Car incentives nearly vanished during the past several years, thanks to pandemic-driven supply chain issues for auto manufacturers. As vehicle inventories dwindled and consumer demand outweighed supply, automakers had no reason to offer incentives like rebates or low-rate financing. The good news is that auto incentives, while still below prepandemic levels, are starting to return.
According to Kelley Blue Book, a Cox Automotive company, auto incentives — as a percentage of the average new-vehicle price buyers paid — reached 5.9% in February 2024. That’s compared with a general range of 10% to 11% before COVID-19 hit and 2% in fall 2022. In February, auto manufacturers spent an average of $2,808 per vehicle in incentives, up 88% from a year ago.
With inventories returning to normal and some auto manufacturers again sweetening deals to move vehicles, here’s how you can find and possibly save with car incentives.
Tips for saving with auto incentives
Although new car prices have declined since peaking in late 2022, the average price a buyer pays remains around $47,000. Incentives are one way to whittle down that price tag, and certain strategies can help maximize savings.
Be flexible about the vehicle you buy
Traditionally, auto dealers strive to have 60 selling days’ worth of cars in stock. As auto production has returned, some manufacturers — like Toyota — remain well below the 60-day mark, while others — including Ford, Nissan and Buick — are overstocked and more likely to offer incentives and discounts to move cars.
“The key right now is to be flexible about which vehicle you consider,” says Sean Tucker, senior editor for data company Cox Automotive. “If you had your heart set on something from Toyota, you’re probably not going to find a great deal. They just don’t have trouble selling cars right now.”
Auto manufacturer websites are a good place to research auto deals and incentives — including cash rebates, low-rate financing and lease deals — that are available for various makes and models. Such incentives often vary regionally, so you can usually narrow a search by ZIP code. Also, auto research companies like Edmunds maintain webpages with current car deals and incentives by carmaker.
Tucker suggests that incentives for leasing and electric vehicles are both good sources for saving in the current market. Auto dealerships are trying to restore the leasing cycle that feeds the used car market, so many dealerships are offering lease deals.
“It’s actually relatively easy right now to get a good lease on an EV,” Tucker says. “And that might even be a good idea just from a technology standpoint, because three years from now, when your lease is likely coming up, there may be far better EVs on the market.”
Know what incentives you qualify for
To ensure you receive every incentive available to you, know exactly which incentives you qualify for before engaging with a car dealer. Joseph Yoon, consumer insights analyst at Edmunds, recommends telling the dealer upfront what you expect in the way of incentives.
“The dealer is not going to offer it to you unless they’re deeply desperate to get the deal done,” Yoon says.
As part of your research, be aware of the different types of incentives available, because in some cases they can be combined.
Auto rebates provide a certain dollar amount to reduce your overall cost of buying, financing or leasing a vehicle. The rebate reduction should be on top of any other discount you’ve negotiated.
Low-rate financing is an incentive offered by automaker captive lenders — although you’ll need to have good or excellent credit to qualify and may be limited on loan length. As of March 5, 2024, Cox Automotive reported that 14.2% of new vehicle financing transactions had an APR of 3% or less. Only 3.2% of transactions had a 0% APR. While low-rate offers are available, they aren’t plentiful.
Loyalty incentives may be available if you have a certain car brand and want to buy or lease another one from the same manufacturer.
Demographic-focused incentives — for example, if you’re a recent college graduate, military member or educator — are also offered by some auto manufacturers and dealers.
Stacking more than one incentive, when possible, can help you take advantage of every dollar available to you. If you have to choose between multiple incentives, for example, either a rebate or low rate from the same manufacturer, use an auto loan calculator to run each scenario and see which will save you the most money in the long run. Also, consider whether taking a cash rebate at the dealer and financing elsewhere could save you even more.
About EVs, Yoon says auto manufacturers and dealers are motivated right now to offer savings on top of the federal incentive, because “there’s still a little bit of inventory left from 2023 that they really, really, really want to get rid of as the 2024 models [are starting to] hit.”
Plan to negotiate and comparison shop
If you know you qualify for a $1,500 car rebate, don’t assume that’s the best you can do — even if the dealer tells you it is. The ability to negotiate car prices for some models has also reappeared, and incentives should be in addition to any amount you negotiate off the manufacturer’s suggested retail price. You can use valuation tools on car-buying sites to see what people are paying for the car you want and whether negotiating a lower price is realistic.
Finally, if you can find more than one dealership with the vehicle you want, present the deal you expect to each and let them compete for your business. Dealers receive factory-to-dealer discounts to help move certain vehicles, usually slower-selling ones. They can choose whether to pass these savings on to you and may be more motivated to do so if they know you’re shopping for the same car elsewhere.
Yoon says if a dealership isn’t willing to “play ball,” you shouldn’t hesitate to walk away. “Cars cost literally more than they have ever cost the consumer, and so you should, rightfully so, fight for every dollar that you can save.”
If you’re like most people embarking on a home-buying journey, one of your first steps will be finding a mortgage lender. There’s a lot to consider when it comes to choosing the right one — everything from interest rates, loan types and fees to service and experience.
When comparing lenders, it’s worth taking your time and choosing carefully. Purchasing a home is a big step, and you want a knowledgeable lending partner by your side as you weigh your financing options and navigate the paperwork involved. A good mortgage lender is a valuable resource and can make the home-buying process easier and less stressful. Let’s take a look at the steps you can take to find the right lender fit for you.
How to Find a Mortgage Lender
There are several types of lenders you can look to for securing your home loan, with the most popular being direct lenders and mortgage brokers.
Direct lenders. Banks, credit unions and mortgage companies are considered direct lenders and handle the entire mortgage process from origination to closing.
Mortgage brokers. Mortgage brokers work independently with a variety of loan originators, including direct lenders, to help clients find a mortgage that fits their needs.
Which type of mortgage lender you choose depends on your personal preference, the type of loan you’re looking for and your financial situation. There are many factors to consider when comparing your options. While interest rates are certainly a big one, there are other things to think about, such as fees, loan products, the process and the lender’s experience and reputation.
Here are some tips for choosing the right lender and how to best set yourself up for mortgage success.
Starting the Loan Certification Process
When choosing a lender, look for one that offers a written letter or certification you can provide to sellers to let them know you are qualified. This gives you a clear picture of your buying power and can help you make a stronger offer on a home. When you work with a lender that provides this, you’re doing much of the legwork involved in obtaining a mortgage contract without actually finalizing it.
Choosing Pennymac as your lender gives you access to our unique BuyerReady Certification process. This certification gets you even closer to your new home by confirming precisely how much of a mortgage you will qualify for.
While a BuyerReady Certification does not guarantee a closing, it is a conditional approval based on the information you provide us through the formal loan process. You’ll have peace of mind knowing your borrowing limit and be able to show realtors and sellers that you’re serious about purchasing. To receive a Pennymac BuyerReady Certification, you’ll submit a mortgage application and financial documents, which a Pennymac Loan Expert will review.
Here are some of the benefits of having a BuyerReady Certification:
Shows sellers, realtors and lenders that you’re a serious homebuyer
Helps inform your decision-making in terms of how much you can spend on a home and the types of financing you’ll be able to qualify for
Gives you a competitive advantage over homebuyers who don’t have it
Important Mortgage Considerations
Whether you begin your hunt for the perfect lender and loan by visiting your local bank, searching online or surveying your family and friends, here are some key factors you’ll want to consider.
Interest Rates
Interest rates are among the most important factors to consider when comparing lenders. Your interest rate will determine how much you have to pay for your home loan, so take time to do the math when examining your options. Even a seemingly small difference between rates, such as an additional .5%, can add up to a considerable increase in your monthly payment. Over a 30-year term, you could be paying tens of thousands of dollars more in interest.
While interest rates aren’t the only factor to look at when choosing a lender, they are a significant one. Select a lender that offers a range of competitive rates and terms and will quickly lock in a rate when you find the one that works best for your budget.
Down Payment and Mortgage Insurance
Most, but not all, home loans will require a down payment. A home down payment is money paid upfront for the home at closing and is a percentage of the home’s purchase price.
A conventional fixed-rate mortgage may require a down payment of as little as 3%. A Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage has a minimum down payment of 3.5%, while the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs offers loans with 0% down.
When comparing mortgage lenders, be sure to inquire about which loans they offer, especially if you’re interested in a non-conventional loan, such as a FHA or VA loan.
Keep Mortgage Insurance in Mind
While there is flexibility in how much of a down payment you make, if you have a conventional loan and do not put at least 20% down, you’ll have to pay for private mortgage insurance (PMI). This is a policy that protects your lender if you fall behind on your payments or end up in foreclosure. It is paid monthly on top of your regular mortgage payment.
Lenders partner with certain PMI providers and may use different calculations to determine your PMI premium. If you anticipate that you’ll be paying PMI, be sure to factor those premium charges into your cost comparisons. Conventional mortgage insurance can be priced quite aggressively, especially if the borrower has a solid credit score. It’s a great option for those who want to keep cash in the bank for investing and/or reserves.
If you opt for an FHA loan, mortgage insurance — similar to PMI — is always required at first. How much and how long you’ll have to pay the extra monthly premium depends on the amount of your down payment. VA loans do not require any type of mortgage insurance but may have other mandatory fees.
Fees
When comparing lenders, you’ll want to specifically evaluate rates, as well as origination fees and discount points, which can vary depending on who you choose. The homebuyer usually pays the fees, although sometimes a seller will agree to a concession and pay for some. Don’t be afraid to negotiate any closing costs. See if the lender you’re considering will work with you to reduce some fees or make other favorable compromises.
Prepare for Meeting with a Loan Officer
Once you find a prospective lender, you’ll meet with a loan officer or expert in person, through email or over the phone to discuss your mortgage options. Your loan officer will help determine your short and long-term goals with your home purchase and offer options to tailor your loan to your current financial situation. This meeting will provide a foundation for your loan officer to match you with a home loan that meets your needs.
Being prepared will help you make the most of your meeting and facilitate the mortgage process. Before meeting with your loan officer, here are some things you can do.
Improve Your Credit Score
Your credit score is a major factor in determining what kind of loans you may qualify for and your interest rate. A lender will want to be confident that you’ll be able to repay your loan. Your credit score is based on the data in your credit report and is a numerical rating based on your credit history. It takes the following into account:
Your bill-paying history
Total amount of current unpaid secured and unsecured debt
Your open loan accounts
How long you have had your loan accounts open
Credit account limits
Collections, charge-offs and any derogatory debt
Typically, the higher your credit score, the more loan options you will have. A lower credit score can mean that mortgage choices may be limited to non-conventional loans with broader qualification requirements.
The following are three steps you can take to help boost your credit score:
Check your credit report. Request free credit reports from each major credit bureau (Equifax, TransUnion and Experian) and review them for accuracy.
Pay bills on time. Late payments for credit cards and personal or auto loans can negatively impact your credit score. Making consistent on-time payments is one of the most influential credit score factors. If this is an area of concern, consider setting up automatic payments and commit to paying at least the minimum amount due each month.
Reduce credit utilization ratio (CUR). Demonstrate responsible credit management by lowering your credit card balances as much as possible. Try to keep your credit utilization ratio below 30%, which indicates that you are using a smaller portion of your available credit. Calculate your CUR as follows: Credit Utilization Ratio = (Total Outstanding Balances on Credit Accounts/Available Credit/Total Credit Limit on Accounts) x 100.
Organize Your Finances and Documents
To prepare for your loan officer meeting, determine how much money you have for a down payment, as this will be important when evaluating your loan options and monthly payments. You will also be required to submit numerous financial documents, including:
Photo ID
Pay stubs
Tax returns and W-2s and/or 1099s
Bank statements
All the paperwork may not be necessary during your initial meeting. Still, a jumpstart on document-gathering can help streamline the mortgage application process when your loan officer is ready to review them.
Understand Which Loan Is Right for You
While your lender will look at your complete financial picture before presenting — and explaining — your mortgage options, it is a good idea to have a basic understanding of the choices available. The following are the most common types of home purchase loans:
Each type of loan has its benefits and qualification requirements. When comparing home loans, you’ll want to think about:
How long you intend to stay in the loan
Your down payment and credit score
Your income stability
How much you intend to borrow
How long you plan to stay in and/or own the home
Your future plans, e.g., will you need more space for children or aging parents?
Your budget
Assess Your Budget
After you apply for your mortgage, you’ll go through the underwriting process, whereby all your financial documents will be examined and verified. Because the loan officer will ultimately determine how much you can borrow based on your budget, it’s crucial to provide them with the most accurate information upfront during the application process. Providing inaccurate information before going into processing can impact your qualification on the back end. Taking these steps before your loan officer meeting may help improve your chances that you’ll receive a loan approval:
Review your debt-to-income ratio (DTI) with a licensed loan officer. Your DTI is determined by how much recurring monthly debt you have compared to your monthly gross income. Look at your credit card and loan payments. Having less of your monthly income allocated to debt is a positive indicator of being able to qualify for a loan.
Establish how much you can put down on a home. The higher your down payment, the less you’ll have to borrow.
Determine how much you can afford to pay every month. Your new home expenses are not limited to your mortgage. Consider other costs such as:
Closing costs
Insurance
Property taxes
Potentially higher utility expenses
Any applicable mortgage insurance
Homeowners association fees
You’ll also want to think about how your new mortgage will affect your long-term savings goals, such as saving for retirement or your child’s education.
Questions to Ask the Loan Officer
Whether you’re a first-time homebuyer or a seasoned homeowner, the mortgage process may seem a bit overwhelming. Meeting with a licensed loan officer is an opportunity to get your questions answered so you can better understand the process, the loans available and the fees involved.
The following questions are a starting point for gathering information from your loan officer:
What types of home loans do you offer? Which do you think would best fit my needs?
What are the loan rates, terms and eligibility requirements?
What is the required minimum down payment amount for the different loan options?
Will my loan require mortgage insurance?
Is there a prepayment penalty if I want to pay off my loan early?
Do you offer a letter, certification, pre-approval or something similar I can provide sellers to validate my qualifications?
What will my closing costs be?
Can I lock in my interest rate?
Who will be my primary contact? Will it be you or someone else once the loan moves to underwriting?
Can I buy discount mortgage points? How long will it take to recoup them?
These are fees paid at closing that can help you lower your monthly mortgage payment.
How long is the mortgage process? When can I expect to close?
Will the loan closing take place in person or online?
Take your time to ask all the questions you need. A mortgage is a significant financial commitment, and you want to be confident that you’re making the most informed decision. If your loan officer is impatient or reluctant to answer your questions, that may be a sign that they’re not the right lender for you. A loan officer should be a borrower’s advocate and take the time to educate them throughout the process.
Interest Rate Lock
Mortgage rates constantly fluctuate, so asking for an interest rate lock is a smart idea if you find a good rate. An interest rate lock, also known as a locked-in rate, is a guarantee from a lender to give you a set interest rate when you apply for a mortgage. It protects borrowers against potential interest rate increases during the mortgage underwriting process.
Rates can generally be locked for an option of 30, 45, 60 or even 90 days. They are usually locked after the loan application has been reviewed and before underwriting. Lenders have different policies regarding rate locks, including fees, so inquire about policies when comparing lenders.
How Long Is the Process?
The mortgage loan timeline, consisting of a BuyerReady Certification, applying for the loan and underwriting, varies from 30 to 60 days or longer. Some factors that hinder the mortgage process include:
When borrowers do not have all their documents in order or provide inaccurate or incomplete information
When borrowers have more complex situations, such as credit issues
When lenders experience delays obtaining verifications, such as your credit history from the credit bureaus, rental records from a landlord or employment information
Stricter regulations that require lenders to accommodate more compliance checks
While some delays may be beyond your control, here are a few tips that could help expedite the loan process:
Gather as many financial documents as possible before applying for the loan
Do not omit any required information
Respond promptly to your lender’s questions or documentation requests
Stay in frequent communication with your lender and address any issues quickly
Try to avoid making any major financial changes during this time, such as changing jobs or taking on significant new debt
Get a List of All Paperwork Needed
Submitting documents is a requisite part of the home loan application and approval process. All lenders require certain documents to verify your financial and personal information to assess your creditworthiness and ability to repay your loan. The documentation will give your lender insight into your financial situation, income, assets and liabilities. While you should check with your lender to see what specific documentation they will need, at a minimum, lenders will typically ask for:
Employment verification, including pay stubs
Social Security, pension or retirement income, if retired
Evidence of any other forms of income, such as child support
Tax returns for the past two years
Bank statements for your checking and savings accounts
Statements for other assets like your investment and retirement accounts
Student loan details
Information on any debt you have, such as auto or student loans
Gift letter, if family members are contributing funds toward the down payment
Rental payment history, if applicable
There’s a lot that goes into choosing the right lender. But finding one that offers a loan that aligns with your financial goals and provides a positive borrowing experience is essential. With some due diligence, you’ll find a reputable lender to guide and support you through the mortgage process as you make the move toward your next home.
As a top national mortgage lender, Pennymac has loan experts who specialize in purchase loans to help homebuyers through the mortgage process and ensure a seamless home-buying experience. Plus, they can help you get BuyerReady Certified so you’ll know how exactly much money you can borrow and be more confident when looking for a home. Interested to learn more about what Pennymac can do for you? Get a custom instant rate quote today.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
There are several possible reasons why your credit score won’t go up, such as the lender hasn’t reported to the credit bureaus yet, you have fallen behind on payments, you have high credit utilization or you have a short credit history.
A good credit score can help you get approved for loans, secure low interest rates, and receive the best terms. However, improving your credit can be tricky, especially if you feel stuck at a certain number.
If you frequently check your credit score and don’t see the number change, you may wonder, “Why won’t my credit score go up?” In this post, we’re going to dive into 10 potential reasons why your credit score is stagnant and what to do about it. Read on to learn more.
Table of contents:
1. Your credit score hasn’t been updated yet
Lenders typically report to the three credit bureaus every 30 to 45 days. Therefore, it can take up to a month for your credit score to reflect new changes. If you recently paid off an account and haven’t seen a change in your score yet, there’s no need to worry.
What to do about it: If you don’t see the update reflected in your credit report after a month or two, consider contacting your lender.
2. You’ve fallen behind on payments
Payment history is a fundamental factor that affects your credit—accounting for 35 percent of your FICO® score. If a payment is over 30 days past due, your lender will report it to the credit bureaus. Even one late payment can hurt your credit significantly. Late payments also stay on your credit report for up to seven years, although their influence on your credit report declines over time.
What to do about it: Get in the habit of making consistent on-time payments.
3. You have high credit utilization
Your credit utilization, or the amount of money you owe compared to your credit limit, is another factor that influences your credit. For example, if your credit limit is $12,000 and you owe $3,000, your credit utilization rate is 40 percent.
While using your available credit isn’t necessarily bad, a high credit utilization rate can signal to lenders that you’re reliant on credit and, therefore, are a high-risk borrower.
What to do about it: Aim to keep your credit utilization under 30 percent by reducing your spending or increasing your credit limit.
4. You have a short credit history
Your length of credit history, or the amount of time your accounts have been established, accounts for 15 percent of your FICO score. A long credit history is helpful to your credit because it provides lenders with enough data to accurately determine your credit risk. Remember that while a long credit history is beneficial, FICO assures that it’s “not required for a good credit score.”
What to do about it: Be patient and keep old credit accounts open.
5. You have negative items on your credit report
Delinquent accounts, bankruptcies, charge-offs, and collection accounts are all major negative items. If you have any of these on your credit report, they may be preventing you from improving your credit.
Although negative information will eventually fall off your credit report, the amount of time that takes depends on the type of negative item. Most negative information stays on your credit report for about seven years.
What to do about it: While not guaranteed, you can try sending a pay for delete letter or request a goodwill deletion from your creditor to get the negative items removed.
6. Your credit mix isn’t diverse
Credit mix refers to the variety of credit accounts you hold. Examples of credit accounts include credit cards, mortgages, auto loans, credit cards, installment loans, and so on. Credit mix determines 10 percent of your credit score.
What to do about it: While you don’t necessarily need one of each type of credit, consider opening new accounts to diversify your credit mix.
7. You have multiple new hard inquiries
When you submit a new credit application, the creditor will perform a hard inquiry on your credit file, which can temporarily lower your score. While the impact of a hard inquiry is only around 5 points, multiple credit inquiries can add up and cause a significant drop in your credit.
If you frequently apply for new credit, the compounding hard inquiries may be preventing you from improving your score.
What to do about it: Wait at least six months between each new credit application to limit the effect of hard inquiries on your credit.
8. Your credit score is already high
Those with very good or excellent credit scores may struggle to advance their credit standing. The better your credit score, the harder it becomes to raise it because there is less room for improvement. Once your score is in the 700s or 800s, increasing it can be challenging.
What to do about it: Keep up with your good credit habits, but be aware that progress may slow as your score increases.
9. You have errors on your credit report
Errors on your credit report can damage your credit. Review your credit report at least once a year to check for inaccurate information. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, common errors include:
Identification errors
Misreported account status
Data management errors
Inaccurate balances
What to do about it: If you find an error on your credit report, file a dispute with the credit bureaus to get it corrected.
10. You’ve been a victim of identity theft or fraud
Identity theft can wreak havoc on your credit score. Scammers can open new accounts in your name, purchase items with your credit card and more. That’s why it’s important to keep an eye out for the following warning signs of identity theft:
Charges for purchases you didn’t make
Calls from debt collectors regarding accounts you didn’t open
Accounts on your credit report that you didn’t open
Loan applications getting rejected
Mail stops being delivered to, or is missing from, your mailbox
What to do about it: If you suspect you’ve been a victim of identity theft, make sure to set up fraud alerts and freeze your credit. Ready to move the needle on your credit score? At Lexington Law Firm, we’ll determine what inaccurate negative items might be hurting your credit and address them with the credit bureaus. Among our services, we offer an Identity Theft Focus Track, created specifically for individuals financially recovering from identity theft. Get started today.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Paola Bergauer
Associate Attorney
Paola Bergauer was born in San Jose, California then moved with her family to Hawaii and later Arizona.
In 2012 she earned a Bachelor’s degree in both Psychology and Political Science. In 2014 she graduated from Arizona Summit Law School earning her Juris Doctor. During law school, she had the opportunity to participate in externships where she was able to assist in the representation of clients who were pleading asylum in front of Immigration Court. Paola was also a senior staff editor in her law school’s Law Review. Prior to joining Lexington Law, Paola has worked in Immigration, Criminal Defense, and Personal Injury. Paola is licensed to practice in Arizona and is an Associate Attorney in the Phoenix office.
Your credit score is a three-digit number that reflects your credit history. It’s not the complete financial picture, but lenders consider it when evaluating you for lines of credit and insurance.
But there are multiple versions of your credit score.
For the majority of lending decisions most lenders use your FICO score. Calculated by the data analytics company Fair Isaac Corporation, it’s based on data from credit reports about your payment history, credit mix, length of credit history and other criteria.
Some lenders use another scoring model, VantageScore, especially credit card companies.
But if you’re applying for a mortgage, the score on your application might be different from either of them.
Here’s what you need to know about credit scores if you’re looking to buy a home.
What we’ll cover
Compare offers to find the best mortgage
The credit score used in mortgage applications
While the FICO® 8 model is the most widely used scoring model for general lending decisions, banks use the following FICO scores when you apply for a mortgage:
FICO® Score 2 (Experian)
FICO® Score 5 (Equifax)
FICO® Score 4 (TransUnion)
All the credit reporting agencies use a slightly different version of the FICO score. That’s because FICO tweaks its model to best predict creditworthiness in different industries. You’re still evaluated on the same core factors — payment history, credit use, credit mix and the age of your accounts— but they’re weighed a little differently.
That makes sense — paying off a mortgage is different than using a credit card responsibly.
The FICO 8 model used by credit card companies is more critical of high balances on revolving credit lines. Since revolving credit is less of a factor when it comes to mortgages, the FICO 2, 4 and 5 models have proven to be reliable when evaluating candidates for a mortgage.
Mortgage lenders pull all three credit reports
According to Darrin English, a senior community development loan officer at Quontic Bank, mortgage lenders request your FICO scores from all three bureaus — Equifax, Transunion and Experian. But they only use one when making their final decision.
If all of your scores are the same, the choice is simple. But what if your scores are different?
“We’ll use the median as the qualifying credit score,” English said. “It’s called a tri-merge.”
If two of the three scores are identical, lenders use that one, he added, regardless of whether it’s higher or lower than the third.
If you are applying for a mortgage with a co-signer, like a spouse, each applicant’s FICO 2, 4 and 5 scores are pulled. The lender identifies the median score for each of you, and then uses the lower of the two.
How your credit score affects interest rates
Knowing your credit score is the first step in getting the best rates on your mortgage.
According to FICO, a borrower with a credit score of 760 can expect an interest rate of 6.47% on a 30-year fixed mortgage. For a borrower with a score between 620 and 639 (considered subprime), that rate would be 8.05%.
A 1.58% APR savings may seem negligible, but it could save you hundreds each month and thousands over the life of the loan.
How to improve your credit
Your credit score reflects your history of paying off debt. A higher score can save you thousands in interest payments over the life of your mortgage. If you want to improve your score:
Make on-time payments in full, especially on revolving credit like credit cards.
Ask to increase your credit limit on existing cards
Keep your credit utilization rate under 30%
Avoid opening new lines of credit
Try to get credit for utility payments
*Experian Boost™ is a free service that updates your Experian credit report with on-time payments to your mobile carrier, power company and other utilities not usually linked to credit-reporting agencies. According to the company, users whose FICO scores improve see an average increase of 13 points.
Experian Boost™
On Experian’s secure site
Cost
Average credit score increase
13 points, though results vary
Credit report affected
Experian®
Credit scoring model used
FICO® Score
Results will vary. See website for details.
How to monitor your credit
Since the mortgage industry looks at all three credit reports, consider a paid credit monitoring service that pulls more comprehensive data than a free version would.
In addition to providing regular updates on your FICO score, Experian IdentityWork℠ Premium examines data from all three credit bureaus and informs users about score changes, new inquiries and accounts, changes to your personal information and suspicious activity.
Experian IdentityWorks℠
On Experian’s secure site
Cost
Free for 30 days, then $9.99 to $19.99 per month
Credit bureaus monitored
Experian for Plus plan or Experian, Equifax and TransUnion for Premium plan
Credit scoring model used
Dark web scan
Identity insurance
Yes, up to $500,000 for Plus plan and up to $1 million for Premium plan*
Terms apply.
*Identity Theft Insurance underwritten by insurance company subsidiaries or affiliates of American International Group, Inc. (AIG). The description herein is a summary and intended for informational purposes only and does not include all terms, conditions and exclusions of the policies described. Please refer to the actual policies for terms, conditions, and exclusions of coverage. Coverage may not be available in all jurisdictions.
The most accurate way to keep tabs on your mortgage-specific credit score is with the advanced version of MyFICO®, which shares versions of your FICO score calculated for credit cards, home and auto loans and more for $29.95 a month.
You’ll also have access to $1 million in identity theft insurance and 24-hour expert help if your identity is compromised.
FICO® Basic, Advanced and Premier
On myFICO’s secure site
Cost
$19.95 to $39.95 per month
Credit bureaus monitored
Experian for Basic plan or Experian, Equifax and TransUnion for Advanced and Premier plans
Credit scoring model used
Dark web scan
Yes, for Advanced and Premier plans
Identity insurance
Yes, up to $1 million
Terms apply.
Bottom line
Mortgage lenders use a specific version of your credit score to determine if you’re a good candidate for a home loan. Make sure to monitor the credit score that matters to mortgage lenders if you’re looking to buy a home soon.
Meet our experts
At CNBC Select, we work with experts who have specialized knowledge and authority based on relevant training and/or experience. For this story, we interviewed Darrin English, a senior community development loan officer at Quontic Bank.
Why trust CNBC Select?
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*Results may vary. Some may not see improved scores or approval odds. Not all lenders use Experian credit files, and not all lenders use scores impacted by Experian Boost.
Editorial Note: Opinions, analyses, reviews or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the Select editorial staff’s alone, and have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any third party.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
Some credit facts you need to know are your credit score is based on five key factors, FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850, checking your own credit won’t hurt your score, and twelve more facts outlined below.
With all of the misleading and incorrect information about credit floating around, it’s no wonder some of us feel lost when it comes to our credit reports and credit scores. Fortunately, we’re here to help set everything straight with these simple and clear explanations.
We’ve taken the time to compile the most important credit facts you need to know to understand your credit and everything that impacts it. Just as importantly, we’re setting the record straight when it comes to credit myths that have been lingering for too long. Read on to learn everything you’ve always wanted to know about credit.
1. Your credit score is based on five key factors
Most lenders make their decisions using FICO credit scores, which are based on five key factors. That means that when you apply for a new credit card or loan, these are the primary influences on whether you’ll end up getting approved. Here are the five factors, in order of importance: payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, credit mix and new credit inquiries.
35% – Payment history. Your ability to consistently make payments has the biggest impact on your score. Having late and missed payments is detrimental to your credit score, while a streak of on-time payments has a positive effect.
30% – Credit utilization. Your utilization measures how much of your available credit you’re using across all of your cards. By using one-third or less of your total credit limit, you could help improve your credit.
15% – Length of credit history. In general, having a longer credit history is helpful, though it depends on how responsibly you’ve used credit over time. Using credit well over time signals to lenders that you can be trusted to manage your finances.
10% – New credit. Applying for new credit leads to hard inquiries, which can negatively impact your credit score. Spacing out your new credit applications—and only applying for credit when you need it—helps your score.
10% – Credit mix. Having a variety of different types of credit—like credit cards, an auto loan or a mortgage—can influence your score as well. A diverse credit portfolio demonstrates your ability to successfully manage different types of credit.
With the knowledge of exactly how your score gets calculated, you can make smarter decisions with credit.
Bottom line: Credit scores aren’t as mysterious as they first appear, and you have control over all of the factors that determine your score.
2. Credit reports are different than credit scores
Although they are related, a credit report and a credit score are different. Also, it’s a bit misleading to talk about a single credit report or a single credit score, because the reality is that you have several different credit reports, and your credit score can be calculated in many different ways.
A credit report is a collection of information about your credit behaviors, like the accounts you have and when you make payments. Three main bureaus—Experian, Equifax and TransUnion—each publish a separate credit report about you.
A credit score uses the information in your credit report to create a numerical representation of your creditworthiness. In other words, all of the information in your report is simplified into a single number that gives lenders an idea of how likely you are to repay a debt.
Surprisingly, your credit report does not include a credit score. Instead, lenders who access your report use formulas to determine a score when you apply for credit. The most common scoring models are FICO and VantageScore, but lenders can make modifications to the calculations to give more weight to areas that are more important to them.
Bottom line: You’ll want to be familiar with both your credit reports and your credit scores, as they each play a role in helping you obtain new credit.
3. Negative credit items will eventually come off your credit report
Negative items on your credit report can cause damage to your credit score. Negative items include late payments, collection accounts, foreclosures and repossessions.
Although these items can lead to significant drops in your credit score, their effect is not permanent. Over time, negative items have a smaller and smaller impact on your score, as long as your credit behaviors improve so that more recent items are more favorable.
Additionally, most negative items should remain on your report for seven years at the most due to the regulations set by the Fair Credit Reporting Act. A bankruptcy, on the other hand, can last up to 10 years in some cases.
Bottom line: Negative items can cause a decrease in your credit score, but they aren’t permanent. Start building new credit behaviors and your score can recover over time.
4. FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850
One of the most common credit scoring models is produced by the Fair Isaac Corporation, also known as FICO. While you may hear “FICO score” and “credit score” used interchangeably, there are in fact several different scoring models, so you could have a different credit score depending on which lender or financial institution you’re working with. The score you’re assigned by FICO will usually always be in a range from 300 to 850.
Accessing your FICO score gives you the chance to have a high-level overview of your credit health. Scores that are considered good, very good or exceptional often make it much easier to get new credit cards or loans when you need them. On the other hand, scores that are fair or poor can make getting new credit more difficult.
Here’s an overview of the FICO scoring ranges:
800 – 850: Exceptional
740 – 799: Very Good
670 – 739: Good
580 – 669: Fair
300 – 579: Poor
Remember, though: credit scores are not fixed and permanent. Your score responds to factors like payments, utilization and credit history, so positive decisions now will benefit your score in the long term.
Bottom line: The FICO scoring ranges lay out broad categories to give you a sense of how you’re doing with credit—and can also help you set a goal for where you want to be.
5. The majority of lenders use FICO scores when making decisions
While there are multiple credit scoring models, the majority of lenders check FICO scores when making decisions. That means that when you apply for new credit—whether it’s a credit card, a loan or a mortgage—the score that’s more likely to matter is your FICO score.
That’s important to know, because many free credit monitoring services will show you score estimates or your VantageScore. Some credit card companies provide a FICO score, however, and you can also request to see the credit score that lenders used to make their decision during the application process.
Fortunately, credit scoring models tend to reference the same data and weight factors fairly similarly. That means if you make on-time payments, keep your utilization low, avoid opening up too many new accounts and have a consistent credit history with a variety of accounts, you’ll probably be in good shape regardless.
Bottom line: Knowing your FICO score can help you have an idea of how lenders will view your application for new credit.
6. You have many different types of credit scores
Credit scores vary based on the credit bureau reporting them and the credit scoring model used. The major credit bureaus all have slightly different information regarding your credit history. This means that these three, along with other credit reporting agencies, report several FICO credit scores to lenders to account for different information they’ve collected.
There are also different scores specific to particular industries. For example, auto lenders review different risk factors than mortgage lenders, so the scores each lender receives might differ. Although it can get confusing, the most important things to remember are the five core factors that affect your credit score.
Bottom line: Although many people reference their credit score in the singular, the truth is that there are many different types of credit scores that take into account different factors.
7. Checking your own credit won’t hurt your score
Many people believe that checking their credit score or credit report hurts their credit, but fortunately, this isn’t true. Getting a copy of your credit report or checking your score doesn’t affect your credit score. These actions are called “soft” inquiries into your credit, and while they are noted on your credit report, they shouldn’t have any effect on your score.
Hard inquiries, on the other hand, are noted when lenders look at your credit during an application process—and these can temporarily reduce your score. This is used to discourage you from applying for new credit too frequently. However, the effect is typically small, and after a couple of years the notation of a hard inquiry will leave your report.
Bottom line: You can check your own credit report and credit score without any negative effect—and we actually encourage you to do so to stay on top of your credit health.
8. You can check your credit score and credit reports for free
There are three main ways to check your credit for free. You’ll likely want to take a look at both your credit reports and your credit scores. Here’s how to get a hold of both of those:
You’re entitled to a free credit report once each year by visiting AnnualCreditReport.com, a government-sponsored website that gives you access to your reports from TransUnion, Experian and Equifax.
You may be able to check your credit score free by contacting your bank or credit card company. Additionally, many free services—like Mint—enable you to monitor your score for free. Just make sure to note which kind of credit score you’re seeing, because there are many different scoring methods.
The information you find in your credit report lays out the factors that determine your credit score. By scanning your report closely, you’ll likely find out the best strategy for improving your score—for instance, by improving your payment history or lowering your utilization.
Bottom line: Information about your credit is freely available, so take advantage of those resources to stay on top of your credit report and score.
9. Your credit score can cost you money
Ultimately, the purpose of credit scores is to help lenders determine whether they should offer you new credit, like a loan or a credit card. A lower score indicates that you may be at greater risk for default—which means the lender has to worry that you won’t pay back your debts.
To offset this risk, lenders often deny credit applications for those with lower scores, or they extend credit with high interest rates. These interest rates can cost you a lot of money over time, so working to improve your credit score can have a measurable effect on your financial life.
Consider, for example, a $25,000 auto loan. With a fair credit score, you may secure an interest rate of 5.3 percent—so you’ll pay a total of $3,513 in interest over five years. With an excellent credit score, your rate could drop to 3.1 percent, and you’ll save nearly $1,500 in interest charges over that same five-year period.
Bottom line: A good credit score can have a positive impact on your finances, and a bad score can cost you money in interest charges.
10. Canceling old credit cards can lower your score
If you have a credit card that you’re no longer using, you may be tempted to close the account entirely. Before doing that, though, consider how it could impact your credit score.
Recall that two credit factors are utilization and length of credit history. Closing an old account could affect one or both of those factors when it comes to calculating your score.
Your credit utilization could drop after closing an account because your credit limit will likely be lower. Since utilization represents all of your balances divided by your total credit limit, your utilization will go up if your credit limit goes down (and if your balances stay the same).
Your length of credit history could be lowered if you close an older account that is raising the average age of your credit.
Some people worry that having a zero balance on their credit card can negatively impact their score. This is just a credit myth. A zero balance means you aren’t using the card to make any purchases. Keeping the credit card open while not using it actually works to your benefit. You’re able to contribute to the length of your credit history, while not risking the chance of debt and late payments.
You may need to use the card every now and then to avoid having it closed. Additionally, if the card has an annual fee, you may need to close the card or ask to have the card downgraded to a version that does not have a fee. Still, if there’s a way to keep the card open, it’s often good to do so even if you don’t plan to regularly use it.
Bottom line: An old credit card can benefit your credit score even if you aren’t using it anymore.
11. You can still get a loan with bad credit
It’s true that getting a loan can be more difficult with bad credit, but it’s not impossible. There are bad credit loans specifically for people with lower credit scores. Note, however, that these loans often come with higher interest rates—or they require some sort of collateral that the lender can use to secure the loan. That means if you don’t pay your loan back, the lender will be able to seize the property you put up as collateral.
If you don’t need a loan immediately, you could consider trying to rebuild your credit before applying. There are credit builder loans, which are specifically designed to help you build up a strong payment history and improve your credit in the process. Unlike a traditional loan, you pay for a credit builder loan each month and then receive the sum after your final payment. Since these loans represent no risk to lenders, they’re often willing to extend them to people with poor credit history looking to raise their score.
Bottom line: You can get a loan even with bad credit—but sometimes it’s wise to find ways to raise your score before applying.
12. Credit scores aren’t the only deciding factor for lending decisions
While credit scores are important in lending decisions, lenders may take other factors into account when deciding whether to offer you new credit. For example, your income and employment can play a significant role in your approval odds. Additionally, some loans (like auto loans and mortgages) are secured by collateral that the lender can seize if you default. These loans may be considered less risky for the lender in certain cases because the asset can help offset any losses from nonpayment.
In many cases, your debt-to-income ratio is also an important factor in whether you’re approved for a loan or credit card. Lenders consider your current monthly debt payments (from all sources) as well as your monthly income to determine whether you may be overextended financially.
Two different people may pay $1,500 each month for student loans, a car payment and a mortgage. That said, if one individual makes $3,500 each month and the other makes $8,000 each month, their situations will be considered very differently by a potential lender.
Bottom line: Keeping your credit score high can help you secure credit when you need it, but you’ll want to stay on top of all aspects of your financial health.
13. Your credit report can help you spot fraud
Regularly checking your credit report can help you notice fraud or identity theft. If someone is using your information to open accounts, they will show up on your credit report.
If you notice an account that you did not open, you’ll want to start taking steps to protect your identity from any further damage. You may also want to freeze or lock your credit, which prevents anyone from using your information to open up more accounts.
Bottom line: Reviewing your credit report provides you an opportunity to notice when something is amiss.
14. Joint accounts affect your credit scores, but you do not have joint scores
If you have a joint account with someone else, that account will be reflected on both of your credit reports. For example, a loan that was opened by you and your spouse will show up for both of you—and will affect both of your credit scores. That said, your credit history, credit report and credit score remain separate. No one—including married couples—has a joint credit report or joint credit score.
In addition to joint accounts, you may also have authorized users on your credit card, or be an authorized user yourself. Authorized users have access to account funds, but they are not liable for debts. That means that if you make someone an authorized user on your credit card, they can rack up charges, but you’ll be on the hook if they don’t pay.
Because joint account owners and authorized users can influence credit scores in significant ways, we advise you to be careful about who you open accounts with or provide authorization to.
Bottom line: Even though joint account owners and authorized users can influence someone else’s credit, there are no shared credit reports or joint credit scores.
15. Many credit reports contain inaccurate credit information
The Federal Trade Commission found that one in five people has an error on at least one of their credit reports, and these inaccuracies can greatly impact your credit. (Also see this 2015 follow-up study from the FTC for more information regarding credit report errors.) This is why you should frequently check your credit report and dispute any inaccurate information. For example, since payment history accounts for 30 percent of your credit score, one wrong late payment can significantly hurt your score.
It’s important to get your credit facts straight so you understand exactly how different things impact your score. One of the first things you should learn is how to read your credit report so you can quickly spot discrepancies and ensure that the information reported is fair and accurate.
After scrutinizing your credit report, you can look into other ways to fix your credit, like paying late or past-due accounts, so you can help your credit with your newfound knowledge. You can also take advantage of Lexington Law Firm’s credit repair services to get extra help and additional legal knowledge to assist you.
Bottom line: Your credit report could have inaccurate information that’s hurting your score unfairly. Fortunately, there is a credit dispute process that can help you clean up your report and ensure all of the information on it is correct.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
The average student loan debt is $37,557.60 per borrower, though the exact amount varies significantly from person to person.
Conversations around student loan debt forgiveness have called to attention a staggering statistic: in the middle of 2023, Americans held a collective $1.63 trillion in federal student loans spread amongst more than 43 million borrowers.
The average student loan debt is $37,557.60 per borrower, though the exact amount varies significantly from person to person depending on age, gender and education level, among other characteristics.
The following chart captures the staggering rise of average student loan debt since 2007 by displaying the average debt, total debt and total number of borrowers and how they have changed over time.
Average student loan debt over time
Year
Average debt
Total debt
Borrowers
2007
$18,233.22
$516 billion
28.3 million
2008
$19,297.66
$577 billion
29.9 million
2009
$20,467.29
$657 billion
32.1 million
2010
$21,865.89
$750 billion
34.3 million
2011
$23,232.88
$848 billion
36.5 million
2012
$24,751.96
$948 billion
38.3 million
2013
$26,262.63
$1.04 trillion
39.6 million
2014
$27,764.13
$1.13 trillion
40.7 million
2015
$29,086.54
$1.21 trillion
41.6 million
2016
$30,732.86
$1.30 trillion
42.3 million
2017
$32,159.62
$1.37 trillion
42.6 million
2018
$33,566.43
$1.44 trillion
42.9 million
2019
$35,198.14
$1.51 trillion
42.9 million
2020
$36,596.74
$1.57 trillion
42.9 million
2021
$37,096.77
$1.61 trillion
43.4 million
2022
$37,471.26
$1.63 trillion
43.5 million
2023
$37,557.60
$1.63 trillion
43.4 million
Source: U.S. Department of Education
After accounting for inflation, the average student loan debt has increased by more than 50 percent since 2007. According to the Pew Research Center, the median purchasing power of Americans has hardly risen in the past four decades, so it stands to reason that student loan debt is an ever-increasing source of financial burden.
Student loan debt has ballooned over the past 15 years. At the beginning of 2007, just 28 million borrowers held around $500 billion in student loan debt—or an average of $18,233 per borrower. In 2023, the number of borrowers increased to about 43 million, who collectively hold more than $1.6 trillion in debt, which amounts to an average of $37,557.60 per person.
Although average student loan debt is more than $37,000, this figure is somewhat skewed since some students have extraordinarily large sums of debt that raise the overall average. The greatest number of borrowers owe just $10,000 to $20,000 in student loans, but more than 3 million are over $100,000 in debt from federal student loans.
Using the most recent available data from the U.S. Department of Education, we’ve compiled detailed statistics about the average student loan debt for Americans. Read on to see more, or use the links below to jump to a specific section.
Average student loan debt:
Average student loan debt by state
While student loan debt is a national concern, the effects are felt differently in various states across the country. Many states have average student loan debt that hovers around the $37,645 national average, but there are several notable outliers. North Dakota, for instance, has the lowest average student loan debt at $30,000, while Maryland has the highest average student loan debt at $43,115.
Though they are not technically states, the District of Columbia has a very high average student loan debt of $54,347, and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico has a relatively low average student loan debt of $29,577.
Here’s a list of U.S. states along with their average student loan debt, total student loan debt and total borrowers using data as of June 30, 2023.
Average student loan debt by state
State
Average debt
Total debt
Borrowers
Alabama
$37,265.17
$24.2 billion
649,400
Alaska
$34,493.45
$2.4 billion
68,700
Arizona
$35,543.01
$32.5 billion
917,300
Arkansas
$33,508.38
$13.4 billion
399,900
California
$37,343.36
$149 billion
3.99 million
Colorado
$36,939.31
$29.4 billion
795,900
Connecticut
$36,055.35
$18.5 billion
513,100
Delaware
$38,173.65
$5.1 billion
133,600
District of Columbia
$54,347.83
$6.5 billion
119,600
Florida
$39,037.04
$105.4 billion
2.7 million
Georgia
$41,529.41
$70.6 billion
1.7 million
Hawaii
$37,995.15
$4.7 billion
123,700
Idaho
$33,139.27
$7.4 billion
223,300
Illinois
$39,437.50
$63.1 billion
1.6 million
Indiana
$33,105.92
$30.3 billion
918,300
Iowa
$30,758.71
$13.5 billion
438,900
Kansas
$33,127.89
$12.9 billion
389,400
Kentucky
$33,110.42
$20.3 billion
613,100
Louisiana
$34,777.39
$23.2 billion
667,100
Maine
$33,854.42
$6.5 billion
192,000
Maryland
$43,115.60
$36.7 billion
851,200
Massachusetts
$34,922.69
$32.3 billion
924,900
Michigan
$36,928.57
$51.7 billion
1.4 million
Minnesota
$33,953.31
$27.2 billion
801,100
Mississippi
$36,904.50
$16.5 billion
447,100
Missouri
$35,536.60
$30 billion
844,200
Montana
$33,690.66
$4.4 billion
130,600
Nebraska
$32,449.54
$8.2 billion
252,700
Nevada
$33,996.68
$12.3 billion
361,800
New Hampshire
$34,341.36
$6.7 billion
195,100
New Jersey
$35,416.67
$44.9 billion
1.2 million
New Mexico
$34,022.39
$7.9 billion
232,200
New York
$37,960.00
$94.9 billion
2.5 million
North Carolina
$36,857.14
$51.6 billion
1.4 million
North Dakota
$30,000.00
$2.7 billion
90,000
Ohio
$35,000.00
$63 billion
1.8 million
Oklahoma
$31,874.88
$16.1 billion
505,100
Oregon
$37,415.59
$20.5 billion
547,900
Pennsylvania
$35,000.00
$66.5 billion
1.9 million
Puerto Rico
$29,577.05
$10 billion
338,100
Rhode Island
$32,885.91
$4.9 billion
149,000
South Carolina
$38,360.14
$29.1 billion
758,600
South Dakota
$31,746.03
$3.8 billion
119,700
Tennessee
$36,557.93
$32.5 billion
889,000
Texas
$33,447.37
$127.1 billion
3.8 million
Utah
$33,125.00
$10.6 billion
320,000
Vermont
$38,071.07
$3 billion
78,800
Virginia
$39,818.18
$43.8 billion
1.1 million
Washington
$36,176.03
$29.1 billion
804,400
West Virginia
$32,159.93
$7.4 billion
230,100
Wisconsin
$32,231.85
$23.8 billion
738,400
Wyoming
$30,357.14
$1.7 billion
56,000
Source: U.S. Department of Education
Total student loan debt for each state correlates strongly with population, so California ($149 billion), Texas ($127.1 billion) and New York ($94.9 billion) have the largest amount of debt among all states. The smallest amount of debt belongs to Wyoming, which holds just $1.7 billion among 56,000 borrowers—though that is nearly 10 percent of the state’s population with some sort of student loan debt.
Average student loan debt by age
Student loan debt varies significantly by age, with those ages 50 to 61 holding the highest average debt at $45,584.62. On the other hand, the greatest number of borrowers are ages 25 to 34 (14.9 million total borrowers), and the greatest amount of debt is held by those ages 35 to 49 ($613 billion total debt). Those 62 or older represent less than 6 percent of total borrowers who hold just $92 billion—less than any other age group.
The following chart shows the average student loan debt, total student loan debt and number of borrowers for each major age group.
Average student loan debt by age
Age
Average debt
Total debt
Borrowers
24 and younger
$14,383.35
$97.8 billion
6.8 million
25 to 34
$32,801.32
$495.3 billion
15.1 million
35 to 49
$43,000.00
$632.1 billion
14.7 million
50 to 61
$45,584.62
$296.3 billion
6.5 million
62 and older
$42,518.52
$114.8 billion
2.7 million
Source: U.S. Department of Education
The average debt for each age group is skewed slightly upward by a small number of people who hold a significant amount of student loan debt—in some cases $200,000 or more. Across borrowers ages 25 to 61, it is most common to have between $20,000 and $40,000 of student loan debt, whereas those under 25 generally have between $10,000 and $20,000. Most borrowers above age 62 have less than $5,000 in debt.
Across all age groups, a total of 11.7 million borrowers owe more than $40,000 in student loan debt—meaning around 25 percent of total borrowers have more debt than average.
Average student loan debt by race and gender
Student loan debt is not distributed equally among races and genders, as borrowing patterns tend to vary substantially. While Asian students tend to borrow the least amount of money to fund their education, Black students tend to borrow the most. In general, a smaller percentage of white students (67 percent) and Asian students (43 percent) took out loans for their education than Hispanic students (70 percent) and Black students (86 percent).
Here is a full look at how students of different races and genders funded their education using student loans.
Average student loan amount borrowed by race and gender
Race or ethnicity
Gender
Average borrowed
White
Male
$29,862
Female
$31,346
Black or African American
Male
$35,665
Female
$37,558
Hispanic or Latino
Male
$27,452
Female
$27,029
Asian
Male
$25,507
Female
$25,252
Source: American Association of University Women
Many women take loans out for four-year for-profit universities, which tend to charge higher tuition, leading to larger student loan burdens after graduation. The American Association of University Women found that women hold nearly two-thirds of student loan debt, and many women manage debt payments while also managing housing, food or childcare costs on an average post-graduation salary of about $35,000.
Among Black women, 57 percent of college graduates report difficulty repaying student loans despite earning a bachelor’s degree or higher. A 2022 study by The Education Trust also found that 12 years after enrolling in college, Black women find themselves owing 13 percent more than the amount they initially borrowed, whereas White men have managed to reduce their debt by 44 percent in the same time frame.
Average student loan debt by repayment status
The average student loan debt varies according to repayment status, as student loans are treated differently for students in school, throughout the post-graduation grace period, amid repayment or during deferment, forbearance or default. For students in school and during the post-graduation grace period, no payments are required—though interest may continue to accrue for unsubsidized loans. Deferment and forbearance are similar, though no interest accrues with deferment as it typically does with forbearance.
The following chart shows the average student loan debt for those with different repayment statuses. Keep in mind that the below chart is based on data from Q3 2023. Prior to that, in March 2020, many major shifts occurred in loan statuses due to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.
The following chart shows the average student loan debt for those with different repayment statuses.
Average student loan debt by repayment status
Status
Average debt
Total debt
Borrowers
In school
$17,903.85
$93.1 billion
5.2 million
Grace
$23,923.08
$31.1 billion
1.3 million
Repayment
$33,000.00
$9.9 billion
300,000
Deferment
$36,571.43
$102.4 billion
2.8 million
Forbearance
$40,260.07
$1,099.1 trillion
27.3 million
Default
$21,844.44
$98.3 billion
4.5 million
Source: U.S. Department of Education
While temporary government action has offered reprieve to millions of student loan borrowers, a looming financial crisis still threatens as high-interest loans prevent many people from accumulating wealth, purchasing homes or starting families.
Total student loan debt has tripled over the past 15 years—and in that time, it has passed both auto loans and credit card debt for the greatest share of non-housing debt in the United States, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank.
With student loan debt on the rise, many people were struggling to make payments before the CARES Act. Now that payments have restarted as of October 2023, you’ll want to make sure you’re making payments on time. Student loan debt and payments can have an impact on your credit, so getting a handle on that debt is crucial.
If you need help with cleaning up your credit report or getting your credit back on track, our services at Lexington Law Firm could help. The combination of debt from student loans, credit cards, mortgages and auto loans can be overwhelming and make it hard to maintain good credit, but professional support can provide the boost you need to overcome these temporary obstacles.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Alexis Peacock
Supervising Attorney
Alexis Peacock was born in Santa Cruz, California and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona.
In 2013, she earned her Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice and Criminology, graduating cum laude from Arizona State University. Ms. Peacock received her Juris Doctor from Arizona Summit Law School and graduated in 2016. Prior to joining Lexington Law Firm, Ms. Peacock worked in Criminal Defense as both a paralegal and practicing attorney. Ms. Peacock represented clients in criminal matters varying from minor traffic infractions to serious felony cases. Alexis is licensed to practice law in Arizona. She is located in the Phoenix office.
People have been screaming about a housing bubble crash on social media sites for over 12 years. The truth is, U.S. housing credit looks very different than in 2005, 2006, 2007 or 2008. Homeowners have actually never looked better and the data from the Federal Reserve‘s Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit shows why.
Homeowners are not the people we need to be concerned about this time. Renters, younger renter households and those with lower FICO scores are the ones showing credit stress today. Homeowners, on the other hand, are sitting pretty and are the envy of the world.
Bankruptcies and foreclosures
After 2010, the qualified mortgage laws came into play and all the exotic loan debt structures in the system, especially in the run-up in demand from 2002 to 2005, disappeared. This means housing should only show financial stress when people lose their jobs and cannot pay their mortgages — not because the loan structures are a ticking time bomb.
As shown below, we saw massive credit stress in the data from 2005 to 2008, all before the job loss recession happened. It was there for everyone to see and read. Now, that same chart shows that homeowners don’t have credit stress. So, for those still saying housing is in a bubble: Where’s the beef?
From the report: About 40,000 individuals had new foreclosure notations on their credit reports, mostly unchanged from the previous quarter. New foreclosures have stayed very low since the CARES Act moratorium was lifted.
FICO score and cash flow
When I speak at events around the country and put up this chart, I always say, what a beautiful-looking chart! That’s because after 2010, people got 30-year fixed mortgages and every year, as their wages rose, their cash flow versus the debt cost of their home got better. Then add three refinancing waves in 2012, 2016 and 2020-2021, and you can see why homeowners are in a good spot.
During inflationary periods, wages grow faster than usual, so housing debt costs much less. Also, people live in their homes longer and longer as they age and their yearly income lowers their housing costs. One note on this subject: we had an explosion of households with FICO scores of 740+ during COVID-19. A lot of rookie economists said this was FICO score inflation. But the data has been the same since 2010: we just originated more loans during this time — purchases and refinances — so the data didn’t get better, it stayed roughly the same.
From the report: The median credit score for newly originated mortgages was flat at 770, while the median credit score of newly originated auto loans was one point higher than last quarter at 720.
Delinquency status
When the next job loss recession hits, we should all expect credit stress in housing to start rising. Every month, people get fired and can’t find work right away. This is why jobless claims are never zero and we have a constant amount of 30-60 days late every month. However, since we are working from near record lows in credit delinquency data and the homeowners’ households are in such good financial shape, the credit stress data won’t be like what we saw in 2008.
Over 40% of homes in America don’t even have a mortgage, and we have a lot of nested equity, so if worst comes to worst, many homeowners who bought homes from 2010-2020 have a ton of equity and can sell. Remember, the foreclosure process typically will take 9-18 months from start to finish, meaning that homes come to market as market supply due to the legal process we have in-housing. This is very unlike 2008, where we had four years of credit stress building up in the system.
From the report: Early delinquency transition rates for mortgages increased by 0.2 percentage point yet remain low by historic standards.
Hopefully, between the charts and the explanations, you can see why it’s not housing 2008. However, we do see credit stress in the data for younger households and those with lower FICO scores. The people that Jerome Powell says he wants to help at each meeting are showing credit stress.
The Fed missed the housing bubble credit stress when it was apparent in the run-up to 2008, and now they’re turning a blind eye to those who aren’t homeowners by keeping policy too restrictive, due to some devotion to a 1970s inflation model that doesn’t exist today. Or, as I’ve said since 2022, they’re old and slow. It’s the nature of the beast.
Mortgage debt, which is the largest chunk of household debt, reached a new high of $12.25 trillion at the end of December. Credit card balances surged to $1.13 trillion and auto loans to $1.61 trillion in the fourth quarter, both setting records since data collection began in 2003. Interestingly, student loan amounts remained relatively stable … [Read more…]
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
VantageScore® and FICO® use somewhat different factors to determine credit scores. They also have separate requirements for credit history and distinct credit score ranges.
VantageScore® and FICO® are both accurate credit scoring models with unique nuances. For example, FICO treats credit mix and age of credit as two separate categories, while VantageScore lumps them into one category (mix and age of credit).
Lenders can use your FICO score and VantageScore when deciding to approve or decline your loan applications. Learning how both models work can help you have a positive impact on your credit. We’ll compare and contrast FICO and VantageScore to help answer questions like “Why are my credit scores different?”
Key takeaways
VantageScore and FICO are both accurate scoring models that use different factors to calculate your credit score.
FICO was established in 1981, while VantageScore was founded in 2006.
Payment history impacts VantageScores and FICO scores the most
Table of contents:
What is a FICO score?
Your FICO credit score is a credit scoring model created by the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) that is based on information in your credit reports with the three major credit bureaus—Equifax®, Experian® and TransUnion®. FICO score 8 is the most popular version of this model, and other versions can specifically weigh your habits with auto loans and credit cards.
What is a VantageScore?
Your VantageScore is also based on information in your credit reports with the three major credit bureaus, and it was created by those same credit bureaus as an alternative to the FICO scoring model. VantageScore 3.0 is the most commonly used version of this tool, which debuted in 2013. VantageScore 4.0 incorporates machine learning to analyze a person’s credit habits over time.
Why are my FICO score and VantageScore different?
There are multiple reasons why your FICO score and VantageScore may differ, and it comes down to the way each model calculates scores. Here are several ways that these popular scoring models differ from each other.
Creation and history
The Fair Isaac Corporation was founded in 1956 (then called Fair, Isaac and Company), and they created the FICO score model in 1981. The corporation’s long-standing history is one of the reasons why so many lenders use its scoring models.
VantageScore Solutions, LLC, created the VantageScore model to gauge your creditworthiness using a different formula than FICO. This model was created in 2006, and many lenders have adopted it since.
Minimum scoring criteria
FICO requires at least six months of credit activity to generate a credit score. Moreover, your credit report must display a tradeline (which refers to an item such as a credit card or line of credit) with at least six months of activity.
VantageScore simply asks that clients have at least one tradeline item on their credit reports. There’s also no minimum monthly requirement for that item.
Credit score values
When comparing your VantageScore vs. FICO score, knowing which factors affect each model is important.
FICO Score 8 consists of the following five factors:
Payment history (35 percent): Gauges how often you make payments on time.
Accounts owed (30 percent): Weighs how much of your available balance you’ve used.
Credit age (15 percent): Measures the average age of your open credit accounts.
Credit mix (10 percent): Indicates how diverse your open credit accounts are.
New credit (10 percent): Looks at any new credit accounts you’ve applied for.
VantageScore 3.0, on the other hand, looks at these six metrics:
Payment history (40 percent): Weighs your on-time payments and your missed payments.
Depth and age of credit (21 percent): Measures your credit mix and the average age of your credit.
Credit utilization (20 percent): Is the same as FICO’s “accounts owed” category.
Total balances (11 percent): Looks at your outstanding balances across all accounts.
Recent credit (5 percent): Examines your behavior with new credit.
Available credit (3 percent): Refers to how much credit you currently have available.
Based on these factors, it’s easy to see why your FICO score and VantageScore can differ. Credit mix is scrutinized by VantageScore far more than FICO, which is why it can help to responsibly manage different credit accounts. FICO, on the other hand, weighs new credit activity more heavily—so pace yourself when applying for new credit.
Is your FICO score or VantageScore more important?
Your FICO score and VantageScore are both important because they can help you get a sense of your current credit habits. However, auto loan lenders, commercial banks and landlords favor FICO. This means that your application for a new rental property will likely be approved or declined based on the strength of your FICO credit score.
There’s a lot of overlap between FICO and VantageScore, so most credit-building tips apply to both models. For example, payment history is the most important factor for both FICO and VantageScore, so making timely payments will positively impact both scores.
Several other ways to increase your credit scores include:
Frequently check your credit report to dispute errors and review your habits.
Limit the number of credit cards or loans you apply for all at once.
Learn how Lexington Law Firm’s focus tracks can help you rebuild your credit after major life events.
Monitor your credit with Lexington Law Firm
Responsible credit habits will build your credit no matter which model is being taken into account. Lexington Law Firm can help you better understand your current credit habits, help you manage account inquiries and address errors on your credit reports.
Learn more about our services and see if they will suit your needs.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Sarah Raja
Associate Attorney
Sarah Raja was born and raised in Phoenix, Arizona.
In 2010 she earned a bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Arizona State University. Sarah then clerked at personal injury firm while she studied for the Law School Admissions Test. In 2016, Sarah graduated from Arizona Summit Law School with a Juris Doctor degree. While in law school Sarah had a passion for mediation and participated in the school’s mediation clinic and mediated cases for the Phoenix Justice Courts. Prior to joining Lexington Law Firm, Sarah practiced in the areas of real property law, HOA law, family law, and disability law in the State of Arizona. In 2020, Sarah opened her own mediation firm with her business partner, where they specialize in assisting couples through divorce in a communicative and civilized manner. In her spare time, Sarah enjoys spending time with family and friends, practicing yoga, and traveling.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
Credit mix refers to the different types of credit accounts a person has open at any given time.
Credit mix refers to the different types of credit accounts a person has open at any given time. If your accounts are varied and include a diverse mix of loans and credit cards, they’ll positively affect your credit. However, it’s important not to take on more debt than you can handle as you work to increase your credit mix.
If you’re wondering “what is credit mix?” then this guide is for you. We’ll explain how this element impacts your credit and dispel several credit myths about credit mixes.
Key takeaways
Auto loans, credit cards and student loans all contribute to credit mix.
Credit mix accounts for 10 percent of your FICO® score and about 21 percent of your VantageScore®.
Paying off a loan can decrease your credit mix.
What is a good credit mix?
Credit accounts fall into two categories: installment loans and revolving debt. Installment loans refer to instances where you borrow a set amount of money and then repay your debt over time through installment payments.
Examples of installment loans include:
Auto loans
Business loans
Mortgages
Student loans
Revolving debt, on the other hand, refers to accounts that let you repeatedly borrow money up to a preset credit limit. Credit cards and home equity lines of credit are the most prominent examples of revolving debt.
A good credit mix will incorporate a combination of revolving debt and installment loans. Responsibly managing two to three credit cards, one auto loan and one mortgage will positively impact your credit.
Do different types of credit cards affect your credit mix?
Yes, which is one of the reasons why institutions like Equifax® recommend holding at least 2 different types of credit cards. For example, managing one credit card from a commercial bank and another from a retail store can steadily improve your credit.
How does credit mix affect your credit score?
Credit mix weighs on your credit score differently depending on which scoring model is considered. Most lenders use FICO score and VantageScore when approving people for loans—and both models have different credit score factors.
FICO score
Created by the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO), this model looks at the following five factors when calculating credit scores.
Payment history (35 percent)
Amounts owed (30 percent)
Credit history (15 percent)
New credit (10 percent)
Credit mix (10 percent)
Credit mix will somewhat affect your FICO credit score, while payment history is the most significant factor.
VantageScore
VantageScore Solutions, LLC, created this model, which incorporates credit mix into the same category as credit age. Here’s how VantageScores are calculated:
Payment history (40 percent)
Age of credit and credit mix (21 percent)
Credit utilization (20 percent)
Total balances (11 percent)
Recent credit (5 percent)
Available credit (3 percent)
Credit mix can moderately affect your VantageScore, though payment history is still the most important factor.
How can you fix your credit mix?
Opening a multitude of credit accounts might sound like a good idea, but this can significantly hurt your credit if these accounts are mismanaged. Instead, it’s better to gradually open new accounts that accommodate your financial situation—then commit to making timely payments on any account in your name.
Checking your credit report can help you understand your current credit mix and get a sense of what credit you might want to apply for next.
Learn more ways to improve your credit mix with Lexington Law Firm
Lexington Law Firm offers tiered services to help clients with their credit needs and answer their credit questions. Get started with a free credit assessment now.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Sarah Raja
Associate Attorney
Sarah Raja was born and raised in Phoenix, Arizona.
In 2010 she earned a bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Arizona State University. Sarah then clerked at personal injury firm while she studied for the Law School Admissions Test. In 2016, Sarah graduated from Arizona Summit Law School with a Juris Doctor degree. While in law school Sarah had a passion for mediation and participated in the school’s mediation clinic and mediated cases for the Phoenix Justice Courts. Prior to joining Lexington Law Firm, Sarah practiced in the areas of real property law, HOA law, family law, and disability law in the State of Arizona. In 2020, Sarah opened her own mediation firm with her business partner, where they specialize in assisting couples through divorce in a communicative and civilized manner. In her spare time, Sarah enjoys spending time with family and friends, practicing yoga, and traveling.