 3, 2024. We use rates collected by Bankrate to track daily mortgage rate trends.
Mortgage rates change every day. Experts recommend shopping around to make sure you’re getting the lowest rate. By entering your information below, you can get a custom quote from one of CNET’s partner lenders.
About these rates: Like CNET, Bankrate is owned by Red Ventures. This tool features partner rates from lenders that you can use when comparing multiple mortgage rates.
Mortgage rate news
Over the last few years, high inflation and the Federal Reserve’s aggressive interest rate hikes pushed up mortgage rates from their record lows around the pandemic. Since last summer, the Fed has consistently kept the federal funds rate at 5.25% to 5.5%. Though the central bank doesn’t directly set the rates for mortgages, a high federal funds rate makes borrowing more expensive, including for home loans.
Mortgage rates change daily, but average rates have been moving between 6.5% and 7.5% since late last fall. Today’s homebuyers have less room in their budget to afford the cost of a home due to elevated mortgage rates and steep home prices. Limited housing inventory and low wage growth are also contributing to the affordability crisis and keeping mortgage demand down.
Mortgage predictions for 2024
Mortgage forecasters base their projections on different data, but most housing market experts predict rates will move toward 6% by the end of 2024. Ultimately, a more affordable mortgage market will depend on how quickly the Fed begins cutting interest rates. Most economists predict that the Fed will start lowering interest rates later this summer.
Since mortgage rates fluctuate for many reasons — supply, demand, inflation, monetary policy and jobs data — homebuyers won’t see lower rates overnight, and it’s unlikely they’ll find rates in the 2% range again.
“We are expecting mortgage rates to fall to around 6.5% by the end of this year, but there’s still a lot of volatility I think we might see,” said Daryl Fairweather, chief economist at Redfin.
Every month brings a new set of inflation and labor data that can change how investors and the market respond and what direction mortgage rates go, said Odeta Kushi, deputy chief economist at First American Financial Corporation. “Ongoing inflation deceleration, a slowing economy and even geopolitical uncertainty can contribute to lower mortgage rates. On the other hand, data that signals upside risk to inflation may result in higher rates,” Kushi said.
Here’s a look at where some major housing authorities expect average mortgage rates to land.
Mortgage terms and types
When picking a mortgage, consider the loan term, or payment schedule. The most common mortgage terms are 15 and 30 years, although 10-, 20- and 40-year mortgages also exist. You’ll also need to choose between a fixed-rate mortgage, where the interest rate is set for the duration of the loan, and an adjustable-rate mortgage. With an adjustable-rate mortgage, the interest rate is only fixed for a certain amount of time (commonly five, seven or 10 years), after which the rate adjusts annually based on the market’s current interest rate. Fixed-rate mortgages offer more stability and are a better option if you plan to live in a home in the long term, but adjustable-rate mortgages may offer lower interest rates upfront.
30-year fixed-rate mortgages
The average interest rate for a standard 30-year fixed mortgage is 6.91%, which is a decline of 0 basis point compared to one week ago. (A basis point is equivalent to 0.01%.) A 30-year fixed mortgage is the most common loan term. It will often have a higher interest rate than a 15-year mortgage, but you’ll have a lower monthly payment.
15-year fixed-rate mortgages
The average rate for a 15-year, fixed mortgage is 6.36%, which is a decrease of 6 basis points from seven days ago. Though you’ll have a bigger monthly payment than a 30-year fixed mortgage, a 15-year loan usually comes with a lower interest rate, allowing you to pay less interest in the long run and pay off your mortgage sooner.
5/1 adjustable-rate mortgages
A 5/1 ARM has an average rate of 6.61%, a decrease of 2 basis points compared to a week ago. You’ll typically get a lower introductory interest rate with a 5/1 ARM in the first five years of the mortgage. But you could pay more after that period, depending on how the rate adjusts annually. If you plan to sell or refinance your house within five years, an ARM could be a good option.
What factors affect mortgage rates?
While it’s important to monitor mortgage rates if you’re shopping for a home, remember that no one has a crystal ball. It’s impossible to time the mortgage market, and rates will always have some level of volatility because so many factors are at play.
“Mortgage rates tend to follow long-date Treasury yields, a function of current inflation and economic growth as well as expectations about future economic conditions,” says Orphe Divounguy, senior macroeconomist at Zillow Home Loans.
Here are the factors that influence the average rates on home loans.
Federal Reserve monetary policy: The nation’s central bank doesn’t set interest rates, but when it adjusts the federal funds rate, mortgages tend to go in the same direction.
Inflation: Mortgage rates tend to increase during high inflation. Lenders usually set higher interest rates on loans to compensate for the loss of purchasing power.
The bond market: Mortgage lenders often use long-term bond yields, like the 10-Year Treasury, as a benchmark to set interest rates on home loans. When yields rise, mortgage rates typically increase.
Geopolitical events: World events, such as elections, pandemics or economic crises, can also affect home loan rates, particularly when global financial markets face uncertainty.
Other economic factors: The bond market, employment data, investor confidence and housing market trends, such as supply and demand, can also affect the direction of mortgage rates.
Calculate your monthly mortgage payment
Getting a mortgage should always depend on your financial situation and long-term goals. The most important thing is to make a budget and try to stay within your means. CNET’s mortgage calculator below can help homebuyers prepare for monthly mortgage payments.
How to find the best mortgage rates
Though mortgage rates and home prices are high, the housing market won’t be unaffordable forever. It’s always a good time to save for a down payment and improve your credit score to help you secure a competitive mortgage rate when the time is right.
Save for a bigger down payment: Though a 20% down payment isn’t required, a larger upfront payment means taking out a smaller mortgage, which will help you save in interest.
Boost your credit score: You can qualify for a conventional mortgage with a 620 credit score, but a higher score of at least 740 will get you better rates.
Pay off debt: Experts recommend a debt-to-income ratio of 36% or less to help you qualify for the best rates. Not carrying other debt will put you in a better position to handle your monthly payments.
Research loans and assistance: Government-sponsored loans have more flexible borrowing requirements than conventional loans. Some government-sponsored or private programs can also help with your down payment and closing costs.
Shop around for lenders: Researching and comparing multiple loan offers from different lenders can help you secure the lowest mortgage rate for your situation.
From the lush greenery of its forests to the towering peaks of the Cascade Range and the serene waters of the Puget Sound, Washington offers a plethora of scenic wonders to its residents. Home to bustling urban centers like Seattle and Tacoma, as well as charming smaller communities, Washington presents a spectrum of lifestyles to suit a variety of preferences. However, like any area, living in Washington comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this ApartmentGuide article, we will explore the pros and cons of living in Washington.
Renting in Washington snapshot
Population
8,000,000
Avg. studio rent
$1,489 per month
Avg. one-bedroom rent
$1,790 per month
Avg. two-bedroom rent
$2,017 per month
Most affordable cities to rent in Washington
Pullman, Yakima, Cheney
Most walkable cities in Washington
Seattle, Tacoma, Lynnwood
1. Pro: Food lovers’ paradise
Washington is a food lovers’ paradise, with a diverse culinary scene that celebrates locally sourced ingredients and international flavors. From farm-to-table restaurants in the fertile valleys of eastern Washington to seafood markets along the Pacific coast, the state offers a tantalizing array of dining options to satisfy every palate. If you’re in the Seattle area, you’ll have to try the iconic Seattle Dog, a hot dog topped with cream cheese.
2. Con: High housing costs
The state’s thriving economy has led to rapid population growth and soaring housing costs, particularly in urban areas. For example, the median home sale price in Seattle is $845,000 and the average rent for a one-bedroom apartment is $2,175. This affordability crisis can make it challenging for many residents moving to popular metros in Washington.
3. Pro: Breathtaking scenery
Washington boasts stunning landscapes, including lush forests like the Hoh Rain Forest, majestic mountains like Mt. Rainier, and picturesque coastlines. The state’s abundance of outdoor recreational opportunities, such as hiking, skiing, and kayaking, make it a paradise for nature enthusiasts.
4. Con: Traffic congestion in larger cities
Traffic congestion in larger cities of Washington, such as Seattle and Tacoma, can be a significant challenge for commuters, with congested highways and crowded streets leading to long commute times and frustration. For instance, Interstate 5, which runs through Seattle, is notorious for its heavy traffic during peak hours, causing delays for drivers traveling to and from the city center. Additionally, major thoroughfares like Interstate 405 and State Route 520 often experience congestion, particularly during rush hour, impacting the efficiency of transportation networks in the region.
5. Pro: Environmentally conscious
Washington’s commitment to environmental consciousness is exemplified by initiatives such as the Clean Energy Transformation Act, which aims to transition the state to 100% clean electricity by 2045, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change impacts. Additionally, the state’s extensive network of public parks and protected wilderness areas, including Olympic National Park and Mount Rainier National Park, underscores its dedication to preserving natural habitats and biodiversity for future generations to enjoy.
6. Con: Seasonal Affective Disorder in Western parts of the state
Washington grapples with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) due to its long, gloomy winters especially in the western region characterized by overcast skies and limited sunlight. Residents often combat the effects of SAD by investing in light therapy devices, seeking out indoor activities, or even planning vacations to sunnier destinations during the winter months. Despite these coping strategies, the prevalence of SAD in western Washington can pose a significant challenge to residents’ mental health and overall well-being, detracting from the quality of life in the region.
7. Pro: Cultural and entertainment events
Washington offers a vibrant cultural scene with a diverse range of entertainment events throughout the year. Seattle’s renowned music festivals like Bumbershoot and Capitol Hill Block Party draw crowds with live performances spanning various genres. Additionally, annual events such as the Washington State Fair in Puyallup showcase the state’s rich cultural heritage and provide entertainment for residents and visitors alike.
8. Con: Natural disaster risk
Washington faces natural disaster risks, particularly in seismically active areas such as the Cascadia Subduction Zone, where the potential for major earthquakes and tsunamis exists. Additionally, the state is home to active volcanoes like Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens, which pose hazards such as volcanic eruptions and lahars.
9. Pro: Access to outdoor recreation
Access to outdoor recreation in Washington is unparalleled, with the state offering a diverse array of natural landscapes and outdoor activities. From hiking in the Enchantments to kayaking around the San Juan Islands, residents have abundant opportunities to explore the great outdoors. Additionally, iconic destinations such as La Push and Mount Rainier National Park provide world-class hiking trails, camping spots, and scenic vistas, attracting outdoor enthusiasts from near and far.
10. Con: High tourism at popular landmarks
High tourism in Washington can pose challenges for residents, leading to overcrowding, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation. For example, iconic attractions like Pike Place Market in Seattle and Mt. Rainier often experience large crowds of visitors, impacting local businesses and residents’ quality of life. Additionally, increased tourism can contribute to rising costs of living and housing prices in popular tourist destinations, making it more difficult for residents to afford housing and maintain a sense of community.
11. Pro: Charming islands
Washington’s islands offer residents a tranquil escape and unique coastal living experience. From the serene landscapes of the San Juan Islands to the rustic charm of Whidbey Island, these idyllic destinations provide opportunities for relaxation, outdoor recreation, and close-knit community living. Residents enjoy breathtaking views of the Puget Sound, abundant wildlife sightings, and a slower pace of life that embodies the essence of Pacific Northwest island living.
12. Con: Limited parking in urban areas
Parking in urban settings in Washington, such as Seattle, is often limited and expensive, with high demand for parking spaces and restricted street parking. Residents may face challenges finding parking near their homes or workplaces, leading to frustration and inconvenience. Additionally, the scarcity of parking options can result in longer commute times and increased reliance on alternative transportation methods, impacting residents’ overall mobility and quality of life.
Methodology : The population data is from the United States Census Bureau, walkable cities are from Walk Score, and rental data is from ApartmentGuide.
“The LIHTC program is the federal government’s most successful tool to construct and rehabilitate housing for low- and moderate-income households,” MBA president and CEO Bob Broeksmit said in a statement. “If the administration imposes unworkable rent caps on LIHTC programs, it will severely suppress – if not kill – the program. Such a move is … [Read more…]
Federal Home Loan Bank reform is in the air in Washington D.C.
The White House recently endorsed a plan to double FHLBanks’ mandatory contributions to affordable housing programs from 10 to 20% of their net income, following a recommendation by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. And the Coalition for Federal Home Loan Bank Reform, a group that I chair and started as a small group of D.C. insiders, has become a true coalition of nine national organizations representing hundreds of thousands of Americans.
Despite billions of dollars in public support, few Americans know about FHLBanks. The Federal Home Loan Bank system is made up of 11 regional banks that pass on discounted loans to their membership of banks, credit unions, and insurance companies. As a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), the FHLBank system is Congressionally chartered to receive unique subsidies, tax exemptions, and powers, in exchange for providing the public benefits of supporting affordable housing and community development.
The Congressional Budget Office published a new report, which for the first time in two decades put a dollar amount on the public subsidies that FHLBanks receive, estimating that in 2024 the FHLBank system will receive $7.3 billion dollars(!) in government subsidies.
As I show in Figure 1, this subsidy partly flows from the FHLBanks’ tax-free status and regulatory exemptions. But the bulk of the subsidy comes from the way GSE status confers an “implied federal guarantee” on FHLBank debt: the perception that the federal government will stand for FHLBank debt if the system fails. CBO concluded that GSE status reduced FHLBanks borrowing costs by 0.4% and noted that if the system was “private instead of public” its credit rating would fall to AA or A instead of the current AA+ rating. None of these subsidies require Congressional appropriations but rely on federal guarantees, including the high costs of public bailout, were the FHLBanks to fail.
Under the current system, most of these billions in public subsidies flow on as private profits, rather than support public benefits. Congress mandates that FHLBanks devote 10% of their net income every year to affordable housing programs, which support affordable housing development and downpayment assistance. But that meant that in 2023, FHLBanks only paid $355 million towards Affordable Housing Programs while paying out nearly 10x that amount, or $3.4 billion, as dividends! Through these payouts, FHLBanks are redistributing a public subsidy as a profit to banks and insurance companies.
FHLBanks still believe in trickle-down economics. They claim that their discounted loans and dividends to members may trickle down to consumers in the form of discounted mortgage rates. However, many of their members are not even in the mortgage business anymore: a Bloomberg investigation found that 42% of FHLBank members had not originated a single mortgage over the last five years. It is unclear how cheap loans and big dividend payouts to insurance companies help Americans buy their first house or find an affordable rental.
Even the technocratic, impartial CBO questions this twisted system when it dryly noted in its report: “Other stakeholders of FHLBs, including the executives and owners of banks, might also realize benefits.” That is, parts of today’s public subsidy simply go towards supporting seven-figure executive pay at the 11 FHLBanks.
Whether it is coming from the White House, the FHFA, the Congressional Budget Office, or the Coalition, the status quo at FHLBanks is unacceptable. Wasteful government spending, especially amidst a national housing crisis where both parties are seeking solutions to our housing supply shortage, is a bipartisan issue.
Congress should demand greater accountability on how these public subsidies support public benefits. They can start by passing legislation that greatly improves the Affordable Housing Program contributions that FHLBanks make, from the current meager 10% to at least 30% – a set-aside that FHLBanks have shown they can sustainably make when they paid REFCORP contributions from 1989 to 2011.
I think it is time that the public learned about FHLBanks and how they are skirting their responsibility to help support our nation’s housing troubles. There is so much untapped potential here: imagine having the full leverage of $7.3 billion in public subsidies to truly support imaginative housing solutions.
Sharon Cornelissen is the chair of the Coalition for Federal Home Loan Bank Reform and Director of Housing at the Consumer Federation of America, a national pro-consumer advocacy and research non-profit.
To qualify, applicants must meet specific criteria, the Atlanta, Georgia-based firm outlined, including: Closing the loan with Citizens Trust Bank Income not exceeding $150,000 Maximum of $25,000 in assets The property must be owner-occupied Borrower contribution of at least $500 Completion of a homebuyer education course Can be combined with other approved down payment assistance … [Read more…]
One of the most critical moments in any race is the very beginning. A mistake at the start can snatch away a win before the race is even underway. Any coach will tell you that springing into action the moment the shot is fired is a critical success factor for any athlete.
A race is a useful analog for the mortgage business, especially as it relates to the refinance business.
Lenders in a purchase money market, like the one we’re in now, are running a long-distance race. Starting strong is less important for a deal that takes a long time to close.
Responding to the real estate agent’s or prospective borrower’s first call is the start of this race. Data show that returning that call within a few hours will get your race off to a good start. It’s amazing how many loan officers miss this, don’t return the call quickly, and lose their race before it’s even underway.
It’s the sprint that can really set lenders apart. In our business, that’s the refinance transaction.
Anticipating the start of the refi race
When mortgage rates finally rose above their historically low levels, the mortgage refinance business started to dry up. By the time rates reached 5%, the refi business was essentially gone.
This was a crisis for many large Independent mortgage banks that had created fine-tuned systems for refinancing loans and had virtually no trained sales force to prospect for new purchase money business.
The bankers who stockpiled cash they earned during the COVID crisis have weathered this storm, those that did not have the cash have either sold out or shut down.
Now, everyone is waiting for rates to drop and the refinance business to return. Most experts believe that it’s only a matter of time before mortgage rates come down. When they fall below 5% — maybe even before that — it will be a shot from a starter’s pistol and the race will be on.
The lenders who aren’t ready will falter under the pressure, stumble out of the starter’s blocks, and lose out to lenders who have prepared in advance for the influx of new business.
Leaders are preparing now to make sure they’re not the ones who are left in the dust when the race starts.
Preparing for the next mortgage market
What should lenders be doing now to be ready for the return of the refinance business? Those of us who have been in this business more than a cycle or two know what’s coming next. There is no secret or required magic to be a frontrunner when the refi business returns.
What it will take is strong leadership to spur lethargic institutions to action when it feels less risky to stay the course and wait. That’s an illusion, a false sense of security. The reality is this race will go to the prepared.
I can think of three important actions every lender should be taking now to be prepared for the next wave of refi business.
Build the right team
Given the new technologies and expert outsourcing options available to lenders today, staffing up to handle new business doesn’t make as much sense as it did in the past. Lenders have other options for building ability into their enterprises. That’s a good thing.
Instead of going to the expense and added risk of staffing up to handle more business, now is the time for executives to think through their strategic options and evaluate their existing partnerships. It doesn’t matter what the lender’s current capacity is, everyone should be thinking about this now.
This is the time to sit down with your A and B players and make sure they’re committed to the long term, and understand your commitment to them. The time to let your C and D players go has passed now. Do it if you haven’t.
Then, start visiting with outsourcing firms. I spent a good part of my career working for lenders who originated consumer direct but also provided essential origination outsourcing services to other institutions. When they’re done right, these partnerships offer a balanced model of operational efficiency and scalability, regardless of overall loan volume.
When this work is done, the lender will have a core team of domain experts supplemented by reliable outsourcing partnerships. This provides a buffer against fluctuating demand but also affords lenders a competitive edge in workforce flexibility and cost management.
Fine-tune your tech stack
Once your team is in place, it’s time to empower them with the right technology. For the past few years, I’ve been working inside one of the mortgage industry’s leading technology providers. Lenders have never before had access to such powerful technology.
There are too many factors involved in implementing a lender’s strategy to go too deeply into the technology here, but regardless of how the lender wants to run the business, there are tools available that can make that happen. Each lender is different and so their use of these tools will differ.
Two things I will say about technology. First, a simpler tech stack is a better tech stack. Improvements in the way developers bring products to market have resulted in a flood of new tools and many lenders have invested. Now, their tech stacks are bloated with functionality that doesn’t work well with their core systems and creates more friction. Simplify. Keep what you need and discard the rest. Don’t let the “sunk costs” fallacy keep you paying for technology that doesn’t help you become excellent lenders.
Second, if the tool doesn’t provide a measurable increase in efficiency by reducing touch points and overall cycle time, it’s not a good tool. When this work is done, the lender will have all of the technology required for its team to operate at peak efficiency, and nothing more.
Perfect your process
There’s an old adage in executive management that says you should tell your people what to do, but not necessarily how to do it. In many industries, this frees people up to be great team players and there are wins all around.
In industries where the government is just waiting for someone on your team or extended team to make a mistake, this doesn’t work as well. People need to know what the process is and how to perform it to the satisfaction of the lender, their investors and government regulators.
Lenders are pretty good at this in the back office, but when it comes to front-line salespeople they often leave them free to do what they do best. The problem with this is that good salespeople are often like water, they tend to follow the path of least resistance.
When refis are pouring in, they know where to go and who to contact (or recontact) to get more business. The hard work of building and maintaining relationships with business referral partners falls by the wayside.
Alternatively, when refis are down and purchase money is high, many loan officers don’t stay in contact with past borrowers as well because they know they’re not going to refinance a low-interest-rate loan. By the time the refis come back around, those past customers have made new friends.
The lender should take an active role in all processes the institution uses to do its work, including those in the sales department. When this work is done, every salesperson will be a top salesperson, doing the work required to bring in a steady stream of business, regardless of which loan products consumers are buying.
Today, the race is a long-distance, purchase-money event, where it takes seven or eight calls over the course of 30-45 days to reach the finish line. Soon, it will be all about refinance sprints that only take a call or two and as few as seven days to win.
To get ready for those races, leaders will begin now to pull their expert teams together, both internally and externally, fine-tune their tech stacks, and double-check their processes.
When that work is done, they’ll be in the starter’s blocks. When the pistol is fired, they’ll win the bulk of the new business.
Joseph Camerieri is a former mortgage lending executive, technology system sales leader and outsourcing leader. Today, he consults in the mortgage industry.
This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of HousingWire’s editorial department and its owners.
To contact the author of this story: Joseph Camerieri at [email protected]
To contact the editor of this story: Tracey Velt at [email protected]
If you’re in the market for a home, here are today’s mortgage rates compared to last week’s.
Loan term
Today’s Rate
Last week
Change
30-year mortgage rate
6.98%
6.88%
+0.10
15-year fixed rate
6.47%
6.41%
+0.06
10-year fixed
6.40%
6.26%
+0.14
5/1 ARM
6.51%
6.38%
+0.13
30-year jumbo mortgage rate
7.09%
6.98%
+0.11
30-year mortgage refinance rate
6.99%
6.87%
+0.12
Average rates offered by lenders nationwide as of March 25, 2024. We use rates collected by Bankrate to track daily mortgage rate trends.
Mortgage rates change every day. Experts recommend shopping around to make sure you’re getting the lowest rate. By entering your information below, you can get a custom quote from one of CNET’s partner lenders.
About these rates: Like CNET, Bankrate is owned by Red Ventures. This tool features partner rates from lenders that you can use when comparing multiple mortgage rates.
Mortgage rate news
Over the last few years, high inflation and the Federal Reserve’s aggressive interest rate hikes pushed up mortgage rates from their record lows around the pandemic. Since last summer, the Fed has consistently kept the federal funds rate at 5.25% to 5.5%. Though the central bank doesn’t directly set the rates for mortgages, a high federal funds rate makes borrowing more expensive, including for home loans.
Mortgage rates change daily, but average rates have been moving between 6.5% and 7.5% since late last fall. Today’s homebuyers have less room in their budget to afford the cost of a home due to elevated mortgage rates and steep home prices. Limited housing inventory and low wage growth are also contributing to the affordability crisis and keeping mortgage demand down.
What to expect from mortgage rates in 2024
Mortgage forecasters base their projections on different data, but most housing market experts predict rates will move toward 6% by the end of 2024. Ultimately, a more affordable mortgage market will depend on how quickly the Fed begins cutting interest rates. Most economists predict that the Fed will start lowering interest rates later this summer.
Since mortgage rates fluctuate for many reasons — supply, demand, inflation, monetary policy and jobs data — homebuyers won’t see lower rates overnight, and it’s unlikely they’ll find rates in the 2% range again.
“We are expecting mortgage rates to fall to around 6.5% by the end of this year, but there’s still a lot of volatility I think we might see,” said Daryl Fairweather, chief economist at Redfin.
Every month brings a new set of inflation and labor data that can change how investors and the market respond and what direction mortgage rates go, said Odeta Kushi, deputy chief economist at First American Financial Corporation. “Ongoing inflation deceleration, a slowing economy and even geopolitical uncertainty can contribute to lower mortgage rates. On the other hand, data that signals upside risk to inflation may result in higher rates,” Kushi said.
Here’s a look at where some major housing authorities expect average mortgage rates to land.
Mortgage terms and types
When picking a mortgage, consider the loan term, or payment schedule. The most common mortgage terms are 15 and 30 years, although 10-, 20- and 40-year mortgages also exist. You’ll also need to choose between a fixed-rate mortgage, where the interest rate is set for the duration of the loan, and an adjustable-rate mortgage. With an adjustable-rate mortgage, the interest rate is only fixed for a certain amount of time (commonly five, seven or 10 years), after which the rate adjusts annually based on the market’s current interest rate. Fixed-rate mortgages offer more stability and are a better option if you plan to live in a home in the long term, but adjustable-rate mortgages may offer lower interest rates upfront.
30-year fixed-rate mortgages
The 30-year fixed-mortgage rate average is 6.98%, which is a growth of 10 basis points from one week ago. (A basis point is equivalent to 0.01%.) A 30-year fixed mortgage is the most common loan term. It will often have a higher interest rate than a 15-year mortgage, but you’ll have a lower monthly payment.
15-year fixed-rate mortgages
The average rate for a 15-year, fixed mortgage is 6.47%, which is an increase of 6 basis points from seven days ago. Though you’ll have a bigger monthly payment than a 30-year fixed mortgage, a 15-year loan usually comes with a lower interest rate, allowing you to pay less interest in the long run and pay off your mortgage sooner.
5/1 adjustable-rate mortgages
A 5/1 ARM has an average rate of 6.51%, an uptick of 13 basis points compared to last week. You’ll typically get a lower introductory interest rate with a 5/1 ARM in the first five years of the mortgage. But you could pay more after that period, depending on how the rate adjusts annually. If you plan to sell or refinance your house within five years, an ARM could be a good option.
What affects mortgage rates?
While it’s important to monitor mortgage rates if you’re shopping for a home, remember that no one has a crystal ball. It’s impossible to time the mortgage market, and rates will always have some level of volatility because so many factors are at play.
“Mortgage rates tend to follow long-date Treasury yields, a function of current inflation and economic growth as well as expectations about future economic conditions,” says Orphe Divounguy, senior macroeconomist at Zillow Home Loans.
Here are the factors that influence the average rates on home loans.
Federal Reserve monetary policy: The nation’s central bank doesn’t set interest rates, but when it adjusts the federal funds rate, mortgages tend to go in the same direction.
Inflation: Mortgage rates tend to increase during high inflation. Lenders usually set higher interest rates on loans to compensate for the loss of purchasing power.
The bond market: Mortgage lenders often use long-term bond yields, like the 10-Year Treasury, as a benchmark to set interest rates on home loans. When yields rise, mortgage rates typically increase.
Geopolitical events: World events, such as elections, pandemics or economic crises, can also affect home loan rates, particularly when global financial markets face uncertainty.
Other economic factors: The bond market, employment data, investor confidence and housing market trends, such as supply and demand, can also affect the direction of mortgage rates.
Calculate your monthly mortgage payment
Getting a mortgage should always depend on your financial situation and long-term goals. The most important thing is to make a budget and try to stay within your means. CNET’s mortgage calculator below can help homebuyers prepare for monthly mortgage payments.
How to get the lowest mortgage rates
Though mortgage rates and home prices are high, the housing market won’t be unaffordable forever. It’s always a good time to save for a down payment and improve your credit score to help you secure a competitive mortgage rate when the time is right.
Save for a bigger down payment: Though a 20% down payment isn’t required, a larger upfront payment means taking out a smaller mortgage, which will help you save in interest.
Boost your credit score: You can qualify for a conventional mortgage with a 620 credit score, but a higher score of at least 740 will get you better rates.
Pay off debt: Experts recommend a debt-to-income ratio of 36% or less to help you qualify for the best rates. Not carrying other debt will put you in a better position to handle your monthly payments.
Research loans and assistance: Government-sponsored loans have more flexible borrowing requirements than conventional loans. Some government-sponsored or private programs can also help with your down payment and closing costs.
Shop around for lenders: Researching and comparing multiple loan offers from different lenders can help you secure the lowest mortgage rate for your situation.
In a recent report by Goldman Sachs, a stark warning was issued about the state of office mortgages in the United States, describing them as “living on borrowed time.” This caution comes amidst a backdrop of mounting stress in commercial real estate loans, particularly those tied to office properties, which have emerged as a significant sore point. With delinquencies on the rise, the specter of financial instability continues to haunt the U.S. banking sector, further aggravated by an office market that has seen demand plummet for two consecutive years.
The situation has become increasingly dire, with delinquencies ticking upwards, reflecting the ongoing distress within the office real estate sector. According to Trepp, a leading research firm, about 6.63 percent of all commercial office mortgages were delinquent as of February, marking a 33 basis points increase from January. This rise mirrors the average monthly increase witnessed over the past 12 months, starkly contrasting with the 2.38 percent delinquency rate recorded a year prior. The upsurge in delinquencies underscores an ominous trend in the office market, plagued by declining demand and reaching a vacancy rate of 19.7 percent at the onset of 2024.
A particularly alarming development is the significant increase in commercial real estate loans scheduled to mature by the end of 2024. The total amount has surged 41 percent to over $900 billion, primarily fueled by ongoing extensions and modifications of existing debts. This uptick, noted by analysts at Goldman Sachs, signifies a potentially tumultuous period ahead for the banking sector, already reeling from the impact of higher interest rates and declining property values that have complicated refinancing efforts.
Regional banks have acutely felt the ripple effects of the commercial real estate loan challenges, which have seen their stock prices wobble in the wake of last year’s string of bank failures. Given their exposure to commercial real estate loans, these institutions are particularly vulnerable, a situation exacerbated by the current economic climate marked by high interest rates and a depreciation in property values.
Despite the grim outlook for office loans, the broader commercial real estate market shows signs of resilience. In its assessment, Goldman Sachs noted that the office sector’s distress is unlikely to spill over into other areas of the commercial property market. Retail delinquencies, for instance, have shown improvement, and the multifamily and industrial sectors remain relatively stable. Furthermore, banks today are in a more robust capital position than during the financial crises of 2008-09 and the 1980s, offering hope that the current challenges can be navigated with strategic foresight and prudent management.
The office mortgage crisis presents a daunting challenge to the U.S. banking sector, underscored by a confluence of increasing delinquencies, a glut of maturing loans, and a commercial office market in distress.