The economic landscape of the United States is experiencing a significant shift, marked by a new event: the average FICO credit score has dropped for the first time in a decade.
In a recently released report on credit score data from October 2023, major credit reporting company, FICO, says that the national average credit score has decreased for the first time in a decade from 718 to 717.
Why did credit scores drop?
The decrease in average credit scores may be attributed to several key factors:
Increased Missed Payments: There has been an increase in missed borrower payments, showing serious financial strain among consumers. The FICO report shows that, as of October 2023, more than 18% of the population was late on payments.
Rising Consumer Debt Levels: Consumer debt, particularly credit card debt, has risen to over 1 trillion. This indicates that more consumers may be leaning on credit cards to cover everyday expenses.
Slowing New Credit Activity: New credit activity – consumers applying for new lines of credit – has slowed down.
What this means for you
It’s hard to say what this will mean moving forward, but at this moment it’s too soon to say – or worry too much. In a statement given to Bloomberg, Ethan Dornhelm, VP at FICO, said that “This isn’t a blinking red light, but it certainly is a yellow light.”
Whatever happens in the future, it’s important to take steps to try to protect your credit. Here are some strategies:
Reduce Credit Utilization Rates: Your credit utilization ratio is the amount of available credit you have compared to the amount of credit you’ve used. Generally, the best practice is to keep your credit utilization ratio below 30%, if you can.
Consolidate Debt: If you’re worried about tracking different payments, consider consolidating your debt into one payment to avoid the risk of missing a payment. A missed payment is a negative mark on your credit, and can stay on your credit reports for 7 years.
Protect Your Credit History: Length of credit history is a significant factor in how your credit score is calculated. Closing a credit card that you’ve had for a long time, for example, might actually hurt your credit score. If you can, try to keep lines of credit – especially revolving credit accounts, like credit cards – open.
If You’re Rejected, Pause Before Applying Again: If you’ve been rejected for a line of credit in the past, like an auto loan or a credit card, pause before immediately applying again. Multiple “hard inquiries” – when a lender pulls your credit to evaluate your creditworthiness – in too short a time could potentially harm your credit.
Good credit is always important
If you’re worried about your credit, the best thing you can do is consistently check and monitor your credit – not just your score. Be on the look out for any changes to your credit reports and score, whether expected or unexpected, and make sure that everything in your credit profile is accurate. You can get started with a free credit assessment at Lexington Law for a snapshot of what’s in your credit profile.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
A credit privacy number (CPN) is formatted similarly to a Social Security number and is commonly used by fraudulent companies to scam people with bad credit. Using a CPN to apply for credit constitutes fraud, and they’re often tied to criminal activity.
A credit privacy number (CPN) is sold to consumers as a product to repair bad credit. In reality, these numbers can be associated with identity theft. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) considers identity theft to be any instance where a criminal uses someone else’s personal information to “open accounts, file taxes or make purchases.” CPNs can pave the way for such fraudulent activity.
Here, we’ll explain what credit privacy numbers are, what they’re used for and how to avoid scams. Most importantly, you’ll also learn how to fix your credit without a CPN.
A credit privacy number, or CPN, is sold to consumers as a way to repair bad credit. But did you know these numbers can be associated with identity theft? Experian® reports that approximately one in every 20 Americans becomes a victim of identity theft each year, so it’s important to learn the dangers of CPNs if a company advertises one to you.
When you have bad credit, you may be more susceptible to methods that hurt your situation more than help it. Here, you’ll learn about what credit privacy numbers are, what they’re used for and how to avoid scams. Most importantly, you’ll also learn about how to repair your credit without a CPN.
Key takeaways:
Credit privacy numbers (CPNs) are often stolen Social Security numbers (SSNs).
Creating and even using a CPN can count as fraud.
No entities have the legal authority to issue CPNs despite their claims.
Table of contents:
What is a CPN?
A credit privacy number (CPN) is a nine-digit number set up in the same format as a Social Security number: XXX-XX-XXXX. CPNs aren’t issued by the federal government and have no official legal standing. They operate in a legal gray area, but using a CPN to apply for credit constitutes fraud, and they’re often tied to criminal activity.
You may also come across some other terms for CPNs, like:
Credit profile number
Secondary credit number
Credit protection number
What is a CPN used for?
Companies market and sell CPNs to supposedly fix bad credit, but using these products can have steep legal ramifications. CPNs are stolen Social Security numbers or products of synthetic identity fraud. It’s illegal to use a CPN to apply for credit, so even if you are “issued” one by a company, you can’t use it in any way that helps your credit.
A common scenario is criminals stealing Social Security numbers that belong to minors or those who are already deceased, since credit monitoring services usually don’t track their use. These stolen SSNs are then sold as CPNs, so all parties involved are participants in identity theft.
Synthetic identity fraud is another way criminals create CPNs to sell. This method involves using a computer algorithm to randomly create nine-digit numbers that match the formatting of Social Security numbers. Criminals then use an illegal online validator to ensure the fake number will pass as a legitimate SSN before selling it. One way they do this is by using potential SSNs that haven’t been issued to anyone yet.
How are CPNs different from SSNs, EINs and ITINs?
There are several types of numbers that can be used as identifiers for legal and financial purposes. Here’s a breakdown of the most common:
Social Security number (SSN): Issued by the federal government and is a unique identifier. Most U.S. citizens are issued one at birth, which they use to apply for a driver’s license, hold jobs, file taxes and apply for credit, among other things.
Employer identification number (EIN): A unique identifier for businesses and issued by the IRS. This allows business owners to open business bank accounts, get business licenses and file taxes under the business’s name.
Individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN): Similar to Social Security numbers, but the main difference is that ITINs are used by those classified as “authorized noncitizens.” For example, an immigrant working in the United States would need an ITIN to file and pay taxes.
The big difference between these numbers and a credit privacy number is that they’re legitimate numbers issued by actual entities within the federal government, and a CPN is not.
Is a CPN legal?
No, using a CPN is not legal. CPNs started as a byproduct of the Privacy Act of 1974. This act made it so that you couldn’t be forced to provide your Social Security number to a third party unless it was required by federal law, such as applying for a passport. This was meant to give Americans more privacy and protect them from identity theft.
Credit repair scams often market CPNs to those trying to rebuild their credit. But in fact, any business that sells a CPN is engaging in fraudulent activity.
What happens to those breaking the law with a CPN?
By purchasing a credit privacy number, you may unknowingly be breaking the law. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, CPN schemes often involve stolen CPNs from children, the elderly and incarcerated individuals. If an individual purchases a CPN, they may be convicted of various identity theft crimes, as well as the crime of making false statements on a loan or credit application.
The Department of Justice has been cracking down on identity theft, and they carry sentences of 15 to 30 years along with various fines for those who break these laws.
How to avoid a CPN scam
The best way to avoid a credit privacy number scam is to avoid anything involving a CPN. Be wary of a business that offers you a new credit identity—such as a CPN—it’s likely an identity fraud scam.
Other red flags include a company asking or suggesting that you lie about any identifying information, including your name, address or phone number, and a business asking for payment before completing any services.
Check out the Credit Repair Organizations Act to learn more about your credit repair rights.
How to report a CPN scam
The best way to eliminate criminals using fraudulent CPN scams is to report them whenever you see them, and you can do this through the Department of Justice. On their Fraud Section page, they have a variety of links and resources to report different scams.
Scams involving credit privacy numbers can also be reported to your local police department, your state’s attorney general and the Federal Trade Commission. While the investigation will be taking place at the state and federal level, reporting to your local police department can let them know what scams may be operating in the area so they can issue warnings to the community.
How to repair your credit without a CPN
Purchasing a CPN is tempting because it seems like a fast and easy way to repair your credit. In reality, building a good credit score takes time, but there are steps you can start taking today.
Dispute errors on your credit report: Derogatory marks include collections, late or missed payments, bankruptcies and other negative marks. These heavily weigh down your credit, so clean your credit report often.
Use a pay-for-delete letter: You may have heard that paying off collections usually won’t improve your credit. If you negotiate a pay-for-delete agreement with the collection agency, they may remove the collection account from your report, which would likely help your credit.
Become an authorized user: If you have bad credit, try to become an authorized user on a friend or family member’s credit card account to “piggyback” off their credit.
Find a cosigner: Making payments on loans—like auto or personal loans—can improve your credit. If you can’t get approved for a loan, finding a cosigner may help.
Don’t miss a payment: One of the best things you can do is ensure you don’t miss any payments that get reported to credit bureaus. Maintaining a good credit history will help you repair and improve your credit.
Repair your credit with Lexington Law Firm
Although there are credit repair scams, legitimate credit repair companies can help you rebuild your credit. Lexington Law Firm has a team of legal professionals who have experience with credit recovery.
They can review your credit report, find errors that may be hurting your credit and challenge them on your behalf. Our services also include tools such as a credit snapshot, which can help you maintain good credit and improve your financial future.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Vince R. Mayr
Supervising Attorney of Bankruptcies
Vince has considerable expertise in the field of bankruptcy law.
He has represented clients in more than 3,000 bankruptcy matters under chapters 7, 11, 12, and 13 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Vince earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Government from the University of Maryland. His Masters of Public Administration degree was earned from Golden Gate University School of Public Administration. His Juris Doctor was earned at Golden Gate University School of Law, San Francisco, California. Vince is licensed to practice law in Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado. He is located in the Phoenix office.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
Some credit facts you need to know are your credit score is based on five key factors, FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850, checking your own credit won’t hurt your score, and twelve more facts outlined below.
With all of the misleading and incorrect information about credit floating around, it’s no wonder some of us feel lost when it comes to our credit reports and credit scores. Fortunately, we’re here to help set everything straight with these simple and clear explanations.
We’ve taken the time to compile the most important credit facts you need to know to understand your credit and everything that impacts it. Just as importantly, we’re setting the record straight when it comes to credit myths that have been lingering for too long. Read on to learn everything you’ve always wanted to know about credit.
1. Your credit score is based on five key factors
Most lenders make their decisions using FICO credit scores, which are based on five key factors. That means that when you apply for a new credit card or loan, these are the primary influences on whether you’ll end up getting approved. Here are the five factors, in order of importance: payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, credit mix and new credit inquiries.
35% – Payment history. Your ability to consistently make payments has the biggest impact on your score. Having late and missed payments is detrimental to your credit score, while a streak of on-time payments has a positive effect.
30% – Credit utilization. Your utilization measures how much of your available credit you’re using across all of your cards. By using one-third or less of your total credit limit, you could help improve your credit.
15% – Length of credit history. In general, having a longer credit history is helpful, though it depends on how responsibly you’ve used credit over time. Using credit well over time signals to lenders that you can be trusted to manage your finances.
10% – New credit. Applying for new credit leads to hard inquiries, which can negatively impact your credit score. Spacing out your new credit applications—and only applying for credit when you need it—helps your score.
10% – Credit mix. Having a variety of different types of credit—like credit cards, an auto loan or a mortgage—can influence your score as well. A diverse credit portfolio demonstrates your ability to successfully manage different types of credit.
With the knowledge of exactly how your score gets calculated, you can make smarter decisions with credit.
Bottom line: Credit scores aren’t as mysterious as they first appear, and you have control over all of the factors that determine your score.
2. Credit reports are different than credit scores
Although they are related, a credit report and a credit score are different. Also, it’s a bit misleading to talk about a single credit report or a single credit score, because the reality is that you have several different credit reports, and your credit score can be calculated in many different ways.
A credit report is a collection of information about your credit behaviors, like the accounts you have and when you make payments. Three main bureaus—Experian, Equifax and TransUnion—each publish a separate credit report about you.
A credit score uses the information in your credit report to create a numerical representation of your creditworthiness. In other words, all of the information in your report is simplified into a single number that gives lenders an idea of how likely you are to repay a debt.
Surprisingly, your credit report does not include a credit score. Instead, lenders who access your report use formulas to determine a score when you apply for credit. The most common scoring models are FICO and VantageScore, but lenders can make modifications to the calculations to give more weight to areas that are more important to them.
Bottom line: You’ll want to be familiar with both your credit reports and your credit scores, as they each play a role in helping you obtain new credit.
3. Negative credit items will eventually come off your credit report
Negative items on your credit report can cause damage to your credit score. Negative items include late payments, collection accounts, foreclosures and repossessions.
Although these items can lead to significant drops in your credit score, their effect is not permanent. Over time, negative items have a smaller and smaller impact on your score, as long as your credit behaviors improve so that more recent items are more favorable.
Additionally, most negative items should remain on your report for seven years at the most due to the regulations set by the Fair Credit Reporting Act. A bankruptcy, on the other hand, can last up to 10 years in some cases.
Bottom line: Negative items can cause a decrease in your credit score, but they aren’t permanent. Start building new credit behaviors and your score can recover over time.
4. FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850
One of the most common credit scoring models is produced by the Fair Isaac Corporation, also known as FICO. While you may hear “FICO score” and “credit score” used interchangeably, there are in fact several different scoring models, so you could have a different credit score depending on which lender or financial institution you’re working with. The score you’re assigned by FICO will usually always be in a range from 300 to 850.
Accessing your FICO score gives you the chance to have a high-level overview of your credit health. Scores that are considered good, very good or exceptional often make it much easier to get new credit cards or loans when you need them. On the other hand, scores that are fair or poor can make getting new credit more difficult.
Here’s an overview of the FICO scoring ranges:
800 – 850: Exceptional
740 – 799: Very Good
670 – 739: Good
580 – 669: Fair
300 – 579: Poor
Remember, though: credit scores are not fixed and permanent. Your score responds to factors like payments, utilization and credit history, so positive decisions now will benefit your score in the long term.
Bottom line: The FICO scoring ranges lay out broad categories to give you a sense of how you’re doing with credit—and can also help you set a goal for where you want to be.
5. The majority of lenders use FICO scores when making decisions
While there are multiple credit scoring models, the majority of lenders check FICO scores when making decisions. That means that when you apply for new credit—whether it’s a credit card, a loan or a mortgage—the score that’s more likely to matter is your FICO score.
That’s important to know, because many free credit monitoring services will show you score estimates or your VantageScore. Some credit card companies provide a FICO score, however, and you can also request to see the credit score that lenders used to make their decision during the application process.
Fortunately, credit scoring models tend to reference the same data and weight factors fairly similarly. That means if you make on-time payments, keep your utilization low, avoid opening up too many new accounts and have a consistent credit history with a variety of accounts, you’ll probably be in good shape regardless.
Bottom line: Knowing your FICO score can help you have an idea of how lenders will view your application for new credit.
6. You have many different types of credit scores
Credit scores vary based on the credit bureau reporting them and the credit scoring model used. The major credit bureaus all have slightly different information regarding your credit history. This means that these three, along with other credit reporting agencies, report several FICO credit scores to lenders to account for different information they’ve collected.
There are also different scores specific to particular industries. For example, auto lenders review different risk factors than mortgage lenders, so the scores each lender receives might differ. Although it can get confusing, the most important things to remember are the five core factors that affect your credit score.
Bottom line: Although many people reference their credit score in the singular, the truth is that there are many different types of credit scores that take into account different factors.
7. Checking your own credit won’t hurt your score
Many people believe that checking their credit score or credit report hurts their credit, but fortunately, this isn’t true. Getting a copy of your credit report or checking your score doesn’t affect your credit score. These actions are called “soft” inquiries into your credit, and while they are noted on your credit report, they shouldn’t have any effect on your score.
Hard inquiries, on the other hand, are noted when lenders look at your credit during an application process—and these can temporarily reduce your score. This is used to discourage you from applying for new credit too frequently. However, the effect is typically small, and after a couple of years the notation of a hard inquiry will leave your report.
Bottom line: You can check your own credit report and credit score without any negative effect—and we actually encourage you to do so to stay on top of your credit health.
8. You can check your credit score and credit reports for free
There are three main ways to check your credit for free. You’ll likely want to take a look at both your credit reports and your credit scores. Here’s how to get a hold of both of those:
You’re entitled to a free credit report once each year by visiting AnnualCreditReport.com, a government-sponsored website that gives you access to your reports from TransUnion, Experian and Equifax.
You may be able to check your credit score free by contacting your bank or credit card company. Additionally, many free services—like Mint—enable you to monitor your score for free. Just make sure to note which kind of credit score you’re seeing, because there are many different scoring methods.
The information you find in your credit report lays out the factors that determine your credit score. By scanning your report closely, you’ll likely find out the best strategy for improving your score—for instance, by improving your payment history or lowering your utilization.
Bottom line: Information about your credit is freely available, so take advantage of those resources to stay on top of your credit report and score.
9. Your credit score can cost you money
Ultimately, the purpose of credit scores is to help lenders determine whether they should offer you new credit, like a loan or a credit card. A lower score indicates that you may be at greater risk for default—which means the lender has to worry that you won’t pay back your debts.
To offset this risk, lenders often deny credit applications for those with lower scores, or they extend credit with high interest rates. These interest rates can cost you a lot of money over time, so working to improve your credit score can have a measurable effect on your financial life.
Consider, for example, a $25,000 auto loan. With a fair credit score, you may secure an interest rate of 5.3 percent—so you’ll pay a total of $3,513 in interest over five years. With an excellent credit score, your rate could drop to 3.1 percent, and you’ll save nearly $1,500 in interest charges over that same five-year period.
Bottom line: A good credit score can have a positive impact on your finances, and a bad score can cost you money in interest charges.
10. Canceling old credit cards can lower your score
If you have a credit card that you’re no longer using, you may be tempted to close the account entirely. Before doing that, though, consider how it could impact your credit score.
Recall that two credit factors are utilization and length of credit history. Closing an old account could affect one or both of those factors when it comes to calculating your score.
Your credit utilization could drop after closing an account because your credit limit will likely be lower. Since utilization represents all of your balances divided by your total credit limit, your utilization will go up if your credit limit goes down (and if your balances stay the same).
Your length of credit history could be lowered if you close an older account that is raising the average age of your credit.
Some people worry that having a zero balance on their credit card can negatively impact their score. This is just a credit myth. A zero balance means you aren’t using the card to make any purchases. Keeping the credit card open while not using it actually works to your benefit. You’re able to contribute to the length of your credit history, while not risking the chance of debt and late payments.
You may need to use the card every now and then to avoid having it closed. Additionally, if the card has an annual fee, you may need to close the card or ask to have the card downgraded to a version that does not have a fee. Still, if there’s a way to keep the card open, it’s often good to do so even if you don’t plan to regularly use it.
Bottom line: An old credit card can benefit your credit score even if you aren’t using it anymore.
11. You can still get a loan with bad credit
It’s true that getting a loan can be more difficult with bad credit, but it’s not impossible. There are bad credit loans specifically for people with lower credit scores. Note, however, that these loans often come with higher interest rates—or they require some sort of collateral that the lender can use to secure the loan. That means if you don’t pay your loan back, the lender will be able to seize the property you put up as collateral.
If you don’t need a loan immediately, you could consider trying to rebuild your credit before applying. There are credit builder loans, which are specifically designed to help you build up a strong payment history and improve your credit in the process. Unlike a traditional loan, you pay for a credit builder loan each month and then receive the sum after your final payment. Since these loans represent no risk to lenders, they’re often willing to extend them to people with poor credit history looking to raise their score.
Bottom line: You can get a loan even with bad credit—but sometimes it’s wise to find ways to raise your score before applying.
12. Credit scores aren’t the only deciding factor for lending decisions
While credit scores are important in lending decisions, lenders may take other factors into account when deciding whether to offer you new credit. For example, your income and employment can play a significant role in your approval odds. Additionally, some loans (like auto loans and mortgages) are secured by collateral that the lender can seize if you default. These loans may be considered less risky for the lender in certain cases because the asset can help offset any losses from nonpayment.
In many cases, your debt-to-income ratio is also an important factor in whether you’re approved for a loan or credit card. Lenders consider your current monthly debt payments (from all sources) as well as your monthly income to determine whether you may be overextended financially.
Two different people may pay $1,500 each month for student loans, a car payment and a mortgage. That said, if one individual makes $3,500 each month and the other makes $8,000 each month, their situations will be considered very differently by a potential lender.
Bottom line: Keeping your credit score high can help you secure credit when you need it, but you’ll want to stay on top of all aspects of your financial health.
13. Your credit report can help you spot fraud
Regularly checking your credit report can help you notice fraud or identity theft. If someone is using your information to open accounts, they will show up on your credit report.
If you notice an account that you did not open, you’ll want to start taking steps to protect your identity from any further damage. You may also want to freeze or lock your credit, which prevents anyone from using your information to open up more accounts.
Bottom line: Reviewing your credit report provides you an opportunity to notice when something is amiss.
14. Joint accounts affect your credit scores, but you do not have joint scores
If you have a joint account with someone else, that account will be reflected on both of your credit reports. For example, a loan that was opened by you and your spouse will show up for both of you—and will affect both of your credit scores. That said, your credit history, credit report and credit score remain separate. No one—including married couples—has a joint credit report or joint credit score.
In addition to joint accounts, you may also have authorized users on your credit card, or be an authorized user yourself. Authorized users have access to account funds, but they are not liable for debts. That means that if you make someone an authorized user on your credit card, they can rack up charges, but you’ll be on the hook if they don’t pay.
Because joint account owners and authorized users can influence credit scores in significant ways, we advise you to be careful about who you open accounts with or provide authorization to.
Bottom line: Even though joint account owners and authorized users can influence someone else’s credit, there are no shared credit reports or joint credit scores.
15. Many credit reports contain inaccurate credit information
The Federal Trade Commission found that one in five people has an error on at least one of their credit reports, and these inaccuracies can greatly impact your credit. (Also see this 2015 follow-up study from the FTC for more information regarding credit report errors.) This is why you should frequently check your credit report and dispute any inaccurate information. For example, since payment history accounts for 30 percent of your credit score, one wrong late payment can significantly hurt your score.
It’s important to get your credit facts straight so you understand exactly how different things impact your score. One of the first things you should learn is how to read your credit report so you can quickly spot discrepancies and ensure that the information reported is fair and accurate.
After scrutinizing your credit report, you can look into other ways to fix your credit, like paying late or past-due accounts, so you can help your credit with your newfound knowledge. You can also take advantage of Lexington Law Firm’s credit repair services to get extra help and additional legal knowledge to assist you.
Bottom line: Your credit report could have inaccurate information that’s hurting your score unfairly. Fortunately, there is a credit dispute process that can help you clean up your report and ensure all of the information on it is correct.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!
Dealing with debt can be an overwhelming experience. When you find yourself in a situation where you are unable to pay a debt, it’s important to understand the consequences of not paying a debt collector.
In this article, we’ll discuss the roles of collection agencies, the impact on your credit report, legal consequences, communication strategies, and ways to prevent debt collection issues.
Understanding Debt Collectors
Debt collectors are entities hired by creditors to collect debts owed by individuals or businesses. When you owe money to a creditor, such as on credit card debt or medical bills, and fail to make timely payments, the original creditor may sell or transfer the debt to a debt collection agency.
These agencies are responsible for collecting the unpaid debt and may employ various tactics, including phone calls and letters, to collect the outstanding balance.
The Debt Collection Process
Debt collection agencies follow a set process when collecting unpaid debts:
Initial contact: Collection agencies typically begin their collection efforts by sending a written notice, often called a demand letter, detailing the owed amount, the name of the original creditor, and instructions for repaying the debt.
Ongoing communication: If the initial notice is unsuccessful, the debt collector will continue to contact you via phone calls, emails, or additional letters to encourage you to repay the debt.
Reporting to credit bureaus: After a certain period of missed payments, usually around 180 days, the debt collector may report the unpaid debt to credit bureaus, which can negatively impact your credit score.
Potential legal action: If you still haven’t paid the debt, the debt collector may choose to file a lawsuit to recover the funds, which could lead to wage garnishment or seizure of assets if they obtain a judgment against you.
Legal Consequences of Not Paying a Debt Collector
1. Impact on Your Credit Report
When you don’t pay a debt collector, the collection account may be reported to the credit bureaus, which can have a negative impact on your credit score. A missed payment or default on your credit report can cause your score to drop significantly and remain on your credit history for up to seven years.
2. Lawsuits and Judgments
Debt collectors may resort to legal action in an attempt to collect an unpaid debt. Debt collection lawsuits can lead to judgments against you, which may result in wage garnishment, bank account levies, and asset seizures. It’s crucial to respond to a debt collector’s attorney or law firm if they initiate a lawsuit to avoid default judgments.
3. Statute of Limitations
The statute of limitations on debt is the time period during which a debt collector can sue you to collect a debt. This varies by state and the type of debt but typically ranges from three to six years. After this period, debt collectors can still attempt to collect the debt, but they lose the right to sue you for it.
4. Property Liens
In some cases, a debt collector may obtain a judgment against you and place a lien on your property. This means that if you sell the property, the debt must be paid from the proceeds before you receive any funds. Liens can also impact your ability to refinance or secure a home equity loan.
5. Seizure of Assets
Depending on the type of debt and the jurisdiction, a debt collector may have the legal right to seize your assets, such as your car or other personal property, to satisfy the debt after obtaining a court judgment.
6. Tax Consequences
If you negotiate a settlement with a debt collector for less than the full amount owed, the difference between the original debt and the settled amount may be considered taxable income by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). You could receive a 1099-C form and be required to report this amount on your tax return.
7. Loss of professional licenses or certifications
In some cases, failure to pay certain types of debt may result in the suspension or revocation of professional licenses or certifications, impacting your ability to work in your chosen field.
Communication with Debt Collectors
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is a federal law enacted to protect consumers from abusive debt collection practices. Under this act, debt collectors are prohibited from engaging in harassment, making false statements, and using unfair practices to collect debts.
If you believe your debt collection rights have been violated, you can report the violation to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).
How to Respond to a Collections Notice
Receiving a collections notice can be stressful, but it’s important to act promptly and responsibly. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to respond to a collections notice:
1. Don’t ignore the notice
Ignoring a collections notice can lead to further consequences, including damage to your credit report and potential legal action. It’s crucial to address the notice as soon as possible to avoid escalating the situation.
2. Verify the debt
Before taking any action, request debt validation from the debt collector to confirm the legitimacy of the debt. This collection agency should reply to you in a letter that includes the amount owed, the name of the original creditor, and any additional details about the debt. Ensure that the information is accurate and up-to-date.
3. Determine if the debt is within the statute of limitations
Research the statute of limitations for the type of debt in your state to determine if the debt collector can still legally sue you for the unpaid amount. If the statute of limitations has passed, inform the debt collector and dispute the debt with the credit bureaus.
4. Negotiate with the debt collector
If the debt is legitimate and within the statute of limitations, consider negotiating a payment plan or settlement with the debt collector. This may involve agreeing to pay a partial payment or making monthly installments until the debt is paid in full. Be sure to get any agreements in writing to protect yourself.
5. Dispute any inaccuracies
If you find any discrepancies in the debt validation letter or believe the debt is incorrect, dispute the information with the debt collector and the credit bureaus. Provide any relevant documentation to support your claim.
6. Seek professional advice
If you’re unsure about how to handle the collections notice or need assistance with debt management, consider consulting a credit counselor, financial advisor, or attorney. These professionals can provide guidance and help you deal with collections.
Preventing Debt Collection Issues
Dealing with debt collectors can be overwhelming, but taking proactive steps to prevent debt collection issues from arising in the first place is key to maintaining your financial well-being. Here are various strategies that can help you avoid the pitfalls of unpaid debts and ensure you stay on track with your financial goals.
Create a budget and manage expenses: Developing a budget and tracking your expenses can help you avoid accumulating debt and ensure you’re making timely payments to your creditors.
Prioritize debt repayment: Paying off high-interest debts, such as credit card debt, should be a priority to prevent the debt from growing and to protect your credit score.
Seek help from credit counseling agencies or financial advisors: If you’re struggling with debt, consider reaching out to a credit counseling agency or a financial advisor for guidance. These professionals can help you develop a debt repayment plan, negotiate with your creditors, and offer advice on managing your finances more effectively.
Understand the importance of timely bill payments: Making timely payments on your bills, including credit card debt and medical bills, is essential for maintaining a healthy credit score and preventing collection accounts from appearing on your credit report.
Build an emergency fund: Having an emergency fund can provide a financial cushion in times of unexpected expenses or income loss. This can help you avoid resorting to credit cards or loans, reducing the likelihood of falling into debt.
Monitor your credit reports: Regularly reviewing your credit reports allows you to spot any inaccuracies or signs of identity theft early on. You can also track your progress in improving your credit score and ensure that paid-off debts are accurately reflected.
Conclusion
Failing to pay a debt collector can lead to several negative consequences, including damage to your credit report, legal actions, and financial stress. It’s essential to understand the roles of debt collectors and collection agencies, as well as your rights under the FDCPA. If you find yourself dealing with unpaid debts, it’s crucial to communicate effectively with debt collectors and explore your options for repayment or dispute.
By prioritizing debt repayment, creating a budget, and seeking help from credit counseling agencies or financial advisors, you can work towards resolving your debt issues and maintaining good financial health. Remember, knowledge is power, and understanding the debt collection process and your rights will help you overcome these challenges more effectively.
Medical debt is an unfortunate reality for millions of Americans. As healthcare costs continue to rise, it becomes increasingly important to understand the financial implications of medical debt and its impact on your credit score.
This article will delve into the world of medical debt and provide you with strategies to manage and minimize its effects on your credit score.
How Medical Bills Affect Credit Scores
Unpaid medical debt can have a significant impact on your credit scores, especially when it becomes delinquent or goes to collections. Here are some key points to consider:
The role of medical debt in credit score calculations: Medical bills, like other types of debt, factor into your credit score calculations. Late or missed payments and unpaid bills can lower your credit scores, making it more challenging to obtain loans, credit cards, or favorable interest rates.
Late payments and unpaid medical bills: Late payments on medical bills can be reported to the three major credit bureaus, which may negatively affect your credit scores. If unpaid, medical bills can eventually be sent to collections, further damaging your credit.
Impact of medical debt on different credit scoring models: Unpaid medical debt can affect your credit score differently, depending on the credit scoring model being used. For example, newer credit scoring models like FICO Score 9 and VantageScore 4.0 give less weight to medical debt compared to other types of debt, while older models treat medical debt more harshly.
The Medical Debt Collection Process
Understanding the medical debt collection process can help you take control of the situation and potentially minimize its impact on your credit scores.
How medical debt becomes a collection account: When a medical bill remains unpaid for an extended period, the medical provider may sell the debt to a collection agency. The collection agency then reports the debt to credit bureaus, which can cause a significant drop in your credit scores.
The role of collection agencies: Collection agencies are responsible for recovering unpaid medical debts. They may contact you through phone calls, letters, or even legal actions to collect the outstanding balance.
Statute of limitations on medical debt: The statute of limitations for medical debt varies by state, ranging from three to ten years. This is the time frame within which a collector can sue you for the unpaid debt. It’s important to know the statute of limitations in your state, as it can help you strategize your approach to dealing with unpaid medical debt.
Medical Bills Grace Period and Reporting
A grace period can provide some relief when dealing with medical bills, but it’s crucial to understand its impact on credit reporting.
How grace periods work with medical bills: Some medical providers may offer a grace period, typically 30 to 180 days, during which they will not report late or missed payments to credit bureaus. This gives you time to resolve any disputes, work with your health insurance company, or make arrangements to pay the bill.
Impact of grace periods on credit reporting: Even if your medical provider offers a grace period, it’s essential to pay your medical bills promptly. Once the grace period ends, late payments can be reported to credit bureaus, negatively impacting your credit.
Changes in medical debt reporting rules: Recent changes to credit reporting rules have made it more difficult for medical debt to impact your credit scores. These changes include a 180-day waiting period before medical debt can be reported to credit bureaus and the removal of medical collections paid or settled by insurance.
Can medical bills be removed from my credit report?
If you believe a medical collection on your credit report is inaccurate or unfair, you are entitled to dispute it. To dispute a medical collection, you’ll need to contact the credit bureau reporting the debt and provide supporting documentation to prove that the collection is inaccurate or unjust.
First, you’ll need to gather all relevant documents, such as medical bills, insurance Explanation of Benefits (EOB), payment records, and any correspondence with the medical provider or collection agency. This evidence will help you build a strong case when disputing the collection.
Then, once the credit bureau receives your dispute, they typically have 30 days to investigate the matter. If the dispute is resolved in your favor, the medical collection will be removed from your credit report, which may result in a boost to your credit score.
Does paying off medical collections improve my credit?
Paying off medical collections can have a positive impact on your credit, but the extent of the improvement depends on various factors.
The importance of paying medical debt: Paying off medical debt shows financial responsibility and can help prevent further damage to your credit.
How payment history affects credit scores: Your payment history makes up a significant portion of your credit score calculation. Settling medical debts can have a positive effect on your payment history, potentially improving your credit.
Settling medical debt for less than the full amount: In some cases, collection agencies may be willing to accept a lower amount to settle the debt. While this can help you save money, keep in mind that the partial payment may still be reported to credit bureaus, which could have a less favorable impact on your credit score compared to paying the debt in full.
Strategies for Managing Medical Bills
Effectively managing your medical bills can help prevent them from damaging your credit scores.
Negotiating medical bills with healthcare providers: Before a bill goes to collections, you may be able to negotiate with your healthcare provider to lower the cost, set up a payment plan, or request financial assistance.
Repayment plans and options: Many medical providers offer payment plans that allow you to pay your medical bills over time. This can make it more manageable to handle large medical expenses without hurting your credit scores.
Hiring a medical billing advocate: A medical billing advocate can help you review your medical bills for errors, negotiate with medical providers, and even guide you through the insurance claim process.
Seeking financial assistance and grants: Look for financial assistance programs, grants, or charities that may help cover the cost of your medical bills. Some hospitals and clinics also have programs for eligible patients.
Weighing the pros and cons of personal loans or credit cards: Using personal loans or credit cards to pay off medical debt can be an option, but consider the potential impact on your credit scores, as well as the interest rates and fees associated with these forms of borrowing.
What to do if You Can’t Pay Your Medical Bills
You have certain rights under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), which protects you from abusive or deceptive debt collection practices. Make sure you understand your rights and options when dealing with medical debt.
Keep an open line of communication with your medical provider and debt collectors. Discuss your financial situation, ask for assistance, or negotiate a payment plan to help manage your medical bills.
In extreme cases, bankruptcy may be a viable option to address overwhelming medical debt. However, it’s essential to consider the long-term implications, as bankruptcy can have a significant and lasting impact on your credit.
Preventing Medical Debt from Damaging Your Credit
Taking a proactive approach to managing medical expenses can help protect your credit score. Review your medical bill and insurance statement carefully for errors, and address any discrepancies promptly. Keep track of due dates and submit insurance claims as soon as possible to avoid late payments or collections.
Maintaining a record of your medical expenses can help you budget effectively and ensure you don’t miss any payments. Consider using financial management tools, apps, or a simple spreadsheet to stay organized.
You should also regularly review your credit report for any inaccuracies. By catching errors early, you can dispute them and potentially prevent damage to your credit score.
Keeping Your Credit Score Healthy
Some strategies for maintaining a healthy credit score include making timely payments on all your debts, keeping your credit utilization low, and diversifying your credit mix by using different types of credit responsibly.
Establishing a solid credit history takes time and consistent effort. By using credit responsibly, making timely payments, and avoiding high levels of debt, you can build a strong credit history that will serve you well in the long run.
Having a financial plan and an emergency fund can help you handle unexpected medical expenses without relying on credit, which could negatively impact your credit. Aim to save at least three to six months’ worth of living expenses in an emergency fund.
Conclusion
Unpaid medical debt can have a substantial impact on your credit, but understanding how it works and taking proactive steps to manage it can help you minimize its effects. Stay on top of your medical expenses, communicate with medical providers and debt collectors, and maintain a healthy credit score by following the strategies outlined in this article.
Remember, your financial health is just as important as your physical health, and taking control of your medical debt is a crucial step toward financial well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions
What happens when medical debt is sold to a collection agency?
When medical debt is sold to a collection agency, the agency becomes responsible for recovering the unpaid debt. They may contact you through phone calls, letters, or even legal actions to collect the outstanding balance. The collection agency also reports the debt to credit bureaus, which can cause a significant drop in your credit score.
What are the consequences of unpaid medical collections over $500?
Unpaid medical collection accounts over $500 can stay on your credit reports for up to seven years and have serious consequences, such as:
Significant damage to your credit score
Difficulty obtaining loans, credit cards, or favorable interest rates
Potential legal actions or wage garnishments
Increased stress and financial burden
It’s crucial to address unpaid medical debt promptly to minimize these consequences.
What should you do if you can’t pay a medical bill on time?
If you can’t pay a medical bill on time, consider the following options:
Communicate with your medical provider about your financial situation and ask for assistance or a payment plan.
Explore financial assistance programs, grants, or charities that may help cover the cost of your medical bill.
Negotiate with the medical provider to lower the cost or set up a payment plan.
Hire a medical billing advocate to help you review your bills and negotiate with the medical provider.
How can you negotiate medical bills?
To negotiate medical bills, follow these steps:
Review your bills and insurance statements for errors or discrepancies.
Research the average cost of the medical service in your area.
Prepare a case, explaining why you believe the bill should be reduced.
Contact your medical provider’s billing department and discuss your concerns.
Be prepared to provide documentation and evidence to support your case.
Remain polite and persistent throughout the negotiation process.
How can I get medical bills off my credit report?
To get medical bills off your credit report, the first step is to review your credit report for inaccuracies and verify the legitimacy of the medical collections listed. Inaccurate or unjust collections can be disputed, and if the dispute is resolved in your favor, the medical debt will be removed from your credit report.
To dispute a medical collection, contact the credit bureau reporting the debt and provide supporting documentation, such as insurance Explanation of Benefits (EOB), payment records, and any correspondence with the healthcare provider or collection agency. The credit bureau typically has 30 days to investigate the dispute, and if successful, the medical collection will be removed, potentially improving your credit score.
Another approach to getting medical debt off your credit report is by negotiating a “pay-for-delete” agreement with the collection agency. In a pay-for-delete agreement, you offer to pay the outstanding medical debt in exchange for the collection agency removing the collection from your credit report. This strategy, however, isn’t always successful, as collection agencies are not obligated to agree to such terms.
If you know you can’t commit to a full year, subletting a room or living in a short-term apartment might be your best option.
Never subleased an apartment before? We’ll break it down for you!
What does it mean to sublet an apartment?
The legal definition of subletting is leasing or renting a part, or all, of your lease or rented property, to another person called a subtenant. Subtenants have responsibilities to both the tenant and the landlord, but the tenant is still responsible for paying rent to the landlord and for any damage done to the property.
In simpler words, a sublet, or sublease, is when the original tenant transfers the lease to a subtenant for the remaining duration of the lease period — typically less than a year.
While it varies case-by-case, it typically involves a lease transfer fee and does not require the full move-in costs that one-year leases usually have. Therefore, subletting a room or apartment is a great option if you value affordability and flexibility.
Who is involved when subleasing?
Landlord: The owner of the townhouse/apartment. They receive rent on a monthly basis from the tenants.
Tenant/Sublessor: The renter who signs the lease must pay monthly rent to become a resident of the apartment. The contract period is usually one year.
Subtenant/Sublessee: The person who may live in said townhouse/apartment and commits to paying the rent for their period of stay. However, they’re not officially on the lease. Their point of contact is the tenant (the person obligated to pay the landlord).
What are the legal and financial responsibilities?
Every lease differs, so you first need to figure out if it’s even allowed. If you’re the tenant, read your contract again to ensure that your landlord allows subletting. If you’re the subtenant, ensure that tenant is following the proper procedure.
Regardless of what the lease outlines, it’s a requirement to talk to your landlord about the fact that you want to sublease. If they allow it, they’ll inform you of the procedure that you must follow — it could involve either a transfer of lease and/or a subletting fee.
Alternatively, the landlord may not permit it at all. Tenants/subtenants must adhere to the decision of the landlord or they hold the right to sue/evict or charge hefty fines to both the tenant and the subtenant from the apartment.
Subleasing often involves a fee for processing the addition of the subtenant on the lease agreement. In case there is a lease transfer, there may be penalty fees for breaking the lease. The landlord may request a security deposit from the subtenant, as well. In certain rare cases, there is no fee.
Read the fine print in your subletting contract: Length of stay, utilities, rent amount, parking fees. These are important factors that all parties must agree on. It’s in all parties’ best interests to sign a sublease contract to make sure you’re protected and have the rules for both parties in writing.
Make sure you know what type of sublet you’re agreeing to
There are two main forms of subletting.
Both the sublessor and sublessee are jointly responsible for the apartment and all associated costs.
The original tenant is fully responsible for the lease and is thus responsible for complying with all rules and regulations. The original tenant is liable for any damages and missed payments on behalf of the sublessee.
Read more on the regulations here.
Benefits of subletting a room or an apartment
A sublet isn’t as much of a commitment. Now more than ever, signing on to a one-year lease is something to think twice about. Sublets are much more lenient, and allow you the flexibility during these unpredictable times.
Another pro is that sublets are much more affordable. People looking to transfer their lease will sometimes negotiate on rent. Even a small amount can certainly add up, making a large difference in your overall cost.
And finally, people seeking subletters typically leave their apartments completely furnished, or offer to sell their furniture at a discount. Not only will this save you money, but it also makes all the difference when you’re trying to move in furniture up a few flights of stairs. Definitely a huge perk of subletting!
Benefits of finding someone to sublet your apartment
You don’t have to break your contract. In most cases, breaking a lease is not an option. If you’re committed to a lease, then finding someone to sublet your apartment means you don’t throw money away. Nobody wants to pay for an apartment they aren’t living in.
Another perk is the ability to leave your apartment for a few months, but still move back in eventually. With subletting, you don’t need to give up your apartment.
And by subletting, you don’t need to urgently leave the apartment and pack up your entire life. We all know how difficult moving is in general, not to mention on short notice.
Drawbacks to subletting a room
While subleasing is a great option for someone looking for short-term housing, there are a few drawbacks to the process.
For the renter, it’s only temporary. If you find a great place to live, you know that you’re going to have to move out eventually. So don’t fall in love with your temporary digs.
For the tenant, there are always risks when having someone come into your place when you’re not there, especially if you have really nice things. Think of it like if you were to Airbnb your apartment, there’s always a chance something could get stolen. Also, if your sublessee bails on you or fails to pay the rent, your landlord will still come after you for that missing payment.
What to keep in mind while searching for sublet?
Make sure a sublet is the best option for your circumstances: Will you live in this apartment for less than a year? Do you want to avoid upfront costs that come with a full-year lease? Do you want flexibility? If you answered yes to these questions, you should definitely consider subleasing an apartment.
Make sure to start early. If you’re seeking a sublet for the spring semester, now’s the perfect time to start. It’s best to give yourself at least two months when starting your apartment search. Oftentimes, people with available apartments start searching for a subletter two months in advance, while others leave it until the last minute. To give yourself ample time to find an apartment that fits your budget, location and lifestyle, start your search early.
And remember, there may be a lot of competition. When you start early, you get in touch with more people looking for a place to sublet. That gives you more choices in terms of who you want to have living in your room. By giving yourself time, you’ll have the opportunity to get to know them. Ask them all the important questions: Background checks? Will they pay on time? Is your landlord OK with it? Will they keep your room clean? Are your roommates OK living with them?
How can I find a short-term rental?
Now more than ever, there are various platforms to use to search for sublets or short-term rentals.
Facebook is great if you want to write a short description of your apartment and post a few pictures for more elaboration. It’s also great for networking due to the sheer volume of people using the platform for the purpose of seeking/subletting an apartment. However, if you’re the one finding a room/apartment, you’re bound to spend hours on your Facebook timeline reading every little detail to find your perfect fit. This happens because, in the post format, the information is not standardized.
If you want an interactive experience, Hoamsy is a Boston-based platform that uniquely allows you to list and find sublets. Once you make a profile, you’ll get personalized leads based on your preferences. Once you find a match, you can directly connect with them through Hoamsy’s direct messaging feature. It’s a great resource for people looking to find sublets.
Apartment rental sites like Apartment Guide and Rent. are good platforms to use if you have a very specific apartment in mind. You can filter your search to show only properties that offer short-term rentals. They also have listings available in most major cities and give you a ton of guidance on all aspects of moving on their blogs.
Enjoy your freedom of subletting a room
It’s always good to have options and flexibility and subletting a room definitely gives you the opportunity to do that. Just much sure you understand the process before you get started, and get permission from your landlord before doing anything!
The information contained in this article is for educational purposes only and does not, and is not intended to, constitute legal or financial advice. Readers are encouraged to seek professional legal or financial advice as they may deem it necessary.
Clarissa Garza is a Product Marketing Associate at Hoamsy, a real estate tech platform, where she works on content creation, acquiring new users and copywriting. Clarissa is a student at Boston University with experience in marketing and journalism. Aside from Hoamsy, she is a Statehouse Correspondent at The MetroWest Daily News.
If you’ve dropped out of college but are still carrying student loan debt, you have a number of repayment options, depending on your income and credit profile. Some private lenders may allow you to refinance your federal student loan, but others definitely will not.
College dropout rates indicate that up to 32.9% of undergraduates do not complete their degree program, according to EducationData.org. If anyone hopes that not graduating gets them off the hook for paying back a student loan, the answer is a resounding no. The U.S. Department of Education’s Federal Student Aid (FSA) department spells it out on its website for those repaying federal student loans:
“Your federal student loans can’t be canceled or forgiven because you didn’t get the education or job you expected or you didn’t complete your education (unless you couldn’t complete your education because your school closed).”
Why is that? Lenders believe that not having a degree can pose difficulties in getting a high-earning job. College dropouts make an average of 32.6% less income than bachelor’s degree holders. And some data show that college dropouts are four times as likely to default on their loans compared to graduating counterparts.
Can You Refinance Student Loans Without a Degree?
Student loan refinancing allows you to pay off federal student loans with a private one carrying different terms. For some borrowers, this new loan might come with a lower interest rate or lower monthly payment than their existing debt, particularly if they have a strong credit and employment history.
However, many private lenders won’t allow you to refinance your student loans if you haven’t graduated. SoFi and some other lenders require that you have at least an associate degree from a Title IV accredited school in order to be eligible for refinancing.
Title IV schools are eligible to process federal student aid under the Higher Education Act. You can verify whether the institution you attended is a Title IV school on the federal student aid website.
Even though some of the most popular lenders require you to have a degree, that doesn’t mean you can’t refinance student loans if you did not graduate. There are some financial institutions that may offer refinancing to borrowers who dropped out.
💡 Quick Tip: Some student loan refinance lenders offer no fees, saving borrowers money.
Federal Student Loan Consolidation Without a Degree
There are other solutions to easing your burden. If you have more than one federal student loan, not having a degree doesn’t stop you from being able to combine them through a Direct Consolidation Loan. Doing so can be beneficial because it allows you to make just one payment every month instead of many, potentially with multiple loan servicers. That can make things simpler for you and make it more likely that you’ll remember to pay your loans on time.
Another reason to consolidate is that you could qualify for a lower monthly payment by extending the term of the loan (though you’d pay more interest over the life of the loan). Also, by consolidating, loans that wouldn’t otherwise qualify might become eligible for income-driven repayment plans or the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program.
Should I Consolidate Student Loans
Consolidation isn’t for everyone, however. As we mentioned above, extending the term of the loan means interest will have more time to stack up. Plus, if you’ve already been making payments under an income-driven repayment plan or toward Public Service Loan Forgiveness, you could lose credit for those payments and have to start over.
You can apply for a Direct Consolidation Loan as soon as you leave school or are enrolled less than half-time. You’d submit an application through StudentLoans.gov. If your loans are still in the grace period, you can ask for the consolidation to be delayed so that it’s closer to the end of that period. If you receive the loan, you’ll need to start repaying it 60 days after it’s paid out. 💡 Quick Tip: Federal parent PLUS loans might be a good candidate for refinancing to a lower rate.
Repayment Options for Federal Student Loans
Federal student loan repayment was put on pause in March 2020 due to Covid-19 hardships. The pause ended in October 2023. If you are focused on dealing with your federal student loans, it’s vital to know that the Department of Education has focused on strengthening its income-driven repayment options.
Any Direct Loan borrowers can apply to the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) Plan, introduced in 2023. (SAVE replaces the REPAYE program.) Your monthly payments will be 10% of discretionary income, possibly lowering to 5% in 2024 when SAVE has been fully implemented. You can learn more about SAVE, and apply through its portal, on the FSA site.
For those really struggling to make any payments, the “On-Ramp Program” is in effect through Sept. 30, 2024. This prevents the worst consequences of missed, late, or partial payments, including negative credit reporting for delinquent payments for 12 months. However, payments are still due, and interest will continue to accrue.
You can also apply for forbearance or deferment, temporarily pausing your payments and providing more predictability when you must resume repaying. Keep in mind that forbearance and deferment have financial pros and cons.
Refinancing Your Student Loans
Now or in the future, you may be able to apply for student loan refinancing. You can check your rates with several lenders (using a soft credit check, if possible) to compare rates and terms and see what you might prequalify for.
If you decide to complete a full application, the lender may ask for information like your Social Security Number, outstanding loans and repayment history, income, and employment history. They typically complete a credit check to find out your FICO® Score and look for any red flags, like a history of missed payments, student loan default, eviction, or bankruptcy.
Those who don’t initially qualify for refinancing, or get a favorable rate, can try reapplying with a cosigner — someone who guarantees to repay the loan if the primary borrower can’t.
If you feel you need a cosigner, one with strong credit history and a solid income and employment history (among other financial factors) could help you qualify. If you do use a cosigner, remember that if you default, any missed payments on your end may damage their credit.
It’s important to bear in mind with refinancing that, if approved, you would lose out on several options. These include:
• Access to temporary loan payment relief through approved periods (deferment or forbearance) when you do not have to make payments because of financial hardship, continuing your education, or military service.
• No interest accumulation on subsidized student loans during periods when payments are deferred.
• Access to repayment plans based on your income that provide loan forgiveness once you have been in repayment for 20 or 25 years.
Recommended: Refinancing Student Debt With a Cosigner
Taking Control of Your Student Loans
Not completing your college degree or stopping and starting over an extended period is far from uncommon. However, It can be frustrating to carry a student loan balance for a degree you don’t have.
Unfortunately, SoFi does not offer student loan refinancing to borrowers who don’t have at least an associate degree, but some lenders do. Plus there are other options, such as applying for income-driven repayment and exploring other federal programs to help with loans.
Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.
With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.
FAQ
Can I get a loan without a degree?
Yes, it’s possible to get student loans without a degree — if you are currently enrolled in school. The federal student loan program offers student loans to qualifying borrowers who are attending eligible institutions. Students may also look into private student loans.
Can you refinance student loans without a job?
Refinancing student loans without a job may be more challenging than if you are able to show a record of stable employment. However, lenders evaluate a variety of factors when making lending decisions including employment history, income, credit score, among other factors. The lender is trying to evaluate whether you are able to repay the loan. If you are able to show other sources of income — outside of a traditional job — it may be possible to refinance your student loans.
Do you need to graduate to refinance student loans?
In many cases, yes, you do need to graduate before you can refinance student loans. Many private lenders won’t allow you to refinance your student loans if you haven’t graduated. Though, there are some lenders that are willing to refinance student loans for borrowers who did not graduate.
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SoFi Student Loan Refinance If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.
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Debt relief won’t hurt your credit alone. However, closing your oldest accounts can drastically lower your standing.
Debt relief and debt settlement options don’t hurt your credit score on their own. These programs aim to help reduce your debt and if that debt is revolving credit, it can reduce your credit utilization and improve your credit. However, a debt relief program could accidentally drop your score if it closes your account with the longest payment history.
There are many debt relief options available, so it’s important to consider your unique financial circumstances when choosing a plan. We’ll help you weigh those options and share several resources that can help you learn how to reduce debt over time.
Key Takeaways:
Credit utilization makes up 30% of your credit score.
Each debt relief option has its pros and cons.
Having good credit can help you secure better loans.
How Debt Relief Programs Affect Credit
Your credit utilization rate makes up 30% (roughly one-third) of your overall credit score. When you pay off revolving debt, your credit score often will improve if that is the area most impacting your credit. TIf you’ve nearly reached your credit card’s total credit limit. Keeping your utilization rate below 10% is ideal, but less than 30% is also a strong move.
Below is a breakdown of the five factors that influence credit, according to the FICO® credit scoring model:
The type of debt relief program you use can also positively or negatively affect your credit. Debt settlement, for example, utilizes some tactics that generally have a more negative effect than other types of debt relief programs.
Credit.com’s free credit report card tool can help you better understand your current creditworthiness and which factors you need to work on to help you improve your standing.
The Main Approaches to Debt Relief
Once you have a clear picture of your credit history, you can choose one of the six main approaches to debt relief to help you get out of debt. Each option has its advantages and drawbacks as well as a distinct impact on your credit score, both short term and long term.
Debt Snowball and Debt Avalanche
Immediate credit impact: None
Long-term credit impact: Reliably positive
The debt snowball is when you pay off your debts one at a time, starting with the ones that have the lowest balance. This eliminates those debts from your credit record quickly.
The debt avalanche is when you pay off your debts one at a time, but you start with those that have the highest balances instead. While it takes longer to clear debt from your credit history, the debt you clear takes a larger chunk out of your overall balance owed.
As long as you stick to the minimum payments needed on all of your other credit accounts while you work to pay down your debt, this method has little immediate impact on your credit report and a reliably positive one in the long term.
Debt Consolidation
Immediate credit impact: Small (positive or negative)
Long-Term credit impact: Minimal
Debt consolidation loans and balance transfer credit cards can help you manage your debt by combining multiple lines of credit under one loan or credit card. While this helps by making one payment out of several, it’s not a strategy that directly gets you out of debt. It’s more like a tool to help you get out of debt faster and easier.
Consolidation loans often offer lower interest rates than the original credit lines, enabling you to pay off your debt faster. In addition, having one lower monthly payment makes it easier to avoid late or missed payments.
Balance transfer credit cards let you transfer debt from other cards for a minimal fee. These cards sometimes require that you pay off the balance transfer balance within a certain time frame to avoid incurring interest. If you choose a balance transfer card, choose one with terms favorable to your situation and needs.
A debt consolidation loan adds a new account to your credit report, which can briefly cause your score to drop. On the other hand, adding a loan or credit card to your credit history could improve your credit mix. You’ll need to consider these factors when determining whether a debt consolidation loan is right for you.
Credit Counseling
Immediate credit impact: None expected
Long-term credit impact: None expected
A credit counselor is a professional adviser who helps you manage and repay your debt. Counselors may offer free or low-cost consultations and educational materials. They often lead their clients to enroll in other debt relief programs, such as a debt management plan, which generally require a fee and can affect your credit.
Be sure you fully understand the potential impact of any debt relief program suggested by a credit counselor before you sign up. Ask as many questions as you can, like “Will this debt relief program have high interest rates?”
Counselors can also help you avoid accumulating too much debt. Seeking advice from a counselor about a loan that you’re interested in can save you money in the long run. Learning how to choose a credit counselor who can meet your needs is essential.
Debt Management Plan
Immediate credit impact: Moderate (positive or negative)
Long-term credit impact: Minimal
A Debt Management Plan is typically set up by a credit counselor or counseling agency. You make one monthly payment to that agency, and the agency disburses that payment among your creditors. This debt management program can affect your credit in several ways—mostly positively.
While individual lenders may care that a credit counseling agency is repaying your accounts, FICO does not. Since FICO is the leading data analytics company responsible for calculating consumer credit risk, a DMP will not adversely affect your credit. Of course, delinquent payments and high balances will continue to bring your score down, even if you’re working with an agency.
When you agree to a DMP, you have to close your credit cards. This will likely lower your scores, but how much depends on how the rest of your credit report looks. Factors such as whether or not you have other open credit accounts that you pay on time will determine how much closing these lines of credit will hurt your score.
Regardless, the negative effect is temporary. Ultimately, the impact of making consistent on-time payments to your remaining credit accounts will raise your credit scores.
Debt Settlement and Debt Negotiation
Immediate credit impact: Severe damage
Long-Term credit impact: Slow recovery
Some creditors may allow you to settle your debt. Negotiating with creditors allows you to pay less than the full balance owed and close the account.
Creditors only do this for consumers with several delinquent payments on their credit report. However, creditors generally charge off debts once they hit the mark of being 180 days past due. Since charged-off debts are turned over to collection agencies, it is important to try to settle an account before it gets charged off.
Debt settlement companies negotiate with creditors on your behalf, but their tactics often require you to stop paying your bills entirely, which can have a severe negative impact on your credit. In general, debt settlement is considered a last resort, and many professionals recommend bankruptcy before debt settlement.
Bankruptcy
Immediate credit impact: Severe damage
Long-term credit impact: Slow recovery
Filing for bankruptcy will severely damage your credit and can stay on your credit report for as long as 10 years from the filing date. However, if you are truly in a place of debt from which all other debt relief programs cannot save you, bankruptcy may be the best option.
Moreover, working diligently to rebuild your credit after bankruptcy can help improve your credit scores. Depending upon which type of bankruptcy you file for—Chapter 7, Chapter 11 or Chapter 13—you will pay back different amounts of your debt, and it will take varying timelines before your credit can be restored.
Learning the difference between bankruptcy types can help you choose the right one. A qualified consumer bankruptcy attorney can help you evaluate your options.
Boost Your Personal Finance Knowledge With Credit.com
Whichever method of debt relief you choose, the ultimate goal is always to pay off your debt. That way, you can save and invest for your future goals. For some, taking a hit to their credit temporarily is worth it if it means finally getting their balances to zero.
Credit.com has an extensive library of personal finance resources that can enhance your knowledge and help you determine if a loan or line of credit is right for you. Plus, you’ll find plenty of resources to help with your debt relief goals.
Mortgage debt, which is the largest chunk of household debt, reached a new high of $12.25 trillion at the end of December. Credit card balances surged to $1.13 trillion and auto loans to $1.61 trillion in the fourth quarter, both setting records since data collection began in 2003. Interestingly, student loan amounts remained relatively stable … [Read more…]
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
VantageScore® and FICO® use somewhat different factors to determine credit scores. They also have separate requirements for credit history and distinct credit score ranges.
VantageScore® and FICO® are both accurate credit scoring models with unique nuances. For example, FICO treats credit mix and age of credit as two separate categories, while VantageScore lumps them into one category (mix and age of credit).
Lenders can use your FICO score and VantageScore when deciding to approve or decline your loan applications. Learning how both models work can help you have a positive impact on your credit. We’ll compare and contrast FICO and VantageScore to help answer questions like “Why are my credit scores different?”
Key takeaways
VantageScore and FICO are both accurate scoring models that use different factors to calculate your credit score.
FICO was established in 1981, while VantageScore was founded in 2006.
Payment history impacts VantageScores and FICO scores the most
Table of contents:
What is a FICO score?
Your FICO credit score is a credit scoring model created by the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) that is based on information in your credit reports with the three major credit bureaus—Equifax®, Experian® and TransUnion®. FICO score 8 is the most popular version of this model, and other versions can specifically weigh your habits with auto loans and credit cards.
What is a VantageScore?
Your VantageScore is also based on information in your credit reports with the three major credit bureaus, and it was created by those same credit bureaus as an alternative to the FICO scoring model. VantageScore 3.0 is the most commonly used version of this tool, which debuted in 2013. VantageScore 4.0 incorporates machine learning to analyze a person’s credit habits over time.
Why are my FICO score and VantageScore different?
There are multiple reasons why your FICO score and VantageScore may differ, and it comes down to the way each model calculates scores. Here are several ways that these popular scoring models differ from each other.
Creation and history
The Fair Isaac Corporation was founded in 1956 (then called Fair, Isaac and Company), and they created the FICO score model in 1981. The corporation’s long-standing history is one of the reasons why so many lenders use its scoring models.
VantageScore Solutions, LLC, created the VantageScore model to gauge your creditworthiness using a different formula than FICO. This model was created in 2006, and many lenders have adopted it since.
Minimum scoring criteria
FICO requires at least six months of credit activity to generate a credit score. Moreover, your credit report must display a tradeline (which refers to an item such as a credit card or line of credit) with at least six months of activity.
VantageScore simply asks that clients have at least one tradeline item on their credit reports. There’s also no minimum monthly requirement for that item.
Credit score values
When comparing your VantageScore vs. FICO score, knowing which factors affect each model is important.
FICO Score 8 consists of the following five factors:
Payment history (35 percent): Gauges how often you make payments on time.
Accounts owed (30 percent): Weighs how much of your available balance you’ve used.
Credit age (15 percent): Measures the average age of your open credit accounts.
Credit mix (10 percent): Indicates how diverse your open credit accounts are.
New credit (10 percent): Looks at any new credit accounts you’ve applied for.
VantageScore 3.0, on the other hand, looks at these six metrics:
Payment history (40 percent): Weighs your on-time payments and your missed payments.
Depth and age of credit (21 percent): Measures your credit mix and the average age of your credit.
Credit utilization (20 percent): Is the same as FICO’s “accounts owed” category.
Total balances (11 percent): Looks at your outstanding balances across all accounts.
Recent credit (5 percent): Examines your behavior with new credit.
Available credit (3 percent): Refers to how much credit you currently have available.
Based on these factors, it’s easy to see why your FICO score and VantageScore can differ. Credit mix is scrutinized by VantageScore far more than FICO, which is why it can help to responsibly manage different credit accounts. FICO, on the other hand, weighs new credit activity more heavily—so pace yourself when applying for new credit.
Is your FICO score or VantageScore more important?
Your FICO score and VantageScore are both important because they can help you get a sense of your current credit habits. However, auto loan lenders, commercial banks and landlords favor FICO. This means that your application for a new rental property will likely be approved or declined based on the strength of your FICO credit score.
There’s a lot of overlap between FICO and VantageScore, so most credit-building tips apply to both models. For example, payment history is the most important factor for both FICO and VantageScore, so making timely payments will positively impact both scores.
Several other ways to increase your credit scores include:
Frequently check your credit report to dispute errors and review your habits.
Limit the number of credit cards or loans you apply for all at once.
Learn how Lexington Law Firm’s focus tracks can help you rebuild your credit after major life events.
Monitor your credit with Lexington Law Firm
Responsible credit habits will build your credit no matter which model is being taken into account. Lexington Law Firm can help you better understand your current credit habits, help you manage account inquiries and address errors on your credit reports.
Learn more about our services and see if they will suit your needs.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Sarah Raja
Associate Attorney
Sarah Raja was born and raised in Phoenix, Arizona.
In 2010 she earned a bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Arizona State University. Sarah then clerked at personal injury firm while she studied for the Law School Admissions Test. In 2016, Sarah graduated from Arizona Summit Law School with a Juris Doctor degree. While in law school Sarah had a passion for mediation and participated in the school’s mediation clinic and mediated cases for the Phoenix Justice Courts. Prior to joining Lexington Law Firm, Sarah practiced in the areas of real property law, HOA law, family law, and disability law in the State of Arizona. In 2020, Sarah opened her own mediation firm with her business partner, where they specialize in assisting couples through divorce in a communicative and civilized manner. In her spare time, Sarah enjoys spending time with family and friends, practicing yoga, and traveling.