I want to sell you a piece of The Best Interest. It’s $100 per share.
I also guarantee it will be worth $110 tomorrow. Yes, an instant 10% profit in just one day. The guarantee is part of my magical powers. It’s my hypothetical, after all. It’s truly zero risk.
Hopefully we all agree my offer would instantly sell out. Every $100 share would sell because the idea of a risk-free, 1-day return of 10% is too good to pass up. As Warren Buffett would say, “I’m selling a dollar for 90 cents.”
That’s demand. As in “supply and demand.” The outrageous demand for $100 shares would catch my eye. Demand demands higher prices. Would people buy them for $101? Or more? The answer is: “Of course.”
So I’d raise the price to $101, then $102, etc. At each stop, the demand for guaranteed 1-day returns (9%, 8%, or even lower) would still be high. Rinse and repeat, the demand justifies higher and higher prices. But eventually, we’d hit an equilibrium where the size of the 1-day guaranteed return would be on par with other options in the investment universe. The demand would level off, as would the appropriate price.
For example, the overnight U.S. Treasury rate is 5.33% as of this writing (that’s an annualized rate), which equates to a 0.014% return per day. If my shares of The Best Interest are guaranteed to sell for $110 tomorrow AND the guarantee (a.k.a. the risk) is on par with that of U.S. Treasury notes, then we should discount my shares down 0.014% to about $109.98 today.
The more guaranteed an investment’s return, the closer that return will resemble the US Treasury’s risk-free rate. The less guaranteed a return, the more we, as investors, need to demand a larger reward.
That’s a fundamental tenet of investing. The logic works in reverse, too: the larger the reward we seek, the less guaranteed any return will be.
US Treasury notes are the baseline. The return is guaranteed over a short timeline, with the full faith and credit of the US government. It’s considered the closest thing to a guarantee in the investment universe. Therefore, US Treasury note returns are lower than any risk-bearing asset.
When we move up the risk spectrum to stocks, we expect a larger return. But must accept more volatility and the realistic probablitity that our investment will lose money, especially over short timelines.
If stocks were as guaranteed as bonds, stocks would have the same return as bonds. We don’t want that! We want more returns. The only way we’ll get there is by stomaching more risk. That’s the risk premium.
To visualize this idea, we need to overlay the following two graphs on top of one another. More risk equates to more expected return, but also to a significantly wider range of potential outcomes, including negative outcomes.
When novice investors say, “I want high returns, but only if it’s low risk,” they ask for the impossible.
If such an investment existed—just like my initial offering of shares of The Best Interest, a guaranteed 10% overnight—hungry investors would devour it. Their demand would spike the investment’s price. That higher price would squeeze away the expected return until the investment’s risk/reward profile reached equilibrium with the rest of the investable universe.
Anyone who, for example, guarantees the returns of stocks is fundamentally mistaken. This includes J.L. Collins 🙂
We can speak in probabilities and suggest that, over long timelines, stocks will probably have strong returns. But that’s not a guarantee. There’s risk involved. And that very risk is the only reason why stocks’ probable strong returns exist in the first place! Whoa! Circular!
Risk and reward. Demand and price. These ideas are intrinsically linked, and every intelligent investor needs to understand that.
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 8000+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
Want to learn more about The Best Interest’s back story? Read here.
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When it comes to saving for retirement, you have many options to choose from. But one that you may not have considered is investing in gold—namely, a gold IRA.
A gold IRA is a simple yet innovative type of individual retirement account (IRA). Instead of the conventional holdings of stocks and bonds, it invests in precious metals, primarily gold, but also in silver and platinum.
Investing in a gold IRA presents a potential opportunity for safeguarding your savings from economic turmoil and expanding the diversity of your asset portfolio. Nevertheless, it’s important to keep in mind that a gold IRA may not be a suitable option for everyone, and a thorough evaluation of your personal financial situation is crucial before making an investment decision.
This article will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of gold IRAs and equip you with the knowledge necessary to make an informed investment choice.
What is a Gold IRA?
A gold IRA, also known as a precious metals IRA, is a type of investment vehicle that gives you the ability to hold physical gold, silver, and other valuable metals. You have the option of funding this account either with pre-taxed money or as a Roth IRA with post-tax funds.
Your savings will not be invested in stocks, bonds, or mutual funds but rather in precious metal coins or bullion, providing a tangible form of investment. The tax rules and procedures for a precious metals IRA are similar to those of any other IRA.
Investing in gold bullion and other precious metals goes beyond just IRAs. Some investors choose to purchase stocks or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in gold mining companies or precious metal funds. However, the majority of gold investors prefer to keep their investments in physical precious metals.
Types of Gold IRAs
There are three main types of gold IRAs: traditional, Roth, and SEP.
Traditional gold IRA: – Traditional gold IRAs are funded with pre-tax dollars and require you to pay income tax on withdrawals in retirement.
Roth gold IRA – Roth IRAs are funded with after-tax dollars and allow for tax-free growth and tax-free withdrawals in retirement.
SEP gold IRA – SEP IRAs are intended for self-employed or small business owners and are funded with pre-tax dollars. Contribution limits are different, and business owners can contribute on behalf of their employees.
The IRS has strict guidelines for the kinds of metals that can be included in a gold IRA. The only precious metals that can be included are gold, silver, platinum, and palladium.
Here is an overview of each of the IRS-approved precious metals, as well as the requirements for each.
1. Gold
To be eligible for inclusion in a self-directed gold IRA, gold coins or bars must adhere to stringent purity standards, with a minimum of 99.5% purity. Any gold that fails to meet this standard will be rejected.
Should the gold pass the purity test, it must be securely stored in an approved depository, which is a specialized facility specifically designed to protect precious metals.
Having a trusted and IRS-approved custodian is also a requirement, who will serve as the trustee of the IRA and oversee the safekeeping of the gold. Some of the most sought-after gold coins and bars for IRAs include:
American Gold Eagle coins
American Gold Buffalo coins
Australian Gold Kangaroo/Nugget coins
Austrian Gold Philharmonic coins
Johnson Matthey Gold bar
Valcambi Gold CombiBar
Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins
Credit Suisse Gold bars
2. Silver
The purity of silver coins must be at least 99.9% to be eligible for deposit in a gold IRA. The following is a list of silver coins and bars that meet the approval criteria for inclusion in an IRA:
American Silver Eagle coins
Australian Kookaburra Silver coins
Austrian Philharmonic Silver coins
Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins
Mexican Silver Libertad coins
Johnson Matthey Silver bar
Royal Canadian Mint Silver bar
3. Platinum
Platinum coins and bars must meet or exceed a purity standard of 99.95%. Here is a list of IRA-approved platinum bars and coins to consider:
American Eagle Platinum coins
Australian Koala Platinum coins
Canadian Maple Leaf Platinum coins
Isle of Man Noble coins
4. Palladium
And finally, palladium must meet a purity standard of 99.95% or higher. Here is a list of IRA-approved palladium bars and coins:
Canadian Palladium Maple Leaf coins
Russian Ballerina Palladium coins
Baird Palladium bars
Credit Suisse Palladium bars
If you’re interested in investing in a gold IRA, you need to be mindful of the accepted metals. While there may be other precious metal bars and coins that are sought after by collectors, they may not be eligible for investment within a gold IRA. To ensure you’re making the right investment decisions, it’s best to work with a trusted precious metals company.
To avoid any issues, make sure to double-check with your IRA company before investing in any precious metals you’re unsure about. Here’s a list of metals that are not approved for investment in a gold IRA:
Austrian Corona
Belgian Franc
British Sovereign and Britannia
Chilean Peso
Chinese Panda coins
Dutch Guilder
French 20 Franc
Hungarian Korona
Italian Lira
Mexican Peso
South African Krugerrand
Swiss Franc
Pros and Cons of Gold IRAs
Before investing in a gold IRA, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons. Here are some key factors to consider before making a decision.
Pros
Since the Financial Crisis of 2008, gold IRAs have become a popular investment option for people looking to diversify outside the stock market. Many people believe that gold is a good way to protect yourself against inflation.
And gold IRAs are not as difficult to invest in as they were in the past. Due to increased demand, there are more legitimate gold IRA companies available that will help you buy and manage your gold and precious metals investment.
Cons
One of the biggest downsides to opening a gold IRA is that the startup costs can be high. Plus, gold doesn’t pay dividends or interest, which kind of defeats the purpose of putting it in a tax-advantaged investment.
Plus, many people find it tricky to make withdrawals on gold IRAs, since gold isn’t a liquid asset.
You also need to be sure that you’re working with a reputable company that knows what they’re doing. Otherwise, it’s easy to fall victim to scam artists.
How to Get Started With a Gold IRA
Starting a gold IRA requires opening a self-directed IRA account, which offers greater flexibility in terms of investment options. You’ll be responsible for managing this retirement account, but you’ll need the assistance of a broker for buying gold and securing your assets.
When selecting a custodian, consider a bank, credit union, or brokerage firm that has been approved by a state or federal agency. You may also ask your gold dealer for recommendations on trusted brokers.
Start-Up Costs to Open a Gold IRA
Unlike traditional IRAs, a gold IRA comes with a few extra expenses. Here are some of the most significant expenses you’ll need to know about:
The markup fee: When you buy gold or precious metals, you may have to pay a markup fee. This is a one-time upfront fee, and it will vary based on the vendor you choose.
IRA setup fee: The setup fee is another one-time fee you’ll pay to set up your IRA account. Again, this will vary depending on the broker you choose. However, it will likely be more costly because not every firm deals with gold IRAs.
Custodian fees: You’ll have to pay an annual fee for the custodian who’s managing your gold IRA.
Storage fees: Your gold must be stored in a secure, approved location. For that reason, you’ll have to pay annual storage fees.
Bottom Line
If you seek to diversify your portfolio beyond the stock market, a gold IRA could be a suitable option. Precious metals like gold are often considered secure investments and can act as a safeguard against inflation.
On the other hand, other methods of asset diversification may be more economical and less cumbersome. Some people regard gold as a poor choice for a tax-deferred investment, as it does not produce income.
If you opt for a gold IRA, be sure to thoroughly research your metals dealer and custodian, to ensure the protection of your investment and to steer clear of scams.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a gold IRA a good investment?
It depends on your personal financial circumstances and investment objectives. While some view gold as a way to hedge against inflation and diversify their portfolio, others may not find value in physically investing in the precious metal. To make an informed decision, it’s crucial to thoroughly examine both the potential risks and benefits before investing in a gold IRA.
How do I set up a gold IRA?
To set up a gold IRA account, you will need to find a gold IRA company that specializes in setting up precious metals IRAs. Gold IRA companies will provide you with the necessary paperwork and guidance to open and fund your account.
Are there any restrictions on what types of gold I can hold in my IRA?
Yes, there are specific rules for the types of gold that can be held in a precious metals IRA. The gold must be at least 99.5% pure and must be in the form of coins or bars from an approved refinery or mint. Some common examples of approved gold coins include the American Gold Eagle and the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf.
What is the difference between a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, and SEP IRA?
A traditional IRA is a tax-advantaged account that allows you to contribute pre-tax dollars and potentially receive a tax deduction on your contributions.
A Roth IRA, on the other hand, is a retirement account that accepts post-tax contributions, but all qualified withdrawals, including earnings, are tax-free.
Lastly, a SEP IRA is a retirement savings plan designed for self-employed individuals and small business owners. It enables them to make tax-deductible contributions to a traditional IRA for themselves and their employees.
Diversifying your assets is one of the best ways to create a sustainable, long-term investment strategy. And one of the ways you can do this is by buying gold.
Investing in gold and other precious metals is a great way to protect yourself against inflation. It also allows you to put your money in an asset that will likely continue to retain its value.
Despite the numerous benefits of investing in gold, many individuals remain uncertain about its viability as an investment and the process for getting started. In this article, we will outline a comprehensive guide on how to buy gold in 2024.
Why should I consider investing in gold?
With growing concerns of an impending recession, investing in gold has become increasingly relevant. This precious metal boasts a multitude of advantageous features that make it a valuable asset to any well-rounded investment portfolio. Here are four reasons why investing in gold is a wise choice:
Gold protects you from inflation: If you’re investing in the stock market, there’s a lot that’s outside your control. But gold is an asset you’ll always have some level of control over, regardless of what happens on Wall Street.
It retains its value: Because gold is much harder to obtain, it retains its value much longer. And you never have to worry about it decaying or losing its structure.
Gold is a high-demand product: There are many ways to use gold, and it tends to be a product that’s in high demand. This is especially true when economic conditions are tight.
Gold is an insurance policy: While some people purchase gold because they’re hoping to make a profit. Others like the security of owning gold and keep it as insurance in case of an economic downturn. Either strategy is an equally valid reason for gold investments.
How do I start investing in gold?
So now that you understand why gold is a good investment, it’s essential to know how to buy and sell gold, so you can get started. Listed below are five steps to make sure you get started on the right path.
Step 1: Decide What Type of Gold You Want to Buy
Start by deciding what kind of gold you would like to purchase. Each product will require a slightly different purchasing strategy, so you need to be clear on this right from the start.
Here are the main types of gold most people choose to invest in:
Gold bullion: When people think of owning physical gold, gold bullion is what usually comes to mind. It is a form of pure gold certified for weight and purity, typically in the form of bars.
Gold coins: A popular option for investors, gold bullion coins are easy to store due to their small size. They can be bought at a premium price and are readily available from reputable dealers.
Gold ETFs: For those not interested in directly owning gold, gold-based exchange-traded funds (ETFs) offer a convenient and cost-effective alternative. These shares can be bought and sold like stocks and are backed by a portfolio of gold-based securities.
Gold mutual funds: These mutual funds invest in companies involved in gold production, mining, and exploration. They may also invest in gold bullion, certificates, and derivatives.
Gold futures contracts: Gold futures are a type of futures contract allowing investors to buy or sell a specified amount of gold at a predetermined price and date in the future. They are best for experienced investors.
Gold jewelry: Accounting for 49% of global gold production, jewelry is a common form of gold ownership. However, it may not be the most profitable strategy, as retail jewelry prices come with substantial markups. Estate sales and auctions may offer better deals but require more time.
Gold mining stocks: With gold mining stocks, investors own a share in a gold mining company instead of the actual gold. These companies are large, global enterprises involved in the extraction and processing of gold ore. Investing in gold mining stocks is another way to profit from rising gold prices.
Gold IRAs: Similar to traditional retirement accounts, gold IRAs are backed by gold and other precious metals like silver, platinum, and palladium. They offer a unique investment opportunity for those looking to diversify their retirement portfolio. Here’s a list of the best gold IRA companies of 2024.
Step 2: Learn How Gold Prices Work
Before investing in gold, it’s essential to understand how gold prices work. The gold spot price, which reflects the cost of one ounce of gold, can fluctuate considerably based on market demand.
To ensure that you make wise investment decisions, research the market and stay up to date with its trends. In doing so, you’ll be poised to make the most of the opportunities presented by decreases in gold prices.
Step 3: Find a Trusted Seller
When investing in gold, you need to choose a trustworthy dealer. While purchasing gold online is convenient, be sure to exercise caution to avoid falling victim to scams.
To ensure that you purchase gold bullion or coins from a reputable source, consider consulting the U.S. Mint for a list of gold dealers in your area.
Once you have identified a potential dealer, make sure you evaluate their credibility. Gather information about their reputation through customer reviews and the Better Business Bureau.
It’s also a good idea to research the dealer’s buyback policies. Obtain a written copy of these policies and keep them in a safe place for future reference.
Step 4: Buy Physical Gold that You Can Sell
If you buy gold that is in demand, it will be easier when selling it at a later time. Stick to the most familiar gold coins and gold bars.
Gold Coins
The following are the most popular gold coins:
American Gold Eagle
Austrian Philharmonic
British Britannia
Canadian Maple Leaf
South African Krugerrand
Gold Bars
The most popular gold bullion bars include:
Credit Suisse
Perth Mint
Valcambi
Englehard
Johnson Matthey
PAMP Suisse
Step 5: Decide How You’ll Store the Gold
Finally, make sure you have a plan in place for storing your physical gold. Sticking several gold bars under your bed probably isn’t the wisest strategy. This puts you at greater risk of having your investment stolen.
Your best bet to store physical gold bars and coins is likely to purchase a safe for your home. You can also use a safe deposit box at a bank or rent a secure storage facility.
Conclusion
Investing in gold can be a rewarding journey, but only if you approach it with caution and foresight. First, decide the type of gold that aligns with your investment objectives, whether it be coins or bars, and make sure to source from a reputable dealer.
Additionally, consider the practical aspects of your investment strategy. For instance, if you opt for gold bars, consider the storage and security of your precious metal, and how you plan to sell it in the future. Gold bars can’t be easily divided, so take that into account.
Furthermore, you’ll need to factor in the rate of return on your gold investment. Ensure that the gold you purchase will not only keep pace with, but also surpass inflation, or you may end up with a loss in the long run.
And finally, avoid the common mistake of putting all your eggs in one basket, especially when it comes to gold investment. While gold and precious metals can be a lucrative component of your investment portfolio, they should never make up your entire investment strategy.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is gold a good investment?
Gold is a unique asset that doesn’t provide regular income in the form of cash flow, unlike other investments. However, owning gold can still have many advantages for your overall investment portfolio.
By including gold in your asset mix, you can diversify your investments and reduce your overall risk exposure. This is particularly important during times of economic uncertainty, such as a recession.
When other investments may perform poorly, gold has historically held its value, helping to protect and stabilize your wealth. This characteristic of gold makes it a useful tool for managing risk and preserving your wealth over the long term.
What is the best way to buy gold?
Acquiring gold can be a smart investment choice, but it’s essential to choose the right seller. Reputable sources include banks, investment firms, and online gold retailers.
To ensure you make a wise decision, do your due diligence and find a dealer with a good reputation, competitive pricing, and dependable customer support.
Furthermore, being aware of the current spot price of gold and market trends is crucial to making an informed purchase. Ultimately, the best form of gold to buy is the one that aligns with your investment objectives and needs.
How much gold should I buy?
Experts generally suggest investing 5% to 10% of your portfolio in gold. During economic downturns and periods of high inflation, some recommend allocating a larger portion.
The ultimate decision on how much to invest in gold should be based on personal financial objectives, comfort with risk, and available funds. As a diversification tool and a hedge against market instability, gold is a consideration worth making.
How much does gold cost per ounce?
Gold can experience significant price swings due to a multitude of factors. These include the ebb and flow of supply and demand, the fluctuation of currency exchange rates, and the instability of political climates.
The value of gold is expressed in U.S. Dollars and is most commonly reported in troy ounces, a unit equivalent to 31.1 grams. As of this writing, gold is priced at around $1875.00 per ounce.
What is the safest way to store gold?
For the ultimate protection of your gold investments, consider utilizing a secure depository, a bank safe deposit box, or an at-home safe.
Depositories provide comprehensive security and insurance coverage. They are an excellent option for safeguarding valuable assets.
Safe deposit boxes, located within banks, offer added protection with key-controlled access. An at-home safe, properly installed and maintained, can also provide a secure storage solution.
If you’ve been contributing to a 401(k) or employer-sponsored retirement account for several years but are now leaving your job, you may be wondering what to do with your retirement account. Do you cash out your nest egg and let the money sit in a bank account until you retire?
It may be tempting to have unrestricted access to a lump sum of cash. But unfortunately, holding your retirement in a bank account could cost you a fortune. Furthermore, the small returns generated won’t keep up with inflation and your nest egg will actually lose value.
A more suitable option: a rollover IRA. Keep reading to learn how they work, along with key benefits and how to initiate an IRA rollover.
What is a Rollover IRA?
In a nutshell, a rollover IRA is an account that is designed specifically to hold funds transferred from employer-sponsored retirement plans, including 401(k), 403(b), profit-sharing and Keogh plans.
The purpose of a rollover IRA is to keep the tax-deferred status of those assets. Rollover IRAs also offer several distinct benefits.
What are the benefits of a Rollover IRA?
When you cash out or take distributions from retirement plans, two things happen. For starters, the funds are subject to taxation and the tax deferral benefit goes out the window. And if you haven’t yet reached 59 ½, you’ll also incur a 10% early withdrawal penalty.
However, an IRA rollover allows you to avoid taxation as long as you transfer the funds properly. Even better, you’ll also escape the 10% penalty.
Other benefits:
It’s free. You read that correctly. That are no fees to open a rollover IRA and transfer the funds from your 401(k) or other employer-sponsored plans into the new account.
Low fees. You may have to pay minimal fees to cover brokerage commissions and fund expenses associated with transactions. But there are financial entities, like Schwab, that offer rollover IRAs devoid of annual or maintenance fees.
No rollover limits. Fortunately, you’re allowed to roll over all the funds in your retirement account, regardless of the amount, without incurring a penalty.
Flexible investment options. Most 401(k) plans only allow you to select from a limited pool of assets, typically in the form of mutual funds, to build your portfolio. But with a rollover IRA, you’ll be afforded the opportunity to choose from an array of assets, including stocks, ETFs, and bonds, just to name a few.
Funds can be transferred to a new employer’s plan. If you find employment elsewhere, and they offer a qualifying retirement plan, you will be able to transfer the funds from the rollover IRA to their plan if you choose to. You also have the option to leave the funds where they are.
How to Roll Over a 401K to an IRA
Direct Rollover
To ensure the funds from your 401(k) or other employer-sponsored plan are moved seamlessly, a direct transfer is the preferred option. Selecting this option also minimizes the chances of an error occurring with the transfer. You’ll also avoid having to pay taxes on your nest egg and incurring early withdrawal penalties.
Even better, it’s easy to execute direct transfers. As all you need to do is contact your former employer and request that they transfer the funds to the entity that the rollover IRA will be housed. Expect to complete paperwork on both the sending and receiving end, but it shouldn’t take too much of your time. And once you’ve done your part, the direct transfer of funds will be completed in a brief window of time.
Indirect Rollover
If you prefer to set up the new account on your own, you have the option to do what’s referred to as an indirect rollover. Rather than having your former employer send the funds directly to the new entity that will manage the rollover IRA, you’ll need to obtain the funds via check and set up the account yourself.
Another important consideration: with direct transfers, your employer usually won’t deduct income tax before sending the funds to the company in charge of managing the rollover IRA. But if you take the indirect rollover route, there’s a chance they will, to the tune of 20%.
This means you could find yourself paying this amount out of pocket to avoid incurring additional penalties and fees when opening up a new account. Even worse, you won’t be eligible to recoup the funds until you file your annual tax return.
You should also know that you have 60 days to do so, or you’ll be on the hook for federal income tax and a 10% early withdrawal fee (if you aren’t yet 59 ½ years of age or older). To give yourself the best possible chance of avoiding any issues, promptly deposit the funds and notate your rollover IRA account number on the check.
Furthermore, follow up regularly until the funds are posted to your account, and you’ve confirmed the account is all set.
Other Important Considerations
Annual Rollover Limits: In most instances, you are limited to one rollover per year.
Roth IRAs: If you’re interested in a Roth IRA, you have the option to convert the proceeds from the rollover IRA. However, you will have to pay taxes right away, as Roth IRAs are comprised of post-tax contributions and distributions are tax-free.
See also: What’s the Difference Between a Traditional IRA & a Roth IRA?
Bottom Line
Rollover IRAs are an ideal way to avoid taxation and penalties when you leave your employer and are no longer eligible to participate in their retirement plan. But, if you’re uncertain if your plan is eligible for a rollover IRA, inquire with your plan administrator to determine what options are available to you. You can also view IRS Topic Number 413 for additional guidance.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why would I want to roll over my retirement account?
There are several reasons why you might want to roll over your retirement account. For example, you may want to move your money to a new IRA with lower fees, better investment options, or more flexibility.
Can I roll over any type of retirement account into a rollover IRA?
Yes, you can roll over most types of retirement accounts into a rollover IRA, including 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and traditional IRAs.
How do I choose the right rollover IRA provider?
When choosing a rollover IRA provider, you should consider factors such as fees, investment options, customer service, and the provider’s reputation. You may also want to consider whether the provider offers any additional services, such as financial planning or investment advice.
Ready to make your money work for you? Before you jump in and start investing, take the time to learn about brokerage accounts first. After all, in most cases, a brokerage account is the best way to actively manage your investments.
To help you make an informed decision and open a brokerage account, we’ve compiled a comprehensive guide covering everything from fees to plan for your investments. So, take a few moments to equip yourself with all the answers to your burning investment questions, and you’ll be on your way to financial freedom!
How does a brokerage account work?
A brokerage account allows you to purchase and sell stocks and funds through a digital platform. You can generally deposit funds with cash or check and pay a pre-defined commission to your broker.
The fee you pay fluctuates according to the service you get and the level of automation provided by your chosen platform. Unlike a savings account where you gain a consistent interest rate on your deposits, a brokerage account earns (or sustains losses) depending on the performance of your chosen investments.
Although there is more risk involved, you are likely to reap higher profits than a low-interest savings account. However, if you have a strong appetite for risk, particularly if you are aiming for long-term investment, then considering a brokerage account as part of your savings portfolio might be viable.
Check Out Our Top Picks for 2024:
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Types of Brokerage Accounts
When it comes to investing, there are a variety of brokerage accounts available to select from, each tailored to suit your individual investment objectives and risk appetite. Some common types of brokerage accounts include:
Individual brokerage account: An individual brokerage account is a standard taxable account that is held in the name of a single investor, allowing them to purchase and sell securities such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs.
Joint brokerage account: For those who wish to invest together, a joint brokerage account is an option, held in the names of two or more individuals, such as married couples or business partners.
Retirement account: Retirement accounts are specifically tailored to helping investors save for retirement, offering certain tax advantages that can help their savings grow in the long term, including traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, SEP IRAs, and 401(k)s.
Trust account: Trust accounts are also available, set up to hold assets for a third party, like a minor or estate beneficiary. These can be revocable or irrevocable trusts.
Business brokerage account: Business brokerage accounts are set up to buy and sell securities on behalf of a business, such as a small business or startup looking to invest their cash reserves or raise capital.
Custodial account: Custodial accounts are designed for minors, often set up by a parent or guardian to save for a child’s education or other expenses, such as a 529 savings plan.
What can you invest in with a brokerage account?
There are actually a wide variety of options available. You may want to pick one type to start with, or you could choose several to diversify your portfolio. Perhaps the most familiar type of investment is a common stock, in which you essentially purchase shares of a specific company.
If you work for a large public company, you might receive shares as part of your compensation package. Or you can choose from any of the companies listed in the stock market, ranging from behemoths like Facebook to successful small niche companies. On top of common stocks, you can also add the following to your brokerage account:
Preferred stocks
Corporate or sovereign bonds
Real estate investment trusts (REITs)
Stock options
Certificates of deposit (CDs)
Money market accounts (MMAs)
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)
Mutual funds
Master limited partnerships (MLPs)
What should you consider when picking an online broker?
When opening an online brokerage account, the first thing to consider is whether you want a full-service or discount broker. Full-service brokerage accounts invariably comes with higher fees. But the upside is that you get a financial advisor who is dedicated to your investment account. You can discuss your financial situation and future monetary goals with your financial advisor and build an ongoing relationship.
With a managed brokerage account, financial advisors perform trades for you based on your financial goals and risk appetite. If you have questions or concerns, you can directly communicate with your broker by phone, email, or even an in-person meeting. You’re likely to pay commissions that are higher than those of a discount broker, but you have access to a seasoned professional at all times.
Discount Brokerage Firms
Discount brokerage firms, on the other hand, typically operate solely online. You execute all of your own trades in a truly do-it-yourself fashion. The advantage is that you can save lots of money. The disadvantage is that you have to rely solely on your own market research to develop your portfolio, and can cost yourself money by making mistakes out of sheer inexperience.
Still, if you want to be hands-on with your investments, online discount brokers make the stock market accessible — and affordable — in a way it has never been before. Here are a few other things to think about when choosing your brokerage firm.
Costs
There are typically two types of costs associated with an online brokerage account. The first is a commission fee, which can range anywhere between $5 and $10 for each trade you make. These fees usually apply to stocks and options, and sometimes ETFs, plus transaction fees for mutual funds.
Trading Fees
However, some online brokerage accounts offer fee-free trades for ETFs and mutual funds. If either of those is a large part of your investment strategy, you may benefit from choosing a brokerage that doesn’t charge any fees for those.
Brokerage Account Fees
The second cost you’ll come across is various potential account fees. These can include an annual fee for maintaining your brokerage account, inactivity fees, and research and data fees for information provided by your broker.
Withdrawal & Transfer Fees
You may also incur fees for withdrawing or transferring your funds. Think about how often you plan to trade and what resources you want access to when assessing the value of these fees at different companies. If your annual fee is high, but you’ll save money on lower trading fees, it might be worth it.
Similarly, if you don’t intend to trade very frequently, you might want to find a brokerage firm with low or no inactivity fees. Be sure to do a full review of all costs involved to make sure you get the best value across the board for your specific needs. Otherwise, your trades could end up costing you money over time, rather than earning you money.
Account Balance
Another factor to consider when choosing a brokerage account is how much money you initially plan to invest. Some online brokerages have a minimum amount just to get started, often requiring at least a few thousand dollars. Others don’t have any minimum requirements. In either case, you may notice varying fees depending on how much you invest.
For example, you may receive a discount by meeting a certain deposit threshold. In those cases, it also means you’ll end up paying more if you have a lower account balance. Carefully consider how much you intend to invest and where you receive the best perks for that amount.
Customer Service
In addition to research and data made available online (and often resulting in fees), consider what type of personal service you receive. Would you like an annual check-in with a real financial advisor? Do you prefer 24/7 email or chat support? Or do you need something more hands-on?
Just as the level of service varies between full-service brokers and discount brokers, you’ll see a difference even among different online brokers. Pay attention to your needs, and don’t be afraid to change your brokerage account further down the road if you feel you need more or less attention.
Cash Account vs. Margin Account
Yet another breakdown in types of brokerage accounts is a cash account versus a margin account. So, what’s the difference? A cash account is extremely straightforward: you simply trade with the exact amount of funds currently available in your account. This can be relatively restrictive for a couple of different reasons.
First, cash used to purchase new stocks must be settled in your brokerage account, so if a previous transaction is still pending, you can’t use that money for a new trade. Second, you can’t make any withdrawals from a cash account until the money is fully settled.
Trading on Margin
A margin account essentially allows you to borrow money from your brokerage firm to cover short-term capital needs. The advantage is that it gives you a bit more flexibility in making time-sensitive trades.
One of the disadvantages is that you’ll have to pay a margin rate, which serves as interest on the short-term loan. Additionally, you may need to place a higher account minimum to compensate for the risk of the broker potentially losing money.
You can potentially qualify for a lower margin rate by permitting rehypothecation, which allows brokerage firms to reuse your collateral for their own purposes. Clearly, this brings additional risk to your portfolio.
If you’re a beginning investor, it’s probably wise to stick to straightforward cash trading. As you become more comfortable and active with the trading process, you can begin exploring the intricacies of margin trading with your broker.
How to Open a Brokerage Account
Opening a brokerage account isn’t terribly difficult and just requires a few pieces of personal information and, of course, money. When you’re ready to get started, gather basic materials such as your Social Security number or tax ID number, driver’s license, date of birth, and contact information.
You’ll also need employment and income information, including your employer, annual income (usually submitted using a W9 form), and your net worth. Assuming this information is easy for you to pull together, the process is both quick and easy, especially if you opt to open a brokerage account online.
You’ll also need cash to open a brokerage account. You cannot use a credit card to deposit funds. Instead, you’ll likely need to perform an electronic funds transfer from your bank account.
Keep a paper check on hand to facilitate the transfer. This process can take anywhere between a few days and a week so that the money can be verified. Once the funds hit your brokerage account, you can get started trading!
Should you use a brokerage account for retirement funds?
This is a very personal question which depends upon your retirement savings goals. First, it’s critical to take advantage of any employer-sponsored retirement accounts like a 401(k), especially if you receive a company match for your contributions. Then, consider contributing to a tax-advantaged retirement account like a Roth IRA.
There are limits on how much you can contribute each year, but you do both to enjoy different tax advantages. For example, a traditional IRA is not taxed until you begin withdrawing, making your annual contributions tax-deductible. Roth IRA contributions, on the other hand, are taxed when you make them.
The upside is that you don’t pay taxes when you start to withdraw, potentially saving you money during your retirement. If you’ve maxed out an appropriate amount of these account types, you might consider supplementing your retirement savings with a brokerage account.
Before you do, consider a few things. First, the earnings you make on selling investments are taxable, usually as capital gains tax. You’ll also want to review the amount of risk in your portfolio as you approach retirement age. Remember to review your holdings regularly, especially if you’re not a frequent trader.
Getting Started
With so many options available for brokerage accounts today, investing is more accessible — and affordable — than ever before. If you’re just beginning to get your feet wet, start by investing just a small amount of money to help you learn through rookie mistakes. Then you can grow into more sophisticated trading methods as you learn the full potential of your brokerage account.
Alternatively, you can switch to a more service-oriented account to take the day-to-day trading out of your hands. The options are quite limitless when it comes to managing a brokerage account.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are brokerage accounts insured?
The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) offers insurance for cash and securities held in a brokerage account should the brokerage fail, though this coverage only extends to the custodial function of the brokerage. Unfortunately, it does not extend to losses resulting from inadequate investment decisions or drops in the value of investments.
In addition, SIPC guarantees up to $500,000 per customer, with a $250,000 cap on cash. However, keep in mind that SIPC insurance does not shield against market losses or other dangers associated with investing.
Which brokerage account is the most suitable for beginners?
When selecting a brokerage account as a novice investor, there are a host of factors to consider, including the kind of investment products you have your eye on, fees and commissions, user-friendliness, and customer service. Here are some of the options you may want to think about:
Robinhood: For those wishing to begin investing without incurring too many costs, Robinhood may be a good choice; it offers commission-free trading for numerous popular stocks and ETFs. However, it should be noted that Robinhood does not provide the same features as more traditional brokerage firms, such as access to research and investment advice.
E*TRADE: E*TRADE is a much-revered brokerage firm that provides a vast selection of investment products, including stocks, ETFs, mutual funds, and options. The platform also provides access to educational materials and investment guidance, as well as a navigable platform with a wide range of tools and resources for rookies. That being said, E*TRADE does impose commissions on some trades and, as such, may not be suitable for those looking to make numerous trades.
Charles Schwab: Charles Schwab is yet another highly regarded brokerage firm that offers various investment products and a user-friendly platform, and it boasts a plethora of resources and tools for novice investors, such as educational materials and investment guidance. Although it does charge commissions for certain trades, Charles Schwab does offer commission-free trading for certain ETFs.
At the end of the day, the best brokerage account for a beginner depends on their individual needs and objectives. Hence, it is advisable to shop around and compare the fees, commissions, and features of different brokerage firms before choosing.
How old do you have to be to open a brokerage account?
In the United States, you must be at least 18 to open a brokerage account in your own name. However, some brokerage firms may require a Social Security number or tax identification number to proceed.
If this applies to you, and you are under 18, it may still be possible to open an account with the help of a parent or guardian. A few brokerage firms offer custodial accounts, which are held in the name of minors, but managed by adults.
How much do you need to open a brokerage account?
The amount of capital required to start a brokerage account differs depending on the broker and type of account. Some brokers may require a minimum of $500 or $1,000 to open a regular account, while others may not have any minimum balance requirement. It all depends on the institution and the account you select.
What is a taxable brokerage account?
A taxable brokerage account is a type of investment account funded with after-tax dollars, meaning the money you put in has already been taxed at your marginal tax rate. Capital gains tax is typically assessed on the profits you make when you sell an asset for more than you paid for it, and is based on how long you hold the asset.
If held for a year or less, short-term capital gains are taxed at your ordinary income tax rate; if held for more than a year, the profits are considered long-term capital gains and are taxed at a lower rate.
Additionally, any dividends or interest earned from your investments in the account are considered taxable income, and must be reported and taxed accordingly. To ensure you make the most informed decisions and minimize your tax liability, consult a financial professional or tax advisor before investing.
Options trading offers a complex yet potentially rewarding approach to the stock market, allowing investors to buy or sell assets at predetermined prices within specific time frames. Unlike direct stock purchases, these contracts grant the right without obligating the transaction, providing a strategic tool for managing investment risks and capitalizing on market predictions.
This guide will explore the fundamentals of options trading, including the differences between call and put options, the process of getting approved for trading, and strategies for minimizing risks while maximizing returns.
What is an option?
An option is a contract that grants you the option buyer, the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a particular asset at a set price on a particular date or within a select window of time.
It’s also classified as a derivative, with the associated value directly linked to the underlying asset. This price point is also known as the strike or exercise price, and the expiration date specifies when the contract terminates.
But how does this benefit investors? Well, it’s a cost-efficient way to manage risk because you’re only investing in the opportunity to purchase shares at another date, and not the stock itself. Options also allow you to sell your existing shares at a set price if the market tanks to limit your losses.
How does options trading work?
However, it’s a bit more complex than simply buying and selling shares. In essence, options traders are taking a gamble on the direction they think the stock price will go in. That way, they won’t have to buy or short the actual stock when they think the market is going to skyrocket or dip.
Furthermore, there’s a relatively extensive process to get approved as an options trader. You’ll also need to open a brokerage account and maintain a set amount of reserves to remain in good standing as an investor.
And should you decide not to exercise the option, you’re free to walk away with no strings attached. You can also rake in a little more cash by selling the option, or options contract, to an investor who’s interested.
Benefits of Trading Options
There are several benefits to trading options, including:
Flexibility: Options can be used to hedge against potential losses in other investments, or to generate income through the writing of options.
Leverage: Because options allow traders to control a large amount of underlying assets for a relatively small investment, they offer significant leverage.
Limited risk: The potential loss on an options trade is limited to the premium paid for the option.
Customization: Options can be customized to meet the specific needs and objectives of the trader.
Liquidity: Options are traded on organized exchanges, making it easy to buy and sell them.
Versatility: Options can be used in a variety of market conditions, including bearish, bullish, and neutral markets.
Types of Options
Still sold on the idea of trading options? There are two types to choose from:
Call Options: these are deposit rights to purchase the stock at a later date. If the call option is not exercised before the expiration date, you lose your investment in the option and the right to purchase the underlying stock at the strike price.
Put Options: these are premiums paid to hedge against the risk of a market downturn. They are similar to an insurance policy that protects your investment. If the price of the underlying stock plummets, you will still have your right to sell a set number of shares at the exercise price. But if the market stays intact or swings upward and you decide not to sell, your premium is lost.
You should also know that call and put holders are owners of options contracts. They absorb minimal risk as there’s no obligation to buy or sell, regardless of market performance. Instead, they are free to exercise the option when they see fit.
By contrast, call and put writers are sellers of options contracts. Unfortunately, they’re exposed to more risk because they must follow through on their promise to buy or sell if the holder exercises their option.
Options Pricing
Options pricing refers to the process of determining the value of an options contract. There are several factors that can impact the price of an options contract. These include the underlying asset’s price, the option’s strike price, the time remaining until the option’s expiration date, the option’s implied volatility, and the risk-free interest rate.
One of the most widely used methods for calculating the price of an option is the Black-Scholes model. This model takes into account the aforementioned factors to determine the theoretical value of an options contract. Other methods for pricing options include the binomial model and the Monte Carlo simulation.
Keep in mind that the price of an options contract can fluctuate significantly over time, and may be affected by a variety of market conditions. Therefore, options traders should carefully consider the potential risks and rewards of their trades and use appropriate risk management strategies.
Risks and Rewards of Options Trading
Options trading can be a complex and risky endeavor, but it can also provide the opportunity for significant profits. It’s essential for investors to understand the potential risks and rewards involved to make informed decisions and manage risk effectively.
One way to minimize risk when trading options is to use investment strategies like spreading. This involves buying and selling options at different strike prices and expiration dates to offset potential losses.
Another investment strategy is to use stop-loss orders. They allow you to set a certain price at which your trade will be automatically closed to prevent further losses.
Additionally, you should diversify your portfolio and not rely too heavily on options trading. That way, if one trade doesn’t work out, you won’t be left with all your eggs in one basket.
Investors can maximize their profits and minimize risks by understanding options trading and implementing risk management strategies.
Getting Started with Options Trading
Getting started with options trading requires more than a simple phone call to a broker or an online purchase. It demands a proactive approach and thoughtful preparation to set the stage for your trading activities.
Step 1: Select a Brokerage Firm
Like it or not, you’ll have to work with a brokerage firm to get screened and cleared to trade options. But don’t just settle for the first broker you find. Shop around and carefully analyze your options before making a decision. Remember, they’ll be evaluating your experience, so you should do the same.
Do a little research to determine if they’ll be a good fit. Pay attention to consumer reviews, services they offer, costs or commissions structure, account minimums, and educational resources they offer, just to name a few.
Furthermore, inquire about educational resources, including self-guided online courses and webinars, along with telephone, virtual, and live support designed to help you identify and understand the most strategic routes when trading options.
Finally, feel free to ask questions as they arise to ensure you have all the information you need to make a well-informed decision. The more access you have to support staff, the better.
Remember, it’s your hard-earned money that will be used to buy options, so you want to make sure you derive the greatest benefit in exchange for your investment.
Step 2: Get Screened
Once you’ve selected a brokerage firm, the next step is to get screened. This is a prerequisite to being assigned a trading level. Before screening can begin, the broker will want to get an understanding of your investment goals and which types of options you’re most interested in. They will also inquire about your trading experience and will request additional information about your finances.
Your information will be compiled by the broker and analyzed to determine the optimal trading level. Levels range from 1 to 5 and will dictate the types of transactions you’re able to engage in.
Furthermore, you’ll need to maintain a minimum balance of $2,000 in your account at all times, per industry requirements. Additionally, purchasing a call option may mandate a margin account or line of credit to serve as security. Check with the brokerage firm to confirm minimum reserves and additional details regarding margin accounts.
Step 3: Start Trading Options
Now that you’re in the clear, you have to use your knowledge and judgment to make some critical choices that can boost or dent your wallet. Some important considerations:
How you think the stock will perform – Anticipating an increase in price? A call option is best as it allows you to turn a profit if the price surpasses the strike price within the window of time allotted by the option, and. In this case, you will be in the money. But if the market price drops below the strike price, you’ll be out of the money.
By contrast, if you already own shares and are expecting a dip in the price, you would purchase a put option. You’ll be in the money if the market price drops below the strike price, and out of the money if the market price ends up exceeding the strike price.
The length of the option – Stock options are only valid for a set period of time. Some options last for several days or months, while others span several years.
Optimal strike price – It’s difficult to determine where the stock price will end up, so you’ll have to make an educated guess regarding the strike price before purchasing an option.
Thinking the price of a share currently trading for $50 will increase to $75? Let’s assume you purchase a call option with a strike price below $75. (You want a call option that leaves a little wiggle room to account for the cost of the option). If the share price exceeds the strike price, you will be in the money or turn a profit.
Now assume you owned these shares and expected the share price to drop to $25? By purchasing a put option with a strike price that is above $25 and accounts for the cost of the option, you’ll be in the money if the price does drop below this point.
Bottom Line
Options trading is a sophisticated tool for seasoned investors, offering strategic depth to portfolio management. However, it’s not the sole method to mitigate risk or seek returns. Stock trading presents a more accessible alternative, with its direct approach and fewer entry barriers.
While options can leverage market movements and offer protection, they demand a solid grasp of market intricacies. In contrast, stock trading provides a straightforward path to investment growth. Choosing between them depends on your risk tolerance, investment goals, and willingness to explore market complexities.
Personal Capital is a client-centric robo-advisor offering investment and wealth management services. The company distinguishes itself from the competition by combining automation with personal service. With over 2.7 million users, Personal Capital currently holds $16 billion in assets under management.
Unlike many financial apps designed to make investing more accessible, Personal Capital is a robo-advisor for those who already have some established wealth. They’ve gone back and forth on the minimum investment required, which is now set at $100,000.
Get started with Personal Capital
on Personal Capital’s secure website
Its goal is to provide a more transparent and affordable investment platform. However, its wealth management service does target clients with larger assets, with higher fees being assessed with the fewer assets you let the company manage.
In this Personal Capital review, we’ll get into the specifics shortly, but the upside to potentially paying higher fees is the access you get to financial advisors to help with your investment strategy.
The company utilizes five principles for investing:
the modern portfolio theory
personalized asset allocation
tax optimization
equal sector and style weighting
disciplined rebalancing
No matter how much in assets you’re looking to invest, consider Personal Capital if you prefer a hands-on experience or if you have a large portfolio to open or transfer. Either way, we’ll take you step-by-step through the different types of accounts you can have with Personal Capital, as well as the fees you’ll pay at different asset levels.
You’ll also learn about the special features that make Personal Capital unique, including financial tools and expertise. If you’re looking for an online advisor for any or all of your wealth management, see if Personal Capital is right for you.
Available Plans at Personal Capital
There are three different plans available at Personal Capital, which are divided up based on the amount of investable assets you have. If you know how much you’d like to invest, find the correct category to learn about the benefits and services you’d receive from Personal Capital. Then keep reading to learn more about the fee structure.
Investment Service Plan
The first plan is targeted for those with up to $200,000 in assets to be invested. Services include access to a financial advisory team, a tax-efficient ETF portfolio, dynamic tactical weighting, 401k advice, and cash flow & spending insights.
You’ll also get to use Personal Capital’s free wealth management tools. You do, however, need a minimum of $100,000 to get started investing with Personal Capital.
Wealth Management Plan
The next option is the Wealth Management plan, for those with investable assets between $200,000 and $1 million. You get access to all the benefits from the Investment Service plan, plus several others.
The Wealth Management service includes two dedicated financial advisors, customizable stocks and ETFs, a full financial and retirement plan, college savings and 529 planning, tax-loss harvesting and tax location, and financial decisions support.
The financial decisions support refers to help with insurance, home financing, stock options, and compensation. Also, note while your financial advisors can help you plan for investment accounts like a 401k for retirement or a 529 for college savings, Personal Capital doesn’t actually offer these accounts.
Private Client Plan
If you invest more than $1 million, you qualify for the Private Client Plan. Again, you receive all the perks of the previous two plans, in addition to several more.
To begin, you’ll get priority access to CFP, financial advisors, investment committee, and support, plus an investment portfolio mix of ETFs, individual stocks, and individual bonds (in certain situations).
You also receive family tiered billing; private banking services; estate, tax, and legacy portfolio construction; and donor-advised funds. Personal Capital also offers private clients a private equity and hedge fund review, deferred compensation strategy, as well as estate attorney and CPA collaboration.
Get started with Personal Capital
on Personal Capital’s secure website
Fee Structure and Accounts
The more money you invest through Personal Capital, the more money you’ll save in fees. If you invest up to $1 million, your fee comes to 0.89% of the assets being managed. If you invest more than $1 million, your first $3 million in assets are only charged a 0.79% fee. Then, your next $2 million is charged 0.69%.
The $5 million after that are charged 0.59% and the next $10 million are charged 0.49%. However, there aren’t any charged beyond the account management fees, so you don’t have to worry about annual, transfer, or closing fees.
So what types of investment accounts are supported through Personal Capital? There are many: both individual and joint non-retirement counts; Roth, traditional, SEP, and rollover IRAs; and trusts.
Through your Personal Capital investments, you can expect a healthy range in your portfolio. For example, when buying U.S. equities, they buy a diversified sample of at least 70 individual stocks that epitomize their tactical weighting approach and optimize your account for tax purposes.
Personal Capital also only purchases liquid securities, so that if you ever need to access cash quickly, you can receive funds within a settlement period of just one to three days.
Funds are held by Pershing Advisor Solutions, a Bank of New York Mellon Company. It is one of the largest U.S. custodians and currently holds more than a trillion dollars in global client assets.
Tax Optimization Strategies
Personal Capital uses several techniques and strategies to ensure clients are optimizing their taxes on investments. First, they entirely avoid mutual funds, which they regard as inefficient for tax purposes. Their asset location is personalized whether you have taxable accounts or retirement accounts.
For example, Personal Capital typically places high-yielding accounts and fixed income into a tax-deferred or exempt account. REITs are also generally placed in a retirement account because they pay nonqualified dividends.
Finally, Personal Capital utilizes tax-loss harvesting, meaning they use individual securities that realize losses and can, therefore, offset gains or provide a tax deduction.
Special Features
You can take advantage of some of Personal Capital’s online resources without even becoming a client. Just by creating a Personal Capital account, you can link all of your financial accounts for an investment checkup.
The program analyzes your bank accounts, credit cards, and investments to create recommendations on your asset allocations. You can then choose whether to make those adjustments to your investments.
Additionally, you can check holistically on how your investments are performing by considering how much you’re charged in fees. You can do this in one of two ways.
The first is through the Mutual Fund Analyzer, which you can compare performance (with fees) against the broader markets. Then you can use the general Fee Analyzer to see what you’re being charged on your non-taxable retirement accounts.
You can also use Personal Capital for a budget check-up that analyzes your saving and spending. You can even incorporate their Retirement Planner for long-term savings projections.
You’ll be provided with several scenarios, including best-case, worst-case, and most likely. It gives you a good idea of what you could potentially expect when you’re finally ready to retire.
All of these features run through the Personal Capital financial dashboard, so you can get a holistic view of your entire financial picture. You can use them on their mobile app or website.
Some of their investment management tools include a 401(k) Analyzer, Retirement Planner, Investment Checkup, Net Worth Calculator. Moreover, you still have the ability to contact a personal financial advisor.
As we mentioned earlier, Personal Capital implements five distinct strategies for investing. Learn a bit more about each one to get a better grasp of how your money would be managed by this advisor.
Modern Portfolio Theory
The prime directive here is to create an efficient portfolio for clients while yielding the highest possible return for the lowest possible risk.
Personal Capital works with six asset classes to provide this equilibrium, which are all meant to be liquid and broadly investible. These asset classes are U.S. stocks and bonds, international stocks and bonds, alternatives (including ETFs and commodities), and cash for liquidity.
Personalized Asset Allocation
There’s a reason the company is called Personal Capital: they understand that no two investors are exactly alike. That’s why they look at your individual data and financial goals to balance your portfolio’s risk and growth.
They use a proprietary Retirement Planner software that analyzes your spending and savings habits in addition to your projected income. This helps you determine what your financial future looks like and what you may need to change to reach your future goals.
Tax Optimization
We mentioned earlier that Personal Capital optimizes your taxes by using tax-loss harvesting and asset location, as well as avoiding mutual funds.
In fact, these steps could boost your annual returns by as much as 1%. While many financial advisors use one or two of these tactics, Personal Capital offers a truly robust strategy to make your portfolio more tax efficient.
Equal Sector and Style Weighting
Personal Capital’s strategy for diversification involves equalizing the composition of your portfolio by sector, size, and style.
The goal is to prevent bubbles and other volatile conditions from adversely affecting your investments too much. Likewise, they don’t rely on a few large companies, but instead spread out U.S. stock investments between 70 and 100 different stocks.
Disciplined Rebalancing
Your portfolio receives a daily review for any potential rebalancing needs. For high-level assets, they’re typically rebalanced when they deviate more than a few percentage points from the target.
Specific securities receive a smaller margin and are reviewed after just a 0.5% move from the target. Having a systematic review allows you to maximize your ability to buy low and sell high.
Who is Personal Capital best for?
Personal Capital offers truly extensive services for high net worth investors, particularly considering the low percentage of fees charged. This is especially true if you’re an investor with several million dollars in assets and who likes to have easy access to a dedicated financial advisory.
After all, in the Private Client tier of $1 million+, you can get advice on just about anything related to your finances, whether it’s about retirement, real estate, or anything in between.
That’s on top of the personalized asset management, so you have a one-stop-shop of both automated algorithms and a human point of contact who understands the larger picture concerning your finances.
Personal Capital also makes it easy for this type of investor to remain passive. If you appreciate their investment management and like how the allocation and review processes, then you don’t have to do much on your own.
Kelly and I are expecting a baby in June, so we recently enrolled in a series of birthing classes. The curriculum is eye-opening, especially for an ignorant guy who’s never been forced to empathize with a pregnant woman before. Shame on me!
In Monday’s class, one quote caught my eye:
“You can’t control the waves, but you can learn to surf.”
Jon Kabat-Zinn**
**Kabat-Zinn, coincidentally, is the son-in-law of Howard Zinn – a big friend of The Best Interest. The elder Zinn famously wrote, “If you don’t know history, it’s as if you were born yesterday.” He didn’t intend for this to be an investing quote. But it is. For that matter, the same applies to his son-in-law’s quote above!
The surfing quote is perfect for childbirth. So much of the birthing process is innate, instinctual, or subconscious. The body does what it does. It’s easy, therefore, to think that mothers are along for the ride, victims of their own bodies, like a listless boat being pushed to and fro in the crashing waves.
But the birthing class teacher is trying to empower her students to realize that they can “surf.” They can’t fight nature’s momentum outright, but they can go with the flow, find smooth pathways, avoid getting overwhelmed by waves crashing over them, etc. There are physical and mental exercises that can help mothers get more prepared for the fantastic challenge of labor and delivery.
Do these exercises actually work? I assume so, but I’m not sure. I’m just a dude. You’ll have to take our teacher’s word for it.
What I do know, though, is Kabat-Zinn’s quote applies perfectly to long-term investing:
“You can’t control the waves, but you can learn to surf.”
Jon Kabat-Zinn
The stock market (or any investing market) is an ocean with millions of waves moving to and fro. Sometimes those waves combine into overwhelming tsunamis and cavernous trenches. When the inexperienced or unknowledgeable investor gets swept away, it can be a life-changing negative experience.
You can’t control the market, but you can learn to use it to your advantage. To wit, here are some of my favorite investing quote that strike at this chord:
“Reversion to the mean is the iron rule of investing.”–John Bogle
“In the short run, the market is a voting machine but in the long run, it is a weighing machine.” –Ben Graham
Those “votes” (aka opinions) can cause large waves. But in the long run, gravity (aka true fact) pulls those waves back to earth and wins out.
“Far more money has been lost by investors preparing for corrections, or trying to anticipate corrections, than has been lost in corrections themselves.”–Peter Lynch
Waves will happen. You know it. I know it. Get used to it. If you think you can perfectly time the waves and avoid all turbulence, you’ll do more harm than good.
“The secret to being successful from a trading perspective is to have an indefatigable and an undying and unquenchable thirst for information and knowledge.“–John Tudor Jones
Well, “trading” is hard and not something I recommend. But being “thirsty” for information and knowledge is a terrific recommendation! Learn to surf!
I’ve spent much time these past 10 years “learning to surf,” taking lessons from those far more experienced than me. Like Zinn, “If you don’t know history, it’s as if you were born yesterday.”
My articles and podcasts serve as little “surfing lessons” to you all. Thank you for enjoying them!
And no! This isn’t my first article about the oceans, seas, waves, etc
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 8000+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
Want to learn more about The Best Interest’s back story? Read here.
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No matter what age you are, it’s never too soon to start thinking about — and actively saving for — your retirement. With reports coming out regularly about the severe retirement savings gap in the U.S., it seems as though the majority of Americans are vastly underprepared for this life event.
If your employer offers a 401(k) at your place of work, this is a great way to get started (or continue) saving for your golden years. Before you jump in, find out exactly what a 401(k) is and how it can help you prepare for retirement. If you already contribute to a 401(k) plan, make sure you know what to expect when it comes time to retire.
How does a 401(k) work?
A 401(k) plan helps you save while investing your contributions in various mutual funds. Employers offer this type of retirement plan, so you can’t sign up for one unless you go through your place of work.
As an incentive to save, you receive a tax break. Depending on the type of 401(k) you choose (or your company offers), you either receive that tax break when you make the contribution or when it comes time to withdrawal.
Employer 401(k) Matching
Many employers offer a match to any contribution you make. This usually happens in one of two ways: they’ll either match dollar for dollar up to a certain limit or up to a percentage of your salary.
The most common type of 401(k), the traditional 401(k), allows you to make any contribution tax-deductible each year. So if you contribute $6,000 a year, you get to knock that off your taxable income amount. If you’re on the edge of a tax bracket and make a sizeable 401(k) contribution, you might even be able to jump down into a different bracket with a lower tax rate.
401(k) Tax Rules
While your investments continue to grow each year, they remain temporarily protected from taxation. Unlike other types of investments, you don’t pay any annual tax on your 401(k) earnings until you start to make withdrawals. At that point, you’ll be subject to regular income tax when you take out money each month.
As you continue to make 401(k) contributions throughout your year, you can adjust your investments to become increasingly less volatile. The idea is that as you get closer to retirement age, you have less risk to ensure a solid nest egg when you need it.
The Benefits of a 401(k)
A 401(k) is a retirement savings plan sponsored by an employer. It allows employees to save and invest a portion of their paycheck before taxes are taken out. Contributions to a 401(k) are made with pretax dollars, which can lower your taxable income in the current year and potentially result in a lower tax bill.
Some other benefits of a 401(k) include:
Employer matching contributions: Many employers will match a portion of their employees’ 401(k) contributions, effectively giving you free money to save for retirement.
Tax-deferred growth: Any investment earnings on your 401(k) account grow tax-free until you withdraw the money in retirement.
Potential for tax credits: Depending on your income and participation in a 401(k) or other qualified retirement plan, you may be eligible for certain tax credits that can help reduce your tax liability.
Retirement income: A 401(k) can provide a source of income in retirement, which can help you maintain your standard of living when you are no longer working.
Convenience: Many 401(k) plans offer a range of investment options, and the contributions are automatically deducted from your paycheck, making it easy to save for the future.
The money you withdraw from a 401(k) in retirement is subject to income tax, and 401(k) plans have contribution limits. However, overall, a 401(k) can be a valuable tool for saving for the future and reducing your tax liability.
401(k) Contribution Limits
There are limits to your 401(k):
While it’s a great financial tool, you can only contribute up to $22,500 each year, amounting to $1,875 per month if you divide it out monthly. If you’re over the age of 50, you’re allowed to contribute up to $30,000 a year ($2,500 per month). These contribution limits are in place so that you can only benefit from so much tax savings each year.
Required Minimum Distributions
Another rule associated with a 401(k) is that you must start taking “required minimum distributions” at some point. That means once you hit a certain age, you must begin withdrawing funds from your 401(k) account — and paying taxes on them.
Currently, the requirement is that you start taking distributions the year after you turn 70 ½. Then you have to take out distributions by December 31 of each following year. Your minimum required amount is determined by the IRS based on your life expectancy. There’s nothing quite like a government tax agency predicting your lifespan, is there?
Still, this information helps you determine what kind of tax burden you can expect when you’ve finally retired. While your income may be lower, your deductions might be as well. After all, you probably don’t have kids left at home to claim as a deduction. And if you’ve paid off your mortgage, you won’t have that interest to deduct either.
It’s great not to have those expenses, but it can be helpful to talk to a tax professional to get a better idea of your taxes, especially in that first year of retirement or required minimum distributions. The more prepared you are, the more financial flexibility you can have!
401(K) Plan Types
There are two main types of 401(k) plans: traditional 401(k)s and Roth 401(k)s.
A traditional 401(k) allows you to contribute pretax dollars to your account. Your contributions and any investment earnings in the account are tax-deferred. This means you won’t have to pay taxes on them until you withdraw the money in retirement. When you withdraw the money in retirement, it is taxed as ordinary income.
A Roth 401(k) is similar to a traditional 401(k), but contributions are made with after-tax dollars. This means you won’t get an immediate tax break on your contributions, but qualified withdrawals from the account in retirement are tax-free.
Some 401(k) plans may offer both traditional and Roth options, allowing you the flexibility to choose the type of plan that best meets your needs.
There are also types of 401(k) plans that are designed for specific types of employers, such as safe harbor 401(k)s and SIMPLE 401(k)s. These plans may have different contribution limits and rules for employer matching contributions. So, it’s important to understand the details of the plan you are enrolled in.
What’s the difference between a traditional 401(k) and a Roth 401(k)?
While a traditional 401(k) offers upfront tax savings in return for taxes paid later during retirement, a Roth 401(k) flips the situation around. Instead, your contributions are made with your taxable income. In return, you don’t have to pay any taxes when you start withdrawing from your account during retirement.
While you miss out on tax savings upfront, you’re only paying on the original contribution amount. If you had to pay taxes when you withdraw, you’re also paying taxes on everything you’ve earned, which is hopefully a lot more money than you started with.
Roth 401(k) Requirements
There are requirements to qualify for the Roth 401(k) benefits:
First, your account must be open for at least five years. You also have to wait until you’re at least 59 ½ before you can start taking distributions, unless you’ve had a disability.
A Roth IRA is particularly useful if you’ve accumulated a lot in retirement savings and other investments. While many people have less income when they retire, that’s not always the case. You may have a comprehensive portfolio of investments, in which case you could be better served by not paying taxes on at least part of your withdrawals.
If you’re nearing retirement and expect to drop in your tax bracket soon, there may be no sense in using a Roth 401(k) now. A Roth 401(k) can be a great choice if you have a lower income now because you’re earlier in your career or have tons of tax deductions because of kids and a mortgage.
Like all retirement plans, there are better products for different points in your life. By constantly reassessing how you contribute to your retirement savings, you can maximize your tax benefits now and in the future.
See also: IRA vs. 401(k): Where Should You Invest Your Money?
Employer Contribution Match
An employer contribution match is a feature of some 401(k) plans in which the employer agrees to contribute a certain amount of money to an employee’s 401(k) account based on employee contributions.
For example, an employer might offer a 50% employer match on the first 6% of an employee’s salary that the employee contributes to their 401(k) account. In this case, if the employee contributes 6% of their salary to their 401(k), the employer would contribute an additional 3% (50% of the employee’s contribution).
Employer contributions are a way for employers to encourage their employees to save for retirement and to provide an additional source of retirement income for their employees. Employers may also use contribution matching as a way to attract and retain top talent.
Employer contribution matches may have certain rules and requirements, such as vesting periods, that determine when an employee becomes fully entitled to employer contributions. Make sure you understand the details of any employer contribution match offered by your employer to make the most of this benefit.
What happens if you leave your job?
Don’t worry. You don’t lose your 401(k) savings if you leave your current employer. You typically have a few different options available to you. First, you can leave it in the company plan if they allow it. You won’t be able to continue making contributions or any changes to your allocations. But you can access it when you’re ready to retire.
401(k) Rollover
Or you can do a rollover:
A rollover allows you to switch the funds to another retirement plan without paying any tax penalties. You can either do an IRA rollover or use a plan from your new employer. You do need to make sure your new employer’s plan allows for rollovers.
Then you can continue your contributions as normal, following the rules of the new account, whatever it may be. An IRA is always a viable option because you’re in control of how you invest. And while the annual contribution limit is $6,500 (or $7,500 if you’re 50 or older), it doesn’t count when you’re rolling over funds.
Your final option for handling your 401(k) when you leave your job is to cash it out. If you do this, you’ll be subject to all the relevant penalties. These include a 10% early withdrawal penalty and income taxes for both federal and state. The exception to the early withdrawal penalty is if you are at least 55 years old when you leave your employer.
How much should you contribute to your 401(k)?
How much you decide to contribute to your 401(k) should depend on numerous factors. At the very least, you should contribute the maximum amount allowed to receive a matching contribution from your employer. That essentially equals free money, which you should never pass up.
Next, think about your financial picture as a whole. What kind of debt do you have? If you have any high-interest credit card or loan balances, you may want to focus your efforts on paying those down before contributing more to your retirement plan. Lower interest debts, like a fixed student loan, may not be as pressing to repay.
Furthermore, consider these recommended saving strategies:
Emergency Fund
You’ll probably want a three to six-month emergency fund in case you lose your job or get a sudden illness or injury. Having a large chunk of money stashed away in an easy-to-access savings account can provide you with financial security here and now.
Roth IRA
Once you’ve got your overall savings plan in order, it’s time to start figuring out where else to invest for retirement. Before you max out your traditional 401(k), think about picking up a Roth IRA. This helps you diversify your retirement plans for tax purposes.
Like a Roth 401(k), a Roth IRA lets you pay taxes on your contributions now, so you don’t have to pay anything when you make withdrawals during retirement. It can certainly help you spread out your tax burdens over the course of your life.
Still have money left over to invest?
If you do, revisit your 401(k). Remember, you can contribute up to $22,500 so you can certainly divert more of your income towards that maximum.
How else should you prepare for retirement?
Preparing for retirement takes a constant reassessment of your current needs versus your future goals. As easy as it is to say, “You need to contribute this-many-thousands of dollars a year to survive retirement,” the reality is that it’s much harder to actually do that.
But saving for retirement is still a challenge worth conquering. Even if you’re in your 40s and haven’t started saving a dime, you can start today. Once you’ve got your current savings fund in place that you can use for emergencies, implement some of these easy tips to get ready for retirement.
For now, worry less about picking the perfect type of account and focus on the habit of retirement saving.
Here are some ideas to get you started:
How to Save Extra Money:
Downsize your living expenses, one step at a time.
Place your tax refund into a retirement account.
Stream television instead of paying for cable.
Cut back on eating out.
Stay healthy to reduce future healthcare costs.
Pay down high interest debt like credit cards.
Sell your stuff and put the money towards retirement.
How to Strategically Manage Your Retirement Accounts:
Create a retirement savings goal as a percentage of your income.
Pay yourself first by setting up auto direct deposit to your retirement account on payday.
Take advantage of higher IRA contribution limits when you’re 50+.
Audit your accounts every year.
Consolidate multiple accounts (like IRAs) to reduce fees.
Put your end-of-year bonus into a retirement account.
Bottom Line
Investing in your retirement is really investing in yourself. Taking advantage of your employer’s 401(k) is an important part of the equation. In addition to making regular contributions, be sure to explore all of your options for financing your retirement. A healthy portfolio mix isn’t difficult to develop, and there are plenty of resources available to help you get started.
After a few real-life conversations and my running the math, I’ve decided that a “50/50” rule for college saving achieves the best of both worlds.
The rule is:
~50% of your college savings goals should be saved via a 529 plan.
The other ~50% should be saved via a taxable brokerage account.
Why is that the case? Let’s discuss what we do and don’t want from our college savings plan.
PS – if you want further background reading on 529 plans, here are some other useful articles…
What We Do and Don’t Want from College Savings
We do want to save for college. Ground-breaking stuff.
We do want to reduce our income taxes.
We do want our investments to grow tax-free.
We do want flexibility while we save, in case life throws us a curveball.
We don’t want to end up with permanently frozen assets. We don’t want “leftover” 529 dollars.
529 College Savings Plans offer some of these ideals. But not all.
In fact, 529 plans are terrible at achieving some of the abovementioned goals.
Reducing Income Taxes
Many states offer income tax deductions on 529 contributions. In New York, for example, the first $10,000 contributed to 529s per year is exempt from state tax. That’s a ~$600 annual savings (depending on tax bracket).
Tax-Free Growth
529 investments grow tax-free, just like 401(k) or IRA assets. There’s no annual tax on dividends and interest. This leaves more dollars behind to compound.
Let’s Measure That Tax Savings
If we apply these two tax advantages to a reasonable scenario**, it’s realistic to expect a 529 account to result in 15-20% more dollars for college than a taxable brokerage account.
**see this Google sheet for detail.
But taxable brokerage accounts have distinct advantages on our other ideals.
Flexibility & “Frozen” Assets
Taxable accounts are very flexible. You can withdraw from them anytime (e.g. during an unexpected emergency). 529 dollars, on the other hand, must be spent on educational expenses and cannot be withdrawn for other reasons.
What if your kid decides to skip college? Unused funds in a 529 can be impossible to withdraw without taxes and penalties. Taxable accounts avoid this situation.
What’s the 529 Withdrawal Penalty?
Every 529 withdrawal—whether for education purposes or not—is made pro rata between your contributions and your earnings. The contributions are never taxed and never penalized, but the earnings can be if your withdrawal is not for a qualified educational expense.
For example:
Your 529 plan has $100,000 of contributions and $50,000 of earnings. (Two-thirds and one-third)
You make a $30,000 withdrawal. You have no choice in that $20,000 will come from contributions and $10,000 will come from earnings (Two-thirds and one-third)
If your withdrawal is not for qualified education expenses, the $10,000 earnings portion will be taxed as income (more marginal tax dollars, ouch!) and will suffer a 10% penalty.
If you run the math, you’ll see this penalty eats away at all the 529’s tax benefits. You do not want to suffer this penalty.
Finding Balance Between 529 and Taxable
The question is how to balance these various pros and cons. The 50/50 Rule does so!
Let’s say you aim to gift your children $100,000 over their four years of college. How generous! I submit you should aim to have:
$50,000 of that gift coming from a 529
And $50,000 from a taxable brokerage
You know it won’t be a perfectly ideal scenario. Whatever reality throws at you, you’ll wish you had decided to go all-in on the 529 or all-in on the taxable.
But you don’t know the future! This fact – that we’re more mortals without a crystal ball – is one of the fundamental frustrations in financial planning. If we knew the future, we could make a perfect financial plan. But we don’t, so we can’t. Our best solutions, therefore, involve hedging our bets. We’d rather know we’re 50% correct than be surprised later we’re 100% wrong.
The 50/50 Rule guarantees a middle-of-the-road solution. You’ll capture tax benefits and retain flexibility.
If Johnny gets a little scholarship and only needs 70% of your saved money, great! Use the 529 dollars completely. Dip into the taxable account when needed, and keep the remaining taxable dollars for other goals in life. You’ll be confident your 529 account will be completely drained, avoiding frustrating taxes and penalties.
Does It Have to Be 50/50?
I’ll admit: dividing the two accounts down the middle, 50/50, is an easy shorthand. You can choose a different fraction. But when thinking it through, my primary concerns are:
You need to be confident you’ll drain the 529s. If Johnny’s college will cost $200,000 and you aim to have all $200,000 in a 529, I don’t like that. There’s no margin for error.
You want to have a large enough portion in the taxable account to provide “just in case” flexibility.
Maybe 75/25 makes more sense for you. I can get on board with that. But I wouldn’t go much higher than 75% from the 529.
Working Backward
You can work backward from your future goal to discover what today’s saving rates need to be. In our hypothetical scenario of $50K in a 529 and $50K in a taxable (for college in ~15 years, we’ll say), a reasonable starting point is to put $2000 per year (or ~$170 per month) into each account. That’s how the math shakes out.
Depending on your timeline and assumed rate of compound growth, a simple spreadsheet or question to your financial planner will inform what your savings plan should be.
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 8000+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
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