Another reason why the Fed can let the CRE swoon rip.
By Wolf Richter for WOLF STREET.
The multifamily segment of Commercial Real Estate – apartments – is holding up better than office, retail (the Brick-and-Mortar Meltdown since 2017), and lodging, though it’s cracking too with some spectacular defaults over the past 12 months or so. Yet, US banks and thrifts and foreign banks hold only a small-ish portion.
Total mortgages backed by multifamily properties rose by 4.4% year-over-year in Q4, or by $88 billion, to $2.09 trillion, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association, based on its own data, and on data from the Federal Reserve, Trepp, and the FDIC.
Of those mortgages:
US government agencies, US Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs), state and local governments, and state and local government pension funds held 54.8%, or $1.09 trillion.
US banks and thrifts and foreign banks held 29.3%, or $612 billion.
Life insurers held 11.3%, or $235 billion.
Another 3.2%, or $67 billion, had been securitized into CMBS, CDOs, and ABS, and those securities were held by investors.
Other investors, including private pension funds and REITs, held 2%.
The blue line represents federal government backed entities – including MBS issued and guaranteed by those entities, Quite an interesting trend (chart via MBA):
The MBA excludes loans for acquisition, development and construction, and loans collateralized by owner-occupied commercial properties.
For about a year, we’ve been reporting on how non-bank entities, from CMBS holders to PE firms, were on the hook for office and other CRE mortgages, how the biggest losses have hit these investors, particularly the CMBS investors, and not banks. And among the banks that it did hit, there were a slew of foreign banks.
But with the multifamily segment of CRE, it’s mostly federal, state, and local government entities, including their pension funds that are on the hook – meaning the taxpayers are on the hook for 54.8% of all multifamily mortgages.
And the Fed couldn’t care less about taxpayers. The Fed is worried about the banks, not a few individual banks, but about contagion across the banking system triggering a banking panic. But with the 4,026 US banks with $23 trillion in total assets holding only $612 billion in multifamily mortgages – well, that’s less than 3% of their total assets. In other words, the banking system overall isn’t fundamentally threatened by bad multifamily loan.
Even if many of the banks’ $612 billion in multifamily loans default, they’re secured by multifamily buildings with some value, so the losses are going to be only fraction of the $612 billion, spread over 4,026 banks with $23 trillion in total assets.
As always, some smaller banks with concentrated exposure in some markets may eventually topple under defaulted multifamily loans. Fitch thinks 49 tiny banks are heavily exposed to troubled multifamily loans, and some of those banks make topple. In nearly every year, some banks toppled, and it’s just part of the risks in the banking system, and it’s the FDIC’s job to mop up those local messes at investors’ expense.
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Mortgage rates started the week relatively low, but they’re back up today.
Average 30-year mortgage rates are around 20 basis points up from where they were earlier this week, and are now in the upper 6% range, according to Zillow data.
Mortgage rates are expected to go down in 2024, but they’ve been elevated so far this year in response to still-high inflation.
Price growth has slowed significantly from when it peaked in 2022, but it’s still above the Federal Reserve’s target rate of 2%. In February, the Consumer Price Index actually inched up a bit from the previous month.
Because the path to lower inflation is proving to be a bit bumpy, we’ll likely need to wait a few more months until mortgage rates fall. And if inflation continues to stagnate, we might not see rates drop until much later in the year.
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$1,161 Your estimated monthly payment
Total paid$418,177
Principal paid$275,520
Interest paid$42,657
Paying a 25% higher down payment would save you $8,916.08 on interest charges
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By clicking on “More details,” you’ll also see how much you’ll pay over the entire length of your mortgage, including how much goes toward the principal vs. interest.
30-Year Fixed Mortgage Rates
This week’s average 30-year fixed mortgage rate was 6.74%, according to Freddie Mac. This is a 14-basis-point decrease from the previous week.
The 30-year fixed-rate mortgage is the most common type of home loan. With this type of mortgage, you’ll pay back what you borrowed over 30 years, and your interest rate won’t change for the life of the loan.
The lengthy 30-year term allows you to spread out your payments over a long period of time, meaning you can keep your monthly payments lower and more manageable. The trade-off is that you’ll have a higher rate than you would with shorter terms or adjustable rates.
15-Year Fixed Mortgage Rates
Average 15-year mortgage rates inched down to 6.16% this week, according to Freddie Mac data. This is a six-point decrease since the week before.
If you want the predictability that comes with a fixed rate but are looking to spend less on interest over the life of your loan, a 15-year fixed-rate mortgage might be a good fit for you. Because these terms are shorter and have lower rates than 30-year fixed-rate mortgages, you could potentially save tens of thousands of dollars in interest. However, you’ll have a higher monthly payment than you would with a longer term.
How Do Fed Rate Hikes Affect Mortgages?
The Federal Reserve has increased the federal funds rate dramatically to try to slow economic growth and get inflation under control. So far, inflation has slowed significantly, but it’s still a bit above the Fed’s 2% target rate.
Mortgage rates aren’t directly impacted by changes to the federal funds rate, but they often trend up or down ahead of Fed policy moves. This is because mortgage rates change based on investor demand for mortgage-backed securities, and this demand is often impacted by how investors expect Fed hikes to affect the broader economy.
The Fed has indicated that it’s likely done hiking rates and that it could start cutting soon. This will likely allow mortgage rates to trend down later this year.
When Will Mortgage Rates Go Down?
Mortgage rates increased dramatically over the last two years, but they’ve moderated somewhat in recent months, and are expected to drop further this year.
In February 2024, the Consumer Price Index rose 3.2% year-over-year. Inflation has slowed significantly since it peaked last year, which is good news for mortgage rates. But it has to slow further before rates will begin to fall.
For homeowners looking to leverage their home’s value to cover a big purchase — such as a home renovation — a home equity line of credit (HELOC) may be a good option while we wait for mortgage rates to ease. Check out some of our best HELOC lenders to start your search for the right loan for you.
A HELOC is a line of credit that lets you borrow against the equity in your home. It works similarly to a credit card in that you borrow what you need rather than getting the full amount you’re borrowing in a lump sum. It also lets you tap into the money you have in your home without replacing your entire mortgage, like you’d do with a cash-out refinance.
Current HELOC rates are relatively low compared to other loan options, including credit cards and personal loans.
Greece continues to have the worst performance in household credit, registering a consistently negative rate, which was -1.7% in January against a 0.3% increase in the eurozone, according to a report published on Thursday by DBRS Morningstar, focusing on the “slow production of new mortgage loans.”
The rise in interest rates and high inflation have made the growth rate of loans in the eurozone shrink, as it plunged from 4.5% in the first half of 2022 to a marginally positive rate in 2023. This contrasts with a steady contraction in Greece, due to large repayments exceeding new disbursements.
The aversion to borrowing by households is observed despite the fact that the vast majority of new mortgage disbursements in Greece are at fixed interest rates, which, through successive reductions made by Greek banks recently, have fallen to historic lows.
Fixed term rates start at 3% for a 3-year term, while last week Eurobank further reduced the 10-year fixed rate and above by 0.30 points, which starts at 4.10% and reaches 4.30% for periods of 15, 20, 25 and 30 years.
As DBRS observes, the high interest income of Greek banks, which increased by 51% year-on-year, is mainly linked to the strengthening of the portfolio of business loans, which grew by 5.1% in 2023, against an average increase of just 0.2% in the eurozone, despite stricter lending criteria, high interest rates and high repayments.
Interest income amounted to 8.1 billion euros at the end of 2023 compared to €5.4 billion in 2022 and according to DBRS this is mainly due to the overall better performance of the Greek economy, as well as the disbursement of loans linked to the country’s growth and the Recovery Fund funds, which “will continue to support the growth of the loan portfolio combined with some recovery foreseen for new mortgages.”
Fee income in 2023 was €1.8 billion compared to €1.7 billion in 2022, up 7%, driven by increased trading income, grant activity and sales growth activity investment and bancassurance products.
When it comes to their kids, many of your employees may be willing to put their retirement on the line.
As HR pros focus on workforce planning, understanding the burden that college costs impose on most employees is a key component for successful financial wellness programs.
Paying for college is a daunting challenge, and even financially savvy parents can become overwhelmed and confused by the college financing process. That’s where employer-sponsored education efforts can help. Employers who understand the following common college financing traps can better plan programs to alleviate the stress of paying for college and improve financial wellness overall.
Trap One: Prioritizing Their Children’s Education Over Their Own Retirement
By now, it’s become a financial wellness mantra: Parents should prioritize their retirement savings before saving for or paying for a child’s college education. After all, the thinking goes, students can borrow for education costs, but parents can’t borrow money to pay for retirement. And if parents don’t properly prepare for retirement, their children may end up supporting them in their later years, jeopardizing their future finances.
But with ever-rising tuition costs and the increasing burden of student debt, it may be harder for your employees to follow that tried-and-true advice. The cost of college has more than doubled over the past four decades — and student loan borrowing has risen along with it. Americans collectively owe more than 1.7 trillion in student loan debt, according to the Federal Reserve .
Trying to ease the burden on their children, your employees may be raiding their future. Among people aged 25 to 80 who are saving for both retirement and future college expenses, 58% say they are delaying retirement, and 41% say they have withdrawn money from their own retirement funds to pay for a child’s (or other relative’s) tuition, according to a July 2023 survey by the Society of Actuaries .
When an employee delays retirement to catch up on missed retirement savings or pay off education loans, it can be costly to an organization. What’s more, if paying for college forces an employee to work longer than they want to, the result may be a less productive, less engaged worker.
Recommended: SoFi Survey: The Future of Financial Well-Being at Work
Trap Two: Mismanaging PLUS loans
Parent Loans for Undergraduate Students (PLUS loans) are underwritten by the federal government and allow families to borrow without the same credit checks and other limits imposed on other types of lending. Because these loans are in a parent’s name, your employees may naturally gravitate to them as a way to help their children avoid debt.
But there are drawbacks. Unlike federal student loans, there are no limits on the amount parents can borrow as long as it doesn’t exceed education costs. To qualify for a PLUS loan, parents need only pass a check for an “adverse event” such as a recent bankruptcy filing or foreclosure. There is no consideration of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan. Given the often astronomical costs of attending a four-year college, your employees may quickly find they have taken on more debt than they can comfortably handle.
In addition, PLUS loan interest rates, set by the government each year, are usually significantly higher than student-held federal loans (8.05% for 2023-2024 versus 5.50%) and sometimes higher than some private college loans.
If parents default or consolidate their PLUS loans, or if they receive a forbearance or a deferment, the interest that continues to accrue is capitalized. That means that principal and payments can become even more unaffordable for employees. In addition, if the loans go into default, the government can garnish wages, Social Security checks, and tax refunds.
Recommended: Preparing for College Resource Guide for Parents
Trap Three: Avoiding College Financing at All Costs
Another common mistake lurks on the opposite side of the spectrum. In an effort to avoid college debt of any kind, parents who have some, but not enough, college savings may decide to forego saving for retirement, dip into retirement savings, or use home equity to pay tuition bills as they come.
Withdrawing 401(k) savings can result in significant penalties, taxes, and, importantly, lost principal and earnings. Cash-out home refinancing can lead to higher and perhaps unaffordable mortgage payments. Even putting retirement savings on hold when the year’s tuition is due can translate into large gaps in savings goals, depending on the number and ages of children attending college.
These are all understandable mistakes. As we saw above, an overreliance on debt to pay college bills can seriously jeopardize financial well-being. But so, too, can dismissing the strategic use of financial aid and loans to finance college costs.
For instance, your employees may neglect filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), figuring that they earn too much to qualify for federal financial aid. According to Sallie Mae’s How America Pays for College 2023 report, 71% of families filed the FAFSA for the 2022-2023 academic year, down from 86% in 2016-2017.
These parents may not realize that without the FAFSA, the student will not be awarded federal subsidized and unsubsidized loans, which can be attractive for their low rates and, in the case of subsidized loan, help from the government in paying interest.
More importantly, many schools require students to submit a FAFSA to be eligible for merit-based scholarships and grants, even though these funds are awarded according to the student’s academic record and other achievements, not financial need. Merit-based aid does not have to be repaid and is usually awarded to undergraduates for the full four years.
While too much debt is never smart, a prudent and affordable mix of well-structured student debt can help parents avoid sacrificing retirement savings, home equity, and other long-term savings to pay for college now.
Employer-sponsored college financing education and one-on-one college counseling can help ensure parents understand the complexities of financial aid and student borrowing so they can balance long-term and current financial needs and goals.
The Takeaway
Employers who help parents avoid these common college financing traps may help alleviate what is fast becoming one of the largest sources of financial stress in your workforce.
SoFi at Work can help with student loan repayment platforms, extensive education efforts, plus a lending suite of student, graduate student, MBA, and parent loans. For organizations that are looking to help their employees get ahead on their education financing goals, SoFi at Work also offers a 529 College Savings Program, which can be integrated into any payroll system.
Photo credit: iStock/Orbon Alija
Products available from SoFi on the Dashboard may vary depending on your employer preferences.
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President Joe Biden, in his ongoing crusade against hidden junk fees, has so far cracked down on event ticketing, airlines, financial companies and rental housing. The next target: junk fees at colleges and in student lending.
On Friday, the Biden administration announced several new actions to alleviate the burden of these superfluous fees. The most significant would be the elimination of origination fees for federal student loans — if it passes muster with Congress.
“We feel strongly that there are times where the American consumer is kind of played for a sucker,” says Neera Tanden, domestic policy advisor to Biden. “There’s a hidden fee or there’s some way in which a company or an entity is basically using its market power to make you pay a fee that you shouldn’t have to.”
Junk fees are the label given to the irksome and often surprise surcharges to what you’re already paying for. This includes things like credit card late fees, overdraft fees at banks, amenity and resort fees at hotels, service fees for event ticketing or food delivery, as well as seat selection fees on airlines. For over a year, the Biden administration has taken several actions to curb junk fees and surface hidden fees.
End student loan origination fees
On the student lending side, Biden would eliminate the student loan origination fee as part of his 2025 budget proposal.
Origination fees are the percentage of the loan amount that’s considered a processing fee. The fee ends up being tacked on to loan balances, which means borrowers would pay interest on the fee over the life of the loan. Origination fee rates range from 1% for undergraduate loans to 4% for graduate and parent PLUS loans.
Tanden, who spoke with NerdWallet in an exclusive interview, calls origination fees a “relic of the past” when private lenders originated student loans backed by the government, which hasn’t been the case since 2010 when the federal government began exclusively lending directly rather than guaranteeing loans made by private financial institutions. She adds that there’s no current rationale for it in federal student lending.
Borrowers collectively spend more than $1 billion annually on origination fees, according to a release by the administration. However, Biden can’t get rid of origination fees unless Congress approves it as part of the nation’s 2025 budget.
Tanden says she hopes the proposal will be treated as a nonpartisan issue. “We know that Republicans have welcomed ways to cut back on taxes for people,” she says. “This is really just a tax on student borrowing.”
If origination fees are eliminated, it would impact future student loans only, not existing debt.
Eliminate junk fees with student banking products
The college-related fees Biden is targeting include “high and unusual fees” associated with student financial products. Colleges and universities often offer bank accounts and credit cards as part of affiliations with financial institutions. These fees include insufficient funds fees, maintenance fees and closure fees.
Biden wants to block financial companies that partner with colleges to disburse Title IV funds (such as student loans) from charging fees to students. The administration says these junk fees are out of step since banks have largely phased them out.
The measure to end junk fees for college banking and student credit cards is currently in the formal process known as negotiated rulemaking. Though it doesn’t require approval by Congress, don’t expect a change anytime soon.
Empower students to authorize tuition charges for textbooks
Many colleges and universities have long included textbooks as part of students’ tuition bills. That means that the charge is automatically included and students have to pay for course materials regardless of the actual costs available on the market. Students might be able to find textbooks cheaper somewhere else, but colleges still bundle those anticipated costs as part of tuition.
Biden is proposing that students be required to authorize a charge on their tuition bill for textbooks and other required materials for their courses. The administration says these changes would provide students with the opportunity to do a cost comparison to find the cheapest options or eliminate the cost altogether by accessing free open-source textbooks.
“The college has a lot of power and sway and these are ways that, you know, essentially consumers — your students — are forced to pay for things that they should be able to look at cheaper costs,” says Tanden.
These changes are also in the negotiated rulemaking process and don’t require congressional approval.
Require colleges to return unused ‘flex dollars’ and meal plans
Students are often required to purchase meal plans with their college or university, which are used for dining hall meals or as “flex dollars” to pay for food elsewhere on campus. But at the end of each semester, schools can rescind any remaining funds. That means students must spend the money before the semester ends or forfeit what they’ve already paid for — often with student loans.
“Students are often taking on debt in their college years to pay for the cost of living, as well as their tuition, and because of interest that could grow in cost,” says Tanden.
The Biden administration would halt colleges from taking leftover funds and instead require them to return the remaining dollars to students.
The administration announced it is now formally considering this regulation. It would need to move through the negotiated rulemaking process and wouldn’t need approval by Congress.
Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images News via Getty Images
President Joe Biden, in his ongoing crusade against hidden junk fees, has so far cracked down on event ticketing, airlines, financial companies and rental housing. The next target: junk fees at colleges and in student lending.
On Friday, the Biden administration announced several new actions to alleviate the burden of these superfluous fees. The most significant would be the elimination of origination fees for federal student loans — if it passes muster with Congress.
“We feel strongly that there are times where the American consumer is kind of played for a sucker,” says Neera Tanden, domestic policy advisor to Biden. “There’s a hidden fee or there’s some way in which a company or an entity is basically using its market power to make you pay a fee that you shouldn’t have to.”
Junk fees are the label given to the irksome and often surprise surcharges to what you’re already paying for. This includes things like credit card late fees, overdraft fees at banks, amenity and resort fees at hotels, service fees for event ticketing or food delivery, as well as seat selection fees on airlines. For over a year, the Biden administration has taken several actions to curb junk fees and surface hidden fees.
End student loan origination fees
On the student lending side, Biden would eliminate the student loan origination fee as part of his 2025 budget proposal.
Origination fees are the percentage of the loan amount that’s considered a processing fee. The fee ends up being tacked on to loan balances, which means borrowers would pay interest on the fee over the life of the loan. Origination fee rates range from 1% for undergraduate loans to 4% for graduate and parent PLUS loans.
Tanden, who spoke with NerdWallet in an exclusive interview, calls origination fees a “relic of the past” when private lenders originated student loans backed by the government, which hasn’t been the case since 2010 when the federal government began exclusively lending directly rather than guaranteeing loans made by private financial institutions. She adds that there’s no current rationale for it in federal student lending.
Borrowers collectively spend more than $1 billion annually on origination fees, according to a release by the administration. However, Biden can’t get rid of origination fees unless Congress approves it as part of the nation’s 2025 budget.
Tanden says she hopes the proposal will be treated as a nonpartisan issue. “We know that Republicans have welcomed ways to cut back on taxes for people,” she says. “This is really just a tax on student borrowing.”
If origination fees are eliminated, it would impact future student loans only, not existing debt.
Eliminate junk fees with student banking products
The college-related fees Biden is targeting include “high and unusual fees” associated with student financial products. Colleges and universities often offer bank accounts and credit cards as part of affiliations with financial institutions. These fees include insufficient funds fees, maintenance fees and closure fees.
Biden wants to block financial companies that partner with colleges to disburse Title IV funds (such as student loans) from charging fees to students. The administration says these junk fees are out of step since banks have largely phased them out.
The measure to end junk fees for college banking and student credit cards is currently in the formal process known as negotiated rulemaking. Though it doesn’t require approval by Congress, don’t expect a change anytime soon.
Empower students to authorize tuition charges for textbooks
Many colleges and universities have long included textbooks as part of students’ tuition bills. That means that the charge is automatically included and students have to pay for course materials regardless of the actual costs available on the market. Students might be able to find textbooks cheaper somewhere else, but colleges still bundle those anticipated costs as part of tuition.
Biden is proposing that students be required to authorize a charge on their tuition bill for textbooks and other required materials for their courses. The administration says these changes would provide students with the opportunity to do a cost comparison to find the cheapest options or eliminate the cost altogether by accessing free open-source textbooks.
“The college has a lot of power and sway and these are ways that, you know, essentially consumers — your students — are forced to pay for things that they should be able to look at cheaper costs,” says Tanden.
These changes are also in the negotiated rulemaking process and don’t require congressional approval.
Require colleges to return unused ‘flex dollars’ and meal plans
Students are often required to purchase meal plans with their college or university, which are used for dining hall meals or as “flex dollars” to pay for food elsewhere on campus. But at the end of each semester, schools can rescind any remaining funds. That means students must spend the money before the semester ends or forfeit what they’ve already paid for — often with student loans.
“Students are often taking on debt in their college years to pay for the cost of living, as well as their tuition, and because of interest that could grow in cost,” says Tanden.
The Biden administration would halt colleges from taking leftover funds and instead require them to return the remaining dollars to students.
The administration announced it is now formally considering this regulation. It would need to move through the negotiated rulemaking process and wouldn’t need approval by Congress.
Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images News via Getty Images
No matter what age you are, it’s never too soon to start thinking about — and actively saving for — your retirement. With reports coming out regularly about the severe retirement savings gap in the U.S., it seems as though the majority of Americans are vastly underprepared for this life event.
If your employer offers a 401(k) at your place of work, this is a great way to get started (or continue) saving for your golden years. Before you jump in, find out exactly what a 401(k) is and how it can help you prepare for retirement. If you already contribute to a 401(k) plan, make sure you know what to expect when it comes time to retire.
How does a 401(k) work?
A 401(k) plan helps you save while investing your contributions in various mutual funds. Employers offer this type of retirement plan, so you can’t sign up for one unless you go through your place of work.
As an incentive to save, you receive a tax break. Depending on the type of 401(k) you choose (or your company offers), you either receive that tax break when you make the contribution or when it comes time to withdrawal.
Employer 401(k) Matching
Many employers offer a match to any contribution you make. This usually happens in one of two ways: they’ll either match dollar for dollar up to a certain limit or up to a percentage of your salary.
The most common type of 401(k), the traditional 401(k), allows you to make any contribution tax-deductible each year. So if you contribute $6,000 a year, you get to knock that off your taxable income amount. If you’re on the edge of a tax bracket and make a sizeable 401(k) contribution, you might even be able to jump down into a different bracket with a lower tax rate.
401(k) Tax Rules
While your investments continue to grow each year, they remain temporarily protected from taxation. Unlike other types of investments, you don’t pay any annual tax on your 401(k) earnings until you start to make withdrawals. At that point, you’ll be subject to regular income tax when you take out money each month.
As you continue to make 401(k) contributions throughout your year, you can adjust your investments to become increasingly less volatile. The idea is that as you get closer to retirement age, you have less risk to ensure a solid nest egg when you need it.
The Benefits of a 401(k)
A 401(k) is a retirement savings plan sponsored by an employer. It allows employees to save and invest a portion of their paycheck before taxes are taken out. Contributions to a 401(k) are made with pretax dollars, which can lower your taxable income in the current year and potentially result in a lower tax bill.
Some other benefits of a 401(k) include:
Employer matching contributions: Many employers will match a portion of their employees’ 401(k) contributions, effectively giving you free money to save for retirement.
Tax-deferred growth: Any investment earnings on your 401(k) account grow tax-free until you withdraw the money in retirement.
Potential for tax credits: Depending on your income and participation in a 401(k) or other qualified retirement plan, you may be eligible for certain tax credits that can help reduce your tax liability.
Retirement income: A 401(k) can provide a source of income in retirement, which can help you maintain your standard of living when you are no longer working.
Convenience: Many 401(k) plans offer a range of investment options, and the contributions are automatically deducted from your paycheck, making it easy to save for the future.
The money you withdraw from a 401(k) in retirement is subject to income tax, and 401(k) plans have contribution limits. However, overall, a 401(k) can be a valuable tool for saving for the future and reducing your tax liability.
401(k) Contribution Limits
There are limits to your 401(k):
While it’s a great financial tool, you can only contribute up to $22,500 each year, amounting to $1,875 per month if you divide it out monthly. If you’re over the age of 50, you’re allowed to contribute up to $30,000 a year ($2,500 per month). These contribution limits are in place so that you can only benefit from so much tax savings each year.
Required Minimum Distributions
Another rule associated with a 401(k) is that you must start taking “required minimum distributions” at some point. That means once you hit a certain age, you must begin withdrawing funds from your 401(k) account — and paying taxes on them.
Currently, the requirement is that you start taking distributions the year after you turn 70 ½. Then you have to take out distributions by December 31 of each following year. Your minimum required amount is determined by the IRS based on your life expectancy. There’s nothing quite like a government tax agency predicting your lifespan, is there?
Still, this information helps you determine what kind of tax burden you can expect when you’ve finally retired. While your income may be lower, your deductions might be as well. After all, you probably don’t have kids left at home to claim as a deduction. And if you’ve paid off your mortgage, you won’t have that interest to deduct either.
It’s great not to have those expenses, but it can be helpful to talk to a tax professional to get a better idea of your taxes, especially in that first year of retirement or required minimum distributions. The more prepared you are, the more financial flexibility you can have!
401(K) Plan Types
There are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional 401(k)s and Roth 401(k)s.
A traditional 401(k) allows you to contribute pretax dollars to your account. Your contributions and any investment earnings in the account are tax-deferred. This means you won’t have to pay taxes on them until you withdraw the money in retirement. When you withdraw the money in retirement, it is taxed as ordinary income.
A Roth 401(k) is similar to a traditional 401(k), but contributions are made with after-tax dollars. This means you won’t get an immediate tax break on your contributions, but qualified withdrawals from the account in retirement are tax-free.
Some 401(k) plans may offer both traditional and Roth options, allowing you the flexibility to choose the type of plan that best meets your needs.
There are also types of 401(k) plans that are designed for specific types of employers, such as safe harbor 401(k)s and SIMPLE 401(k)s. These plans may have different contribution limits and rules for employer matching contributions. So, it’s important to understand the details of the plan you are enrolled in.
What’s the difference between a traditional 401(k) and a Roth 401(k)?
While a traditional 401(k) offers upfront tax savings in return for taxes paid later during retirement, a Roth 401(k) flips the situation around. Instead, your contributions are made with your taxable income. In return, you don’t have to pay any taxes when you start withdrawing from your account during retirement.
While you miss out on tax savings upfront, you’re only paying on the original contribution amount. If you had to pay taxes when you withdraw, you’re also paying taxes on everything you’ve earned, which is hopefully a lot more money than you started with.
Roth 401(k) Requirements
There are requirements to qualify for the Roth 401(k) benefits:
First, your account must be open for at least five years. You also have to wait until you’re at least 59 ½ before you can start taking distributions, unless you’ve had a disability.
A Roth IRA is particularly useful if you’ve accumulated a lot in retirement savings and other investments. While many people have less income when they retire, that’s not always the case. You may have a comprehensive portfolio of investments, in which case you could be better served by not paying taxes on at least part of your withdrawals.
If you’re nearing retirement and expect to drop in your tax bracket soon, there may be no sense in using a Roth 401(k) now. A Roth 401(k) can be a great choice if you have a lower income now because you’re earlier in your career or have tons of tax deductions because of kids and a mortgage.
Like all retirement plans, there are better products for different points in your life. By constantly reassessing how you contribute to your retirement savings, you can maximize your tax benefits now and in the future.
See also: IRA vs. 401(k): Where Should You Invest Your Money?
Employer Contribution Match
An employer contribution match is a feature of some 401(k) plans in which the employer agrees to contribute a certain amount of money to an employee’s 401(k) account based on employee contributions.
For example, an employer might offer a 50% employer match on the first 6% of an employee’s salary that the employee contributes to their 401(k) account. In this case, if the employee contributes 6% of their salary to their 401(k), the employer would contribute an additional 3% (50% of the employee’s contribution).
Employer contributions are a way for employers to encourage their employees to save for retirement and to provide an additional source of retirement income for their employees. Employers may also use contribution matching as a way to attract and retain top talent.
Employer contribution matches may have certain rules and requirements, such as vesting periods, that determine when an employee becomes fully entitled to employer contributions. Make sure you understand the details of any employer contribution match offered by your employer to make the most of this benefit.
What happens if you leave your job?
Don’t worry. You don’t lose your 401(k) savings if you leave your current employer. You typically have a few different options available to you. First, you can leave it in the company plan if they allow it. You won’t be able to continue making contributions or any changes to your allocations. But you can access it when you’re ready to retire.
401(k) Rollover
Or you can do a rollover:
A rollover allows you to switch the funds to another retirement plan without paying any tax penalties. You can either do an IRA rollover or use a plan from your new employer. You do need to make sure your new employer’s plan allows for rollovers.
Then you can continue your contributions as normal, following the rules of the new account, whatever it may be. An IRA is always a viable option because you’re in control of how you invest. And while the annual contribution limit is $6,500 (or $7,500 if you’re 50 or older), it doesn’t count when you’re rolling over funds.
Your final option for handling your 401(k) when you leave your job is to cash it out. If you do this, you’ll be subject to all the relevant penalties. These include a 10% early withdrawal penalty and income taxes for both federal and state. The exception to the early withdrawal penalty is if you are at least 55 years old when you leave your employer.
How much should you contribute to your 401(k)?
How much you decide to contribute to your 401(k) should depend on numerous factors. At the very least, you should contribute the maximum amount allowed to receive a matching contribution from your employer. That essentially equals free money, which you should never pass up.
Next, think about your financial picture as a whole. What kind of debt do you have? If you have any high-interest credit card or loan balances, you may want to focus your efforts on paying those down before contributing more to your retirement plan. Lower interest debts, like a fixed student loan, may not be as pressing to repay.
Furthermore, consider these recommended saving strategies:
Emergency Fund
You’ll probably want a three to six-month emergency fund in case you lose your job or get a sudden illness or injury. Having a large chunk of money stashed away in an easy-to-access savings account can provide you with financial security here and now.
Roth IRA
Once you’ve got your overall savings plan in order, it’s time to start figuring out where else to invest for retirement. Before you max out your traditional 401(k), think about picking up a Roth IRA. This helps you diversify your retirement plans for tax purposes.
Like a Roth 401(k), a Roth IRA lets you pay taxes on your contributions now, so you don’t have to pay anything when you make withdrawals during retirement. It can certainly help you spread out your tax burdens over the course of your life.
Still have money left over to invest?
If you do, revisit your 401(k). Remember, you can contribute up to $22,500 so you can certainly divert more of your income towards that maximum.
How else should you prepare for retirement?
Preparing for retirement takes a constant reassessment of your current needs versus your future goals. As easy as it is to say, “You need to contribute this-many-thousands of dollars a year to survive retirement,” the reality is that it’s much harder to actually do that.
But saving for retirement is still a challenge worth conquering. Even if you’re in your 40s and haven’t started saving a dime, you can start today. Once you’ve got your current savings fund in place that you can use for emergencies, implement some of these easy tips to get ready for retirement.
For now, worry less about picking the perfect type of account and focus on the habit of retirement saving.
Here are some ideas to get you started:
How to Save Extra Money:
Downsize your living expenses, one step at a time.
Place your tax refund into a retirement account.
Stream television instead of paying for cable.
Cut back on eating out.
Stay healthy to reduce future healthcare costs.
Pay down high interest debt like credit cards.
Sell your stuff and put the money towards retirement.
How to Strategically Manage Your Retirement Accounts:
Create a retirement savings goal as a percentage of your income.
Pay yourself first by setting up auto direct deposit to your retirement account on payday.
Take advantage of higher IRA contribution limits when you’re 50+.
Audit your accounts every year.
Consolidate multiple accounts (like IRAs) to reduce fees.
Put your end-of-year bonus into a retirement account.
Bottom Line
Investing in your retirement is really investing in yourself. Taking advantage of your employer’s 401(k) is an important part of the equation. In addition to making regular contributions, be sure to explore all of your options for financing your retirement. A healthy portfolio mix isn’t difficult to develop, and there are plenty of resources available to help you get started.
If you’re in the market for a home, here are today’s mortgage rates compared to last week’s.
Loan term
Today’s Rate
Last week
Change
30-year mortgage rate
6.90%
7.11%
-0.21
15-year fixed rate
6.49%
6.65%
-0.16
30-year jumbo mortgage rate
7.04%
7.21%
-0.17
30-year mortgage refinance rate
6.84%
7.05%
-0.22
Average rates offered by lenders nationwide as of March 12, 2024. We use rates collected by Bankrate to track daily mortgage rate trends.
Mortgage rates change every day. Experts recommend shopping around to make sure you’re getting the lowest rate. By entering your information below, you can get a custom quote from one of CNET’s partner lenders.
About these rates: Like CNET, Bankrate is owned by Red Ventures. This tool features partner rates from lenders that you can use when comparing multiple mortgage rates.
Mortgage terms and types
When picking a mortgage, consider the loan term, or payment schedule. The most common mortgage terms are 15 and 30 years, although 10-, 20- and 40-year mortgages also exist. You’ll also need to choose between a fixed-rate mortgage, where the interest rate is set for the duration of the loan, and an adjustable-rate mortgage. With an adjustable-rate mortgage, the interest rate is only fixed for a certain amount of time (commonly five, seven or 10 years), after which the rate adjusts annually based on the market’s current interest rate. Fixed-rate mortgages offer more stability and are a better option if you plan to live in a home in the long term, but adjustable-rate mortgages may offer lower interest rates upfront.
30-year fixed-rate mortgages
The 30-year fixed-mortgage rate average is 6.90%, which is a decrease of 21 basis points from one week ago. (A basis point is equivalent to 0.01%.) A 30-year fixed mortgage is the most common loan term. It will often have a higher interest rate than a 15-year mortgage, but you’ll have a lower monthly payment.
15-year fixed-rate mortgages
The average rate for a 15-year, fixed mortgage is 6.49%, which is a decrease of 16 basis points from the same time last week. Though you’ll have a bigger monthly payment than a 30-year fixed mortgage, a 15-year loan usually comes with a lower interest rate, allowing you to pay less interest in the long run and pay off your mortgage sooner.
5/1 adjustable-rate mortgages
A 5/1 ARM has an average rate of 6.46%, a decrease of 22 basis points compared to last week. You’ll typically get a lower introductory interest rate with a 5/1 ARM in the first five years of the mortgage. But you could pay more after that period, depending on how the rate adjusts annually. If you plan to sell or refinance your house within five years, an ARM could be a good option.
Mortgage rate trends
High inflation and the Federal Reserve’s aggressive interest rate hikes drove up mortgage rates over the last several years. Toward the end of last year, however, the Fed announced that interest rate cuts were on the table for 2024. That projection led to a significant drop in mortgage rates, pushing them into the 6% range. Since early February, however, mortgage rates have climbed back above 7% in response to strong economic data.
30-year fixed mortgage: 6.90%
15-year fixed mortgage: 6.49%
5/1 adjustable-rate mortgage: 6.46%
Mortgage rate forecasts from experts
Experts say interest rate cuts from the Fed will allow mortgage rates to ease, though the first cut won’t likely come until May or June, depending on how quickly inflation decelerates.
“We are expecting mortgage rates to fall to around 6.5% by the end of this year, but there’s still a lot of volatility I think we might see,” said Daryl Fairweather, chief economist at Redfin. “It’s possible that rates might go up before they go down again, so that’s why we’re still being conservative with rates being around 6.5%.”
Each month brings a new set of inflation and labor data that can change how investors and the market respond and what direction mortgage rates go, said Odeta Kushi, deputy chief economist at First American Financial Corporation. “Ongoing inflation deceleration, a slowing economy and even geopolitical uncertainty can contribute to lower mortgage rates. On the other hand, data that signals upside risk to inflation may result in higher rates,” Kushi said.
While mortgage forecasters base their projections on different data, most experts and market watchers predict rates will move toward 6% or lower by the end of 2024. Here’s a look at where some major housing authorities expect average mortgage rates to land.
What influences mortgage rates?
While it’s important to monitor mortgage rates if you’re shopping for a home, remember that no one has a crystal ball. It’s impossible to time the mortgage market, and rates will always have some level of volatility because so many factors are at play.
“Mortgage rates tend to follow long-date Treasury yields, a function of current inflation and economic growth as well as expectations about future economic conditions,” says Orphe Divounguy, senior macroeconomist at Zillow Home Loans.
Here are the factors that influence the average rates on home loans.
Federal Reserve monetary policy: The nation’s central bank doesn’t set interest rates, but when it adjusts the federal funds rate, mortgages tend to go in the same direction.
Inflation: Mortgage rates tend to increase during high inflation. Lenders usually set higher interest rates on loans to compensate for the loss of purchasing power.
The bond market: Mortgage lenders often use long-term bond yields, like the 10-Year Treasury, as a benchmark to set interest rates on home loans. When yields rise, mortgage rates typically increase.
Geopolitical events: World events, such as elections, pandemics or economic crises, can also affect home loan rates, particularly when global financial markets face uncertainty.
Other economic factors: The bond market, employment data, investor confidence and housing market trends, such as supply and demand, can also affect the direction of mortgage rates.
Calculate your monthly mortgage payment
Getting a mortgage should always depend on your financial situation and long-term goals. The most important thing is to make a budget and try to stay within your means. CNET’s mortgage calculator below can help homebuyers prepare for monthly mortgage payments.
How to find the best mortgage rates
Though mortgage rates and home prices are high, the housing market won’t be unaffordable forever. It’s always a good time to save for a down payment and improve your credit score to help you secure a competitive mortgage rate when the time is right.
Save for a bigger down payment: Though a 20% down payment isn’t required, a larger upfront payment means taking out a smaller mortgage, which will help you save in interest.
Boost your credit score: You can qualify for a conventional mortgage with a 620 credit score, but a higher score of at least 740 will get you better rates.
Pay off debt: Experts recommend a debt-to-income ratio of 36% or less to help you qualify for the best rates. Not carrying other debt will put you in a better position to handle your monthly payments.
Research loans and assistance: Government-sponsored loans have more flexible borrowing requirements than conventional loans. Some government-sponsored or private programs can also help with your down payment and closing costs.
Shop around for lenders: Researching and comparing multiple loan offers from different lenders can help you secure the lowest mortgage rate for your situation.
Amidst a backdrop of inflation, rising borrowing costs, and growing debt levels, employee financial wellness has been on the decline in recent years. According to PwC’s 2023 Employee Financial Wellness Survey, a full 60% of full-time employees are stressed about their finances. Indeed, employees are even more concerned about their finances today than during the height of the pandemic.
Given that money worries can take a toll on employee health and well-being, as well as productivity at work, it makes sense that a growing number of employers are enhancing support for financial wellness. Bank of America’s 2023 Workplace Benefits Report found that 97% of employers now feel responsible for employee financial wellness (up from 95% in 2021, and from 41% in 2013).
Regardless of how well-compensated your staff may be, this type of resource can help workers feel more financially confident and prepared for the future. Here’s a look at 10 reasons why adding this benefit is so important.
1. Decreases Distractions and Increases Productivity
According to PwC’s Survey (which included 3,638 full-time employed adults across a variety of industries), financially stressed employees tend to be more distracted and less engaged while at work. The study found that financial stress and money worries had a negative impact on the respondents’ sleep, mental health, self-esteem, physical health, and personal relationships. Nearly one-third of employees surveyed admitted that financial insecurity has negatively impacted their productivity at work.
When employees are able to easily get answers to their financial questions and access on-site support when dealing with money problems, there’s a good chance they’ll be less stressed about their finances and more able to focus on their jobs. That’s a win for both employees and employers.
2. Improves Employee Physical Health
Financial stressors have been found to correlate directly with not only mental health challenges but also with poor physical well-being. As the American Psychological Association points out in their Stress in America 2023 report, stress and anxiety put the body on high alert and ongoing stress can accumulate, causing inflammation, wearing on the immune system, and increasing the risk of a number of different ailments, including digestive issues, heart disease, weight gain, and stroke.
Providing your employees with the support they need now can go a long way toward staving off physical health challenges down the line.
3. Builds Loyalty
By offering financial wellness programs, employers demonstrate a commitment to their employees’ well-being, which can help foster employee loyalty and increase retention rates.
The PwC study found that just 54% of financially stressed employees felt there was a promising future for them at their employer, and they were twice as likely to be looking for a new job than employees who were less stressed about their personal finances. What’s more, 73% of financially stressed employees said they would be attracted to another employer that cares more about their financial well-being compared to just 54% of non-financially stressed employees.
Recommended: 3 Ways to Support Your Employees During Times of Uncertainty
4. Can Help Reduce the Burden of Student Debt
Employees struggling to pay down student debt often have difficulty contributing to 401(k) plans and achieving other financial goals, such as buying a house or car. By offering student loan repayment benefits and education, employers can reduce this burden and help employees plan for the future.
The good news is that these programs recently became more affordable. Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act, employers can now provide $5,250 tax-exempt annually for an employee’s student loan repayment through 2025. That means employees won’t pay income tax on contributions made by their employers toward educational assistance programs, yet the employer also gets a payroll tax exclusion on these funds.
A growing number of employers are offering some form of loan repayment support. In 2021, only 17% of companies offered any of these benefits. In October 2023, 34% of employers offered student loan benefits.
Recommended: How Student Loan Benefits Can Help Retain Employees
5. Employees Want It
According to the PwC study, the vast majority of employees want help with their finances. Not only that, the stigma around getting help with finances appears to be lifting. In 2023, employees overall were less likely to be embarrassed to ask for guidance or advice about their finances than they’ve been in the past: Just 33% said they find it embarrassing, compared to 42% in PwC’s 2019 survey.
In Bank of America’s Workplace Benefits Report (which surveyed more than 1,300 employees and nearly 800 employers), 76% of employees said they felt that employers are responsible for their financial wellness.
6. Can Help Parents Save for Future College Expenses
In a June 2023 survey of 1,000 parents of teenagers by Discover Student Loans, 70% of subjects said they were worried about financing their kids’ college expenses. In addition, 68% of parents were concerned about the amount of debt their kids will be saddled with even after the parents offer up their own financial assistance.
Providing employees with much-needed information about 529 college savings plans and giving them a convenient way to contribute directly from their pay, can go a long way in helping to relieve the stress associated with one of their top financial concerns.
While in the past, the options for using unspent 529 funds were limited (and often meant facing tax and penalty consequences), the SECURE 2.0 Act allows savers to roll unused 529 funds — to a lifetime limit of $35,000 — into the beneficiary’s Roth IRA, without incurring the usual 10% penalty for nonqualified withdrawals or generating any taxable income. The new rule went into effect January 1, 2024 and might come as a relief to any employees who worry about having excess funds stuck in a 529 should their child end up not needing the money.
Recommended: The Importance of Offering 529 Plan Contributions in an Employee Benefits Package
7. Helps to Clarify Confusing Financial Topics
Many young professionals want to buy their first home, but they don’t know how to save for a down payment or secure a mortgage. New to the workforce, they also struggle to understand financial topics they weren’t taught in school, such as income tax deductions (especially as they get married and have children), the necessity of life insurance, and wealth management and investing.
At the same time, older employees might feel overwhelmed by the financial options available to them. With educational resources and access to experts through a financial wellness program, employees can find the information they need from vetted and trusted sources. In PwC’s survey, 68% of employees said they use their employer’s financial wellness services such as coaching, workshops or online tools.
8. Protects Employees
Sometimes healthcare benefits just aren’t enough. In the event of a health emergency, employees need to be prepared for insurance deductibles and other unexpected costs. Solid financial preparations can prevent them from dipping into savings or making hardship withdrawals from 401(k) plans. Those withdrawals can not only damage their prospects for long-term financial stability, but also create administrative headaches for HR.
Providing an automated emergency savings program is fast becoming a way for employers to help provide a foundation for financial well-being for workers. These plans allow employees to make paycheck contributions to a dedicated account (possibly with a company match), and can help make your workforce more financially resilient in the face of life’s “What Ifs.”
Recommended: How Much Should Your Employees Have in Emergency Savings?
9. Enhances Your Organization’s DEI Efforts
These days, many employers of all sizes have a diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) strategy or program in place to increase inclusion in the workplace. Offering financial wellness benefits to employees is yet another way to foster a more equitable company culture.
The reason is that financial wellness benefits can help level the playing field by helping to empower minorities and underrepresented groups, who may have more financial stress and encounter more barriers to economic opportunities. Giving all employee populations access to programs that can help them buy their first homes, pay down student debt, save for emergencies, and invest for the future allows them to build wealth for generations to come.
Recommended: How to Support Your Low-Wage Workforce
10. Helps Employees Plan for Retirement
Employer-sponsored retirement plans can help to ease the financial stress that stems from retirement planning. In addition to offering a retirement plan, you might also provide education programs on planning for retirement, understanding different types of accounts available, and best places to get started based on age and goals.
In addition, you might consider instituting a 401(k) match for their student loan payments. Thanks to a provision in Secure Act 2.0 (that went into effect at the start of 2024), companies can match employees’ qualified student loan payments with contributions to their retirement accounts, including 401(k)s, 403(b)s, SIMPLE IRAs, and government 457(b) plans. With this benefit, employees won’t need to make the decision regarding whether to contribute to their 401(k)s or make student loan payments.
Recommended: How Does an HR Team Implement a Student Loan Matching or Direct Repayment Benefit?
The Takeaway
Financial stress is a major concern for today’s employees, and something a growing number of workers want their employers to help with. Providing support for financial wellness can help boost employee engagement and retention, stave off mental and physical health concerns, help your company recruit top talent, and even lead to a more inclusive and equitable workplace.
SoFi at Work can help. We provide the benefit platforms and education resources that can enhance financial wellness throughout your workforce.
Photo credit: iStock/Inside Creative House
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Mortgage rates fell late last week, and they remain low today. Average 30-year mortgage rates have generally been hovering in the 6.30% to 6.40% range this week, according to Zillow data. This is a significant drop from the start of the month, when rates were above 6.60%.
Where mortgage rates go next depends on the economy. Though the latest data suggests that the economy is slowly coming into better balance, any hotter-than-expected reports could cause rates to spike like they did in February.
As long as inflation continues to slow and the labor market doesn’t heat back up, mortgage rates should go down in 2024.
Mortgage rates have remained elevated so far this year as markets have had to adjust their expectations of when the Federal Reserve might finally start cutting the federal funds rate. Right now, investors are pricing in a nearly 60% probability that the Fed will cut this rate by 25 basis points at its June meeting, according to the CME FedWatch Tool.
This means that we could see mortgage rates inch down just ahead of the summer months. But they may not be substantially lower until we get closer to the end of the year.
Today’s mortgage rates
Mortgage type
Average rate today
This information has been provided by
Zillow. See more
mortgage rates on Zillow
Real Estate on Zillow
Today’s refinance rates
Mortgage type
Average rate today
This information has been provided by
Zillow. See more
mortgage rates on Zillow
Real Estate on Zillow
Mortgage Calculator
Use our free mortgage calculator to see how today’s interest rates will affect your monthly payments:
Mortgage Calculator
$1,161 Your estimated monthly payment
Total paid$418,177
Principal paid$275,520
Interest paid$42,657
Paying a 25% higher down payment would save you $8,916.08 on interest charges
Lowering the interest rate by 1% would save you $51,562.03
Paying an additional $500 each month would reduce the loan length by 146 months
By clicking on “More details,” you’ll also see how much you’ll pay over the entire length of your mortgage, including how much goes toward the principal vs. interest.
Mortgage Rate Projection for 2024
Mortgage rates started ticking up from historic lows in the second half of 2021 and increased dramatically in 2022 and throughout most of 2023.
Many forecasts expect rates to fall this year now that inflation has been coming down. In the last 12 months, the Consumer Price Index rose by 3.1%, a significant slowdown compared when it peaked at 9.1% in 2022. But we’ll likely need to see more slowing before rates can drop substantially.
For homeowners looking to leverage their home’s value to cover a big purchase — such as a home renovation — a home equity line of credit (HELOC) may be a good option while we wait for mortgage rates to ease. Check out some of our best HELOC lenders to start your search for the right loan for you.
A HELOC is a line of credit that lets you borrow against the equity in your home. It works similarly to a credit card in that you borrow what you need rather than getting the full amount you’re borrowing in a lump sum. It also lets you tap into the money you have in your home without replacing your entire mortgage, like you’d do with a cash-out refinance.
Current HELOC rates are relatively low compared to other loan options, including credit cards and personal loans.
When Will House Prices Come Down?
We aren’t likely to see home prices drop this year. In fact, they’ll probably rise.
Fannie Mae researchers expect prices to increase 3.20% in 2024 and 0.30% in 2025, while the Mortgage Bankers Association expects a 4.10% increase in 2024 and a 3.30% increase in 2024.
Sky high mortgage rates have pushed many hopeful buyers out of the market, slowing homebuying demand and putting downward pressure on home prices. But rates have since eased, removing some of that pressure. The current supply of homes is also historically low, which will likely push prices up.
What Happens to House Prices in a Recession?
House prices usually drop during a recession, but not always. When it does happen, it’s generally because fewer people can afford to purchase homes, and the low demand forces sellers to lower their prices.
How Much Mortgage Can I Afford?
A mortgage calculator can help you determine how much house you can afford. Play around with different home prices and down payment amounts to see how much your monthly payment could be, and think about how that fits in with your overall budget.
Typically, experts recommend spending no more than 28% of your gross monthly income on housing expenses. This means your entire monthly mortgage payment, including taxes and insurance, shouldn’t exceed 28% of your pre-tax monthly income.
The lower your rate, the more you’ll be able to borrow, so shop around and get preapproved with multiple mortgage lenders to see who can offer you the best rate. But remember not to borrow more than what your budget can comfortably handle.