The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) on Wednesday released a new edition of its Supervisory Highlights publication, which includes the agency’s actions to combat what it calls “junk fees charged by mortgage servicers, as well as other illegal practices.”
Examinations conducted by the bureau found mortgage servicers levied charges it deems “illegal,” including prohibited property inspection fees, the issuance of “deceptive” notices to borrowers, and violations of loss-mitigation rules. Financial institutions refunded these fees to borrowers based on CFPB findings and “stopped their illegal practices,” the agency said.
“Homeowners cannot just simply switch providers if their mortgage servicer charges them illegal junk fees,“ CFPB Director Rohit Chopra said in a statement accompanying the new publication. “Since mortgage borrowers are captive to a company they never chose to do business with, we are working hard to detect and deter violations of law.”
In addition to these findings, the bureau also claims that certain mortgage servicers failed to waive certain late fees and penalties that stem from challenges faced by borrowers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The agency also asserted that deadlines to pay property taxes and homeowners insurance were impacted.
“Mortgage servicers that accepted or required money from borrowers to pay taxes and insurance failed to make those payments in a timely manner, which caused some borrowers to incur penalties,” the bureau stated. “Servicers only took responsibility for those penalties for missed on-time payments if homeowners submitted complaints.”
Among the allegedly deceptive notices sent to borrowers include statements that certain borrowers in financial distress “had been approved for a repayment option,” when the reality was that “no final decisions had been made, and some of the homeowners were ultimately rejected.”
CFPB examiners also found servicers sent some homeowners “false notices saying that they had missed payments and should apply for repayment options,” and that servicers also “improperly denied requests for help and failed to evaluate struggling borrowers for repayment options as required under the CFPB’s mortgage servicing rules.”
The bureau added that mortgage servicers are taking corrective actions, including changes to certain policies and procedures. Servicers are also providing refunds for any issues related to fees, the agency said.
“The CFPB has been looking at ways to streamline mortgage servicing rules, while making sure mortgage servicers fulfill their obligations to treat homeowners fairly,” the bureau added.
In most cases, cosigners are not listed on the title unless they are also listed as co-owners of the vehicle. Typically, it depends on the laws and regulations of your specific jurisdiction.
If you’re having trouble getting a car loan, using a cosigner could help. Before you take this step, it’s important to understand what a cosigner is and how having one on your car loan works. For instance, is a cosigner on the title of a vehicle?
It’s crucial to understand the role cosigners play when purchasing a vehicle. In this article, we’ll cover what you need to know about using a cosigner and the impact it could have on your credit and vehicle ownership.
What Is a Cosigner?
A cosigner is a person, usually a close friend or family member, who agrees to be responsible for repaying your car loan if you fail to do so. Lenders are more willing to approve a car loan with a cosigner because it reduces the risk of nonpayment.
During the application process, the cosigner provides their information, including their name, income details, and Social Security number. The lender uses this information to check their creditworthiness when considering the loan. Even if you have bad credit or no credit, you may still be approved for an auto loan based on your cosigner’s credit history.
Once approved for a loan, both you and your cosigner are listed as borrowers. Additionally, both parties must sign all paperwork associated with the loan. Signing these loan documents makes both you and your cosigner responsible for repaying the loan.
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In most cases, the cosigner isn’t listed on the title of the vehicle. The cosigner only pertains to the financial portion of the transaction and is not an owner of the car.
This makes it a risky transaction for the cosigner because while they’re financially responsible for the car loan, they don’t receive any benefits (aside from potentially helping their credit). This means that if the actual owner of the car fails to make payments, the cosigner could end up paying off the loan without having any ownership of the car.
Cosigners who are hesitant to make this type of commitment may request that their name be on the title of the vehicle as added protection. In some cases, a cosigner’s name may be added to the title. However, this must be done during the initial lending process as most creditors aren’t willing to make this change after the loan documents are signed.
In many cases, if a cosigner insists their name be listed on the title, it becomes a co-ownership process rather than a cosigner. In these cases, both parties are part of the lending and purchasing process. Depending on how the title of the vehicle is handled, the original purchaser of the car may have trouble selling the vehicle without the co-owner’s permission.
Impact on Owner’s Credit
If you have bad or limited credit, using a cosigner on a car loan can have a positive impact on your credit score—as long as you make your loan payments on time each month.
Your payment history accounts for up to 35% of your overall FICO® credit score, making it extremely important. Because many car lenders do report payments to the major credit reporting agencies, including TransUnion®, Equifax®, and Experian®, consistent, on-time payments can really help improve your credit.
However, if you miss one or more payments or frequently make late payments, it can have the opposite effect on your credit. It’s crucial that you set a realistic budget before you start shopping for cars.
Obtaining a car loan can also help diversify your credit, especially if you don’t already have an installment loan, such as a home mortgage or personal loan. Your credit mix can account for up to 10% of your FICO credit score. So, building a good mix of credit and maintaining a good payment history can help improve your credit health.
Impact on Cosigner’s Credit
Before agreeing to be a cosigner for a car loan, you should consider the impact this decision could have on your credit.
Applying for a car loan will incur one or more hard inquiries on your credit. This factor could temporarily hurt your credit.
As a cosigner, the entire debt of the car loan appears on your credit report. This new loan will likely increase your credit utilization ratio, which could negatively impact your credit score. Most experts recommend keeping this ratio below 30% if possible. Before you sign for the loan, take the time to calculate your credit utilization and make sure that even with the addition of a new loan, your rate is below this threshold.
Finally, if the owner of the car makes on-time payments every month, cosigning this loan can have a positive impact on your credit. However, if your credit is high enough to be a cosigner, you may already have a strong payment history. In this case, being a cosigner likely won’t have a big impact on your credit.
However, if the owner fails to make payments or makes late payments, it could impact both your credit and your wallet. Because your payment history accounts for as much as 35% of your overall FICO credit score, just a few missed payments could have a significant impact on your credit. Additionally, if the owner fails to make payments, you’re then responsible for making them—even if that means paying off the remainder of the loan. You should never cosign for a car loan unless you can comfortably make these payments.
Alternative Options
Before asking someone to be a cosigner, you should consider other options, such as:
Making a bigger down payment. If you’re having trouble securing a car loan, consider offering a bigger down payment. This may help you get the car you want by lowering the risk to the lender.
Looking for cheaper cars. If you don’t qualify for a new car, consider buying a used car. Most consumers can find some type of car loan even with bad credit—it just may be for a car of lower value.
Requesting a personal loan. If your friends or family members are hesitant to cosign a loan for you, maybe they can loan you the money to buy a more affordable car. This step could be less risky for the lender.
Building your credit. If buying a car isn’t an emergency, you can take time to build your credit and apply for a car loan later.
The first step to improving your credit is to check your credit score and report, and then you can take the necessary steps for your situation specifically. Credit.com’s Free Credit Report Card or ExtraCredit® subscription can help you get started with this process.
Consumers may not know it, but financial institutions often rely on “bundled” credit reports to make more fully informed decisions before lending an individual money.
That process is known as a tri-merge credit report (also known as a three-in-one credit report.) The merged report can give the lender a more complete picture of an applicant’s financial situation, since each credit report may contain slightly different information.
You can’t request a merged credit report on your own but you can ask a lender to share their tri-merged report with you. Read on to learn more about what tri-merged credit reports are and how they can impact your chances of getting a loan.
What Is a Tri-Merge Credit Report?
A tri-merge credit report simply combines three credit reports from the three largest credit reporting bureaus — Experian, Equifax, and Transunion — and consolidates them into one credit report for creditors and lenders. They are most commonly used in the mortgage lending sector where more information is required to properly assess larger loans.
Creditors often rely on three-in-one credit reports because they want a thorough review of an applicant’s credit history, an outcome a lender may not get with input from just one credit reporting agency. 💡 Quick Tip: Need help covering the cost of a wedding, honeymoon, or new baby? A SoFi personal loan can help you fund major life events — without the high interest rates of credit cards.
How Do Merged Credit Scores Work?
A tri-merge credit report gives those lenders what they need – a comprehensive overview of a credit applicant using information from three credit reports, instead of one or two credit reports.
By combining all three credit scoring formulas and outcomes into a single credit report, creditors can get an expanded and more complete look at a credit applicant’s financial history (including payments and credit usage), based on the information included in the tri-merge credit report.
Recommended: Common Credit Report Errors and How to Dispute Them
Why Do You Have More Than One Credit Score?
Each credit scoring company has its own formula for calculating credit scores and one model may place more importance on one factor, such as payment history, while another may not. Also, different types of loans have different scoring methods.
The most commonly used credit scoring model is the FICO® Score, a base score that has a range of 300 (lowest score) to 850 (highest score). But within the FICO models, there are industry-specific ranges.
• FICO® Auto Score Range is 250 to 900
• FICO® Bankcard Score Range is 250 to 900
• FICO® Mortgage Score Range is 300 to 850
VantageScore is another credit scoring model used by all three major credit reporting bureaus.
FICO Score and VantageScore base their calculations on different aspects of a person’s financial history.
• FICO uses factors that are in a credit report, such as payment history of credit accounts, how much debt a person has, how long credit accounts have been open, how often new credit inquiries happen and how often new credit accounts are opened, and the mix of credit account types.
• Vantage uses the same criteria as FICO, but places different levels of importance on each. Vantage also looks at additional factors that might not appear on a person’s credit report, such as rent and utility payments. Using factors such as these makes it possible for people who don’t have much of a credit history to have a credit score and be able to access consumer credit.
Lenders use credit scores and other information in the loan approval process.
What Does a Tri-Merge Credit Report Look Like?
Tri-merge credit reports offer creditors the same look and feel as a standard consumer credit report, with a few differences.
For starters, the third-party provider creating the three-in-one credit report culls the credit reports from each of the three primary credit-reporting firms (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion) and pulls the most pertinent information for use in the tri-merge credit report.
In its final form, the tri-merge credit report includes the following sections.
• An upfront summary that provides information on the credit applicant in capsule form.
• A full section on the credit applicant’s financial accounts, focusing on larger accounts like mortgages, credit cards, auto loans, and any types of personal loans.
• Data on the applicant’s credit payments history, any open accounts, any history of late or no credit payments, any tax liens or bankruptcies, and the applicant’s credit utilization ratio (i.e., the applicant’s outstanding credit balance divided by the total amount of revolving credit the applicant has available).
A tri-merge credit report may also include a specific credit report from any of the three major credit reporting agencies, based on the specific credit analysis needs of the mortgage lender who uses the three-in-one report.
Why Do Personal Loan Lenders Look at Your Tri-Merge Credit Report?
Tri-merge credit reports are more commonly used in mortgage lending than personal loan lending. But if you’re applying for a large personal loan — some lenders offer personal loans up to $100,000 — the lender may look at a tri-merge credit report to get a comprehensive picture of your creditworthiness. The tri-merge credit report will include any current or past personal loans and your payment history on those. The lender will use that information to determine approval for the loan you’re applying for. 💡 Quick Tip: Choosing a personal loan with a fixed interest rate makes payments easy to track and gives you a target payoff date to work toward.
How Does a Tri-Merge Credit Report Affect Your Loan Application?
Different lenders approach the risk of lending money with different tolerance levels, just as they each have different credit score requirements. A loan applicant whose credit reports don’t include late payments and unmanageable debt loads will likely be approved for a loan with favorable terms and lower interest rates.
Alternatively, a loan applicant whose credit report shows a large amount of existing debt and a history of late or missed payments may be offered a high interest rate and less favorable terms.
Because lenders that use a tri-merge credit report to assess an applicant’s creditworthiness are looking at a comprehensive picture, it’s in the best interest of the applicant to clean up their credit reports from each of the three major credit bureaus before they begin applying for a loan.
Recommended: Typical Personal Loan Requirements Needed for Approval
Is a Tri-Merge Credit Report a Hard Inquiry?
Any official lender review of a tri-merge credit report will be a hard inquiry and will temporarily impact your credit score. In general, each hard credit inquiry can decrease a credit score by five points.
The severity of any credit score decline due to a hard pull largely depends on the applicant.
A consumer with a strong credit report may see less of a credit scoring decline than one with a weak credit report. Multiple credit report hard inquiries can be a reason why a consumer with a weak credit history may see their credit scores decline moderately.
Recommended: Soft vs Hard Credit Inquiry: What You Need to Know
Can I Order My Own Tri-Merge Credit Report?
Tri-merge credit reports are available to lenders, but not generally to individuals. A lender may be willing to share with you the tri-merge credit report they pulled in your application process. A credit counselor who offers first-time homebuyer programs may also be able to pull a tri-merge credit report for you in a credit review process, but there may be a fee for that service.
However, you can — and it’s a good idea to do this — request a free copy of your credit report from AnnualCreditReport.com.
You can request a free copy of your credit report once a week from each of the three major credit bureaus. Reviewing all three of your credit reports will give you much of the same information as is included in a tri-merge credit report.
The Takeaway
Tri-merge credit reports can prove highly useful to mortgage and other lenders looking for a comprehensive review of an applicant’s credit history.
By merging the credit report analysis of the three major credit reporting agencies, creditors and lenders are getting a fully-formed outlook they likely wouldn’t get by relying on a single credit reporting agency.
For consumers, the key takeaway on three-in-one credit reports is simple – take a disciplined and diligent stance on your credit, review your credit reports on a regular basis, and ensure key issues like on-time payments and credit utilization rates are in good standing.
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.
FAQ
What is a tri-merge credit report?
A tri-merge credit report is a credit report combining information from the three major credit bureaus, Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion.
Is a tri-merge credit report a hard inquiry?
When a tri-merge credit report is pulled during the formal loan application process, it will be a hard inquiry on the applicant’s credit report.
Can I pull my own tri-merge credit report?
No. Tri-merge credit reports are available to lenders, not individuals, and they’re mainly used in the mortgage loan process. If you’re working with a credit counselor, you may be able to have a tri-merge credit report pulled during a credit review process.
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More Americans are defaulting on their car loans due to larger loan amounts, high interest rates, increased living costs and more.
The number of borrowers who fell more than 90 days behind on their auto loans rose to 2.66% in the fourth quarter of 2023 — a nearly 20% increase from the same time last year, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Why are more people defaulting on car loans?
Borrowers are struggling in part due to sky-high interest rates and increased expenses that have made it difficult for many to be current on their loans, according to Vince Shorb, CEO of the National Financial Educators Council.
“A lot of people are at that point now where they’ve been barely making ends meet,” he says. “They’ve just been getting trounced with inflation, trounced with higher interest rates across the board.”
Many auto lenders offer debt relief programs that can lessen the impact for struggling borrowers — but the key is to reach out before you’re underwater on your loan.
What happens if you default on a car loan?
When you default on a loan, it means you’ve failed to make your monthly payments to the lender per your loan terms. Usually, an account becomes delinquent after one missed payment, then the account is in default after 30 to 90 days of no payments, depending on the lender. Note that auto lenders typically offer a 10- to 15-day grace period from the payment due date during which you won’t be charged late fees or face other consequences for missing a payment.
Here’s what you can expect if you default on your car loan.
You’ll incur late fees
When you miss an auto loan payment or make a late payment, you’re typically required to pay a late fee. Late fees vary by lender, loan terms and state, but most lenders charge 3% to 5% of the payment amount missed or a flat fee of $25 to $50. Depending on the state where you live, there may be laws that limit the amount a lender is allowed to charge or the length of grace period they must provide before you’re charged a fee.
Your loan terms will include how much you’ll be charged for a late or missed payment.
Your credit score will take a hit
Most lenders report late or missed payments to the three major credit bureaus after 30 days from the due date, so your delinquency will be recorded on your credit report. Payment history is the most significant factor in determining your credit score — it accounts for 35% of your FICO score. A missed payment on your credit reports will negatively impact your credit score. Additionally, a delinquency can stay on your credit report for seven years.
A lower credit score can impact your ability to get a loan or receive lower interest rates in the future.
Your car could get repossessed
When you get a car loan, the vehicle acts as collateral for the loan. This means that if you default on the loan, your vehicle can potentially get repossessed.
Once you’re in default, a lender can repossess your vehicle without warning. A lender can repossess your vehicle after only one missed payment, but most do so after 90 days of no payments. Repossession rules and timelines vary by lender and state laws.
After your car has been repossessed, the lender can sell it. If the lender sells your car for less than what you owe on it, you may be on the hook for the difference, as well as repossession and early termination fees.
In addition to missed loan payments, repossession can damage your credit scores and will remain on your report for seven years.
Your loan could be sent to collections
If you still owe money after your car is repossessed, the lender may turn your loan over to a collections agency that will try to get back what you owe. You may receive emails, phone calls and letters until you pay the outstanding balance. In rare cases, your lender could also sue you for the amount you owe.
Like repossession, collections will remain on your credit report for seven years and can affect your ability to get a loan down the line.
What to do if you’re struggling
If you can’t afford to make your car loan payment due to hardship, consider turning to an auto loan hardship program. Most lenders offer assistance in the form of deferment, payment plans and more.
According to Shorb, lenders want to collect what they’re owed and are therefore willing to work with borrowers if they communicate early.
“What we have seen is that when people are proactive in having that discussion with their lender, there’s a better chance of making it,” Shorb says of borrowers struggling through tough times.
If you’re running a business, you probably know that managing cash is critical to your success — so let’s share some tips on doing that even better. Solid cash flow is vital to keep a business thriving, whether you’re a sole proprietor or the head of a larger enterprise. Even businesses with strong earnings can struggle with cash flow. That’s why cash flow can be a sure sign of how healthy a business is — or is not.
So let us help you optimize that cash flow. We’ll share some smart insights and helpful tips on:
• What cash management for business is
• Why it’s so important
• Ways you can improve your business cash management
Let’s get started.
What is Business Cash Management?
Simply put, business cash management is basically the way you track and manage the money coming into and going out of your business – usually on a cash flow statement. Positive cash flow means more money is coming in through revenues or borrowing than is being used to pay expenses, such as payroll and rent.
That said, good cash management also means not having too much cash on hand. In that scenario, business owners, while cautious, may be missing out on future earnings growth when they neglect to invest cash back into the business.
Here’s another way to frame this principle: Take a look at your business’s balance sheet and check the ratio of current liquid assets to liabilities. A ratio that’s greater than one indicates good health (you’re not losing money), but if that ratio gets too high, you could be holding onto too much cash or other assets that could better be invested elsewhere.
💡 Quick Tip: Help your money earn more money! Opening a bank account online often gets you higher-than-average rates.
The Importance of Cash Management for Businesses
Cash flow is the essence of all businesses. Without cash, a business will struggle to meet expenses, pay suppliers, repay any investors, and, often most importantly, grow the business through marketing and/or new opportunities.
Strong cash management strategies can help business owners avoid taking on debt. It also gives them more control over everyday activities, decisions, and growth opportunities. What’s more, smart cash management is the best way for owners to fulfill their vision for their enterprise while meeting both their short, intermediate and long-term needs. There’s certainly a lot riding on cash management, so let’s dive into ways to optimize it.
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6 Tips for Managing Cash Flow
Cash management can be especially challenging for entrepreneurs and small business owners. Yet it is one of the most important financial strategies business owners must master. These six tips can help.
1. Learning Your Cash Flow Cycle
A cash flow cycle is the time it takes to purchase your supplies and materials (or prepare the work that goes into providing a service), transform them into a product, sell your offering, and collect payment that can go into your business bank account. Sounds simple but a lot can go haywire during that process.
That’s why it’s important for business owners to constantly update and monitor their balance sheets and profit and loss statements. Ideally, you want to know at any given time what happened in the cash-flow cycle last month. Also important: Knowing your projections for what’s going to happen next month.
Understanding your cash flow cycle can help identify and address inconsistencies such as a late-paying customer or a build-up of inventory. If your business is seasonal or cyclical, you want to be well-prepared for both the intensely busy times…and the lulls.
Recommended: How to Track Your Monthly Expenses: Step-by-Step Guide
2. Getting Payments on Time
Reminding customers to pay on time is one of the easiest but most necessary ways to manage cash flow. Late payments are a fact of life; common, even. Having receivables come in even a day or two past the due date can wreak havoc with your cash flow cycle and your bank account.
Consider setting up email reminders to all customers ten days, seven days, and two days before payment is due. Technology today makes it a snap to pre-schedule email blasts. If the payment is still late or only a partial payment was made, don’t hesitate to follow up with a personal note or phone call.
This simple solution can really work. Customers will pay more attention to timely payments when they know you are paying close attention.
3. Turning Over Inventory Quickly
Having an abundance of inventory on hand at a given time means that a bundle of cash is tied up in that unsold stock. That could be an issue, because those funds might otherwise be working to pay for operations and expenses. What’s more, if all of that inventory bought upfront doesn’t sell as expected, it could mean losses on top of that lack of cash. That could hurt your growth and business valuation.
Many small business owners have learned that, in terms of cash, it’s better to turn inventory more quickly. Of course, this will vary widely depending on your business – perhaps your product is handmade jewelry, perhaps its reconditioned air conditioners. As an example, you might want to boost inventory turn-over from twice a year to five times. More targeted marketing could contribute to this acceleration.
That said, finding the right inventory management to fit with your cash flow cycles takes some time and experience. Recent supply chain issues have shown how challenging inventory management can be. Again, constant monitoring of the cash flow cycle can help guide how you tweak things.
Recommended: How Much Does It Cost to Start a Business?
4. Understand Invoice Financing
Let’s say you hit a cash management hitch. If you do find yourself in a position where you have too much inventory on hand and you need cash to cover expenses, there is a path forward. Invoice financing companies will advance a full or partial amount of your outstanding invoices. You repay that amount plus interest after the invoice is paid.
This generally should only be considered as a stop-gap measure. Like credit cards, interest payments on invoice financing can add up fast and quickly get out of control. Consider the fact that annual percentage rates for invoice financing products can reach as high as a jaw-dropping 64%.
5. Cutting Costs
Monitoring and cutting costs on expenses is another tool for managing cash flow. After all, if less cash goes to pay overhead, more can be invested in the business. A few suggestions: Relying on online marketing efforts that can be less costly than traditional methods, outsourcing tasks that take too much time and money in-house, and reducing energy costs. You might also want to renegotiate outdated contracts and prices with suppliers. These are all areas business owners can consistently monitor to keep costs low.
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6. Comparing Loans
Sometimes, a business could use a helping hand to smooth out its cash flow. Let’s say you have outstanding accounts receivable — in other words, you know money is due but you don’t have it yet — and you need the cash now. In this situation, taking a business loan can be an option to help bridge the gap.
Cash flow loans (like invoice financing explained above) are short-term loans or lines of credit. These are often used to cover expenses or to take advantage of opportunities that can increase revenue.
A working capital loan is another option that can be used to finance everyday business operations such as rent, payroll, or restocking inventory. These loans are not designed to finance long-term assets or investment. Companies with seasonal or cyclical sales often rely on working capital loans to provide relief during slow periods.
One caveat: Working capital loans are often tied to your personal credit, so missed payments or defaults will affect your credit score. Consider that carefully before you sign on.
In addition, there are a variety of small business loans available that are used to finance long-term expenses such as real estate, equipment purchases, or business expansion. These include SBA loans, business lines of credit, and term loans.
Whatever type of loan you choose, be sure to compare your options carefully. Look at terms, APR, and how much lending you qualify for among several lenders before taking on any short or long-term debt. Spending some time and energy on research will help ensure you get the right form of financing.
The Takeaway
Cash flow management is an essential part of running a successful business of any size. Carefully monitoring cash flow, and learning some simple strategies to maximize it can take your small business to the next level.
Whether your business is a full-time job or just a side gig, it’s important to keep your business cash flow separate from your personal cash flow. In both cases, you’ll want to find a bank account that pays a competitive rate, charges no or low fees, and makes it easy to access your money.
Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.
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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.
SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.
SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.
SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.
Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.
Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Our account fee policy is subject to change at any time. Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
The economic landscape of the United States is experiencing a significant shift, marked by a new event: the average FICO credit score has dropped for the first time in a decade.
In a recently released report on credit score data from October 2023, major credit reporting company, FICO, says that the national average credit score has decreased for the first time in a decade from 718 to 717.
Why did credit scores drop?
The decrease in average credit scores may be attributed to several key factors:
Increased Missed Payments: There has been an increase in missed borrower payments, showing serious financial strain among consumers. The FICO report shows that, as of October 2023, more than 18% of the population was late on payments.
Rising Consumer Debt Levels: Consumer debt, particularly credit card debt, has risen to over 1 trillion. This indicates that more consumers may be leaning on credit cards to cover everyday expenses.
Slowing New Credit Activity: New credit activity – consumers applying for new lines of credit – has slowed down.
What this means for you
It’s hard to say what this will mean moving forward, but at this moment it’s too soon to say – or worry too much. In a statement given to Bloomberg, Ethan Dornhelm, VP at FICO, said that “This isn’t a blinking red light, but it certainly is a yellow light.”
Whatever happens in the future, it’s important to take steps to try to protect your credit. Here are some strategies:
Reduce Credit Utilization Rates: Your credit utilization ratio is the amount of available credit you have compared to the amount of credit you’ve used. Generally, the best practice is to keep your credit utilization ratio below 30%, if you can.
Consolidate Debt: If you’re worried about tracking different payments, consider consolidating your debt into one payment to avoid the risk of missing a payment. A missed payment is a negative mark on your credit, and can stay on your credit reports for 7 years.
Protect Your Credit History: Length of credit history is a significant factor in how your credit score is calculated. Closing a credit card that you’ve had for a long time, for example, might actually hurt your credit score. If you can, try to keep lines of credit – especially revolving credit accounts, like credit cards – open.
If You’re Rejected, Pause Before Applying Again: If you’ve been rejected for a line of credit in the past, like an auto loan or a credit card, pause before immediately applying again. Multiple “hard inquiries” – when a lender pulls your credit to evaluate your creditworthiness – in too short a time could potentially harm your credit.
Good credit is always important
If you’re worried about your credit, the best thing you can do is consistently check and monitor your credit – not just your score. Be on the look out for any changes to your credit reports and score, whether expected or unexpected, and make sure that everything in your credit profile is accurate. You can get started with a free credit assessment at Lexington Law for a snapshot of what’s in your credit profile.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
A credit privacy number (CPN) is formatted similarly to a Social Security number and is commonly used by fraudulent companies to scam people with bad credit. Using a CPN to apply for credit constitutes fraud, and they’re often tied to criminal activity.
A credit privacy number (CPN) is sold to consumers as a product to repair bad credit. In reality, these numbers can be associated with identity theft. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) considers identity theft to be any instance where a criminal uses someone else’s personal information to “open accounts, file taxes or make purchases.” CPNs can pave the way for such fraudulent activity.
Here, we’ll explain what credit privacy numbers are, what they’re used for and how to avoid scams. Most importantly, you’ll also learn how to fix your credit without a CPN.
A credit privacy number, or CPN, is sold to consumers as a way to repair bad credit. But did you know these numbers can be associated with identity theft? Experian® reports that approximately one in every 20 Americans becomes a victim of identity theft each year, so it’s important to learn the dangers of CPNs if a company advertises one to you.
When you have bad credit, you may be more susceptible to methods that hurt your situation more than help it. Here, you’ll learn about what credit privacy numbers are, what they’re used for and how to avoid scams. Most importantly, you’ll also learn about how to repair your credit without a CPN.
Key takeaways:
Credit privacy numbers (CPNs) are often stolen Social Security numbers (SSNs).
Creating and even using a CPN can count as fraud.
No entities have the legal authority to issue CPNs despite their claims.
Table of contents:
What is a CPN?
A credit privacy number (CPN) is a nine-digit number set up in the same format as a Social Security number: XXX-XX-XXXX. CPNs aren’t issued by the federal government and have no official legal standing. They operate in a legal gray area, but using a CPN to apply for credit constitutes fraud, and they’re often tied to criminal activity.
You may also come across some other terms for CPNs, like:
Credit profile number
Secondary credit number
Credit protection number
What is a CPN used for?
Companies market and sell CPNs to supposedly fix bad credit, but using these products can have steep legal ramifications. CPNs are stolen Social Security numbers or products of synthetic identity fraud. It’s illegal to use a CPN to apply for credit, so even if you are “issued” one by a company, you can’t use it in any way that helps your credit.
A common scenario is criminals stealing Social Security numbers that belong to minors or those who are already deceased, since credit monitoring services usually don’t track their use. These stolen SSNs are then sold as CPNs, so all parties involved are participants in identity theft.
Synthetic identity fraud is another way criminals create CPNs to sell. This method involves using a computer algorithm to randomly create nine-digit numbers that match the formatting of Social Security numbers. Criminals then use an illegal online validator to ensure the fake number will pass as a legitimate SSN before selling it. One way they do this is by using potential SSNs that haven’t been issued to anyone yet.
How are CPNs different from SSNs, EINs and ITINs?
There are several types of numbers that can be used as identifiers for legal and financial purposes. Here’s a breakdown of the most common:
Social Security number (SSN): Issued by the federal government and is a unique identifier. Most U.S. citizens are issued one at birth, which they use to apply for a driver’s license, hold jobs, file taxes and apply for credit, among other things.
Employer identification number (EIN): A unique identifier for businesses and issued by the IRS. This allows business owners to open business bank accounts, get business licenses and file taxes under the business’s name.
Individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN): Similar to Social Security numbers, but the main difference is that ITINs are used by those classified as “authorized noncitizens.” For example, an immigrant working in the United States would need an ITIN to file and pay taxes.
The big difference between these numbers and a credit privacy number is that they’re legitimate numbers issued by actual entities within the federal government, and a CPN is not.
Is a CPN legal?
No, using a CPN is not legal. CPNs started as a byproduct of the Privacy Act of 1974. This act made it so that you couldn’t be forced to provide your Social Security number to a third party unless it was required by federal law, such as applying for a passport. This was meant to give Americans more privacy and protect them from identity theft.
Credit repair scams often market CPNs to those trying to rebuild their credit. But in fact, any business that sells a CPN is engaging in fraudulent activity.
What happens to those breaking the law with a CPN?
By purchasing a credit privacy number, you may unknowingly be breaking the law. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, CPN schemes often involve stolen CPNs from children, the elderly and incarcerated individuals. If an individual purchases a CPN, they may be convicted of various identity theft crimes, as well as the crime of making false statements on a loan or credit application.
The Department of Justice has been cracking down on identity theft, and they carry sentences of 15 to 30 years along with various fines for those who break these laws.
How to avoid a CPN scam
The best way to avoid a credit privacy number scam is to avoid anything involving a CPN. Be wary of a business that offers you a new credit identity—such as a CPN—it’s likely an identity fraud scam.
Other red flags include a company asking or suggesting that you lie about any identifying information, including your name, address or phone number, and a business asking for payment before completing any services.
Check out the Credit Repair Organizations Act to learn more about your credit repair rights.
How to report a CPN scam
The best way to eliminate criminals using fraudulent CPN scams is to report them whenever you see them, and you can do this through the Department of Justice. On their Fraud Section page, they have a variety of links and resources to report different scams.
Scams involving credit privacy numbers can also be reported to your local police department, your state’s attorney general and the Federal Trade Commission. While the investigation will be taking place at the state and federal level, reporting to your local police department can let them know what scams may be operating in the area so they can issue warnings to the community.
How to repair your credit without a CPN
Purchasing a CPN is tempting because it seems like a fast and easy way to repair your credit. In reality, building a good credit score takes time, but there are steps you can start taking today.
Dispute errors on your credit report: Derogatory marks include collections, late or missed payments, bankruptcies and other negative marks. These heavily weigh down your credit, so clean your credit report often.
Use a pay-for-delete letter: You may have heard that paying off collections usually won’t improve your credit. If you negotiate a pay-for-delete agreement with the collection agency, they may remove the collection account from your report, which would likely help your credit.
Become an authorized user: If you have bad credit, try to become an authorized user on a friend or family member’s credit card account to “piggyback” off their credit.
Find a cosigner: Making payments on loans—like auto or personal loans—can improve your credit. If you can’t get approved for a loan, finding a cosigner may help.
Don’t miss a payment: One of the best things you can do is ensure you don’t miss any payments that get reported to credit bureaus. Maintaining a good credit history will help you repair and improve your credit.
Repair your credit with Lexington Law Firm
Although there are credit repair scams, legitimate credit repair companies can help you rebuild your credit. Lexington Law Firm has a team of legal professionals who have experience with credit recovery.
They can review your credit report, find errors that may be hurting your credit and challenge them on your behalf. Our services also include tools such as a credit snapshot, which can help you maintain good credit and improve your financial future.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Vince R. Mayr
Supervising Attorney of Bankruptcies
Vince has considerable expertise in the field of bankruptcy law.
He has represented clients in more than 3,000 bankruptcy matters under chapters 7, 11, 12, and 13 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Vince earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Government from the University of Maryland. His Masters of Public Administration degree was earned from Golden Gate University School of Public Administration. His Juris Doctor was earned at Golden Gate University School of Law, San Francisco, California. Vince is licensed to practice law in Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado. He is located in the Phoenix office.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
Some credit facts you need to know are your credit score is based on five key factors, FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850, checking your own credit won’t hurt your score, and twelve more facts outlined below.
With all of the misleading and incorrect information about credit floating around, it’s no wonder some of us feel lost when it comes to our credit reports and credit scores. Fortunately, we’re here to help set everything straight with these simple and clear explanations.
We’ve taken the time to compile the most important credit facts you need to know to understand your credit and everything that impacts it. Just as importantly, we’re setting the record straight when it comes to credit myths that have been lingering for too long. Read on to learn everything you’ve always wanted to know about credit.
1. Your credit score is based on five key factors
Most lenders make their decisions using FICO credit scores, which are based on five key factors. That means that when you apply for a new credit card or loan, these are the primary influences on whether you’ll end up getting approved. Here are the five factors, in order of importance: payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, credit mix and new credit inquiries.
35% – Payment history. Your ability to consistently make payments has the biggest impact on your score. Having late and missed payments is detrimental to your credit score, while a streak of on-time payments has a positive effect.
30% – Credit utilization. Your utilization measures how much of your available credit you’re using across all of your cards. By using one-third or less of your total credit limit, you could help improve your credit.
15% – Length of credit history. In general, having a longer credit history is helpful, though it depends on how responsibly you’ve used credit over time. Using credit well over time signals to lenders that you can be trusted to manage your finances.
10% – New credit. Applying for new credit leads to hard inquiries, which can negatively impact your credit score. Spacing out your new credit applications—and only applying for credit when you need it—helps your score.
10% – Credit mix. Having a variety of different types of credit—like credit cards, an auto loan or a mortgage—can influence your score as well. A diverse credit portfolio demonstrates your ability to successfully manage different types of credit.
With the knowledge of exactly how your score gets calculated, you can make smarter decisions with credit.
Bottom line: Credit scores aren’t as mysterious as they first appear, and you have control over all of the factors that determine your score.
2. Credit reports are different than credit scores
Although they are related, a credit report and a credit score are different. Also, it’s a bit misleading to talk about a single credit report or a single credit score, because the reality is that you have several different credit reports, and your credit score can be calculated in many different ways.
A credit report is a collection of information about your credit behaviors, like the accounts you have and when you make payments. Three main bureaus—Experian, Equifax and TransUnion—each publish a separate credit report about you.
A credit score uses the information in your credit report to create a numerical representation of your creditworthiness. In other words, all of the information in your report is simplified into a single number that gives lenders an idea of how likely you are to repay a debt.
Surprisingly, your credit report does not include a credit score. Instead, lenders who access your report use formulas to determine a score when you apply for credit. The most common scoring models are FICO and VantageScore, but lenders can make modifications to the calculations to give more weight to areas that are more important to them.
Bottom line: You’ll want to be familiar with both your credit reports and your credit scores, as they each play a role in helping you obtain new credit.
3. Negative credit items will eventually come off your credit report
Negative items on your credit report can cause damage to your credit score. Negative items include late payments, collection accounts, foreclosures and repossessions.
Although these items can lead to significant drops in your credit score, their effect is not permanent. Over time, negative items have a smaller and smaller impact on your score, as long as your credit behaviors improve so that more recent items are more favorable.
Additionally, most negative items should remain on your report for seven years at the most due to the regulations set by the Fair Credit Reporting Act. A bankruptcy, on the other hand, can last up to 10 years in some cases.
Bottom line: Negative items can cause a decrease in your credit score, but they aren’t permanent. Start building new credit behaviors and your score can recover over time.
4. FICO credit scores range from 300 to 850
One of the most common credit scoring models is produced by the Fair Isaac Corporation, also known as FICO. While you may hear “FICO score” and “credit score” used interchangeably, there are in fact several different scoring models, so you could have a different credit score depending on which lender or financial institution you’re working with. The score you’re assigned by FICO will usually always be in a range from 300 to 850.
Accessing your FICO score gives you the chance to have a high-level overview of your credit health. Scores that are considered good, very good or exceptional often make it much easier to get new credit cards or loans when you need them. On the other hand, scores that are fair or poor can make getting new credit more difficult.
Here’s an overview of the FICO scoring ranges:
800 – 850: Exceptional
740 – 799: Very Good
670 – 739: Good
580 – 669: Fair
300 – 579: Poor
Remember, though: credit scores are not fixed and permanent. Your score responds to factors like payments, utilization and credit history, so positive decisions now will benefit your score in the long term.
Bottom line: The FICO scoring ranges lay out broad categories to give you a sense of how you’re doing with credit—and can also help you set a goal for where you want to be.
5. The majority of lenders use FICO scores when making decisions
While there are multiple credit scoring models, the majority of lenders check FICO scores when making decisions. That means that when you apply for new credit—whether it’s a credit card, a loan or a mortgage—the score that’s more likely to matter is your FICO score.
That’s important to know, because many free credit monitoring services will show you score estimates or your VantageScore. Some credit card companies provide a FICO score, however, and you can also request to see the credit score that lenders used to make their decision during the application process.
Fortunately, credit scoring models tend to reference the same data and weight factors fairly similarly. That means if you make on-time payments, keep your utilization low, avoid opening up too many new accounts and have a consistent credit history with a variety of accounts, you’ll probably be in good shape regardless.
Bottom line: Knowing your FICO score can help you have an idea of how lenders will view your application for new credit.
6. You have many different types of credit scores
Credit scores vary based on the credit bureau reporting them and the credit scoring model used. The major credit bureaus all have slightly different information regarding your credit history. This means that these three, along with other credit reporting agencies, report several FICO credit scores to lenders to account for different information they’ve collected.
There are also different scores specific to particular industries. For example, auto lenders review different risk factors than mortgage lenders, so the scores each lender receives might differ. Although it can get confusing, the most important things to remember are the five core factors that affect your credit score.
Bottom line: Although many people reference their credit score in the singular, the truth is that there are many different types of credit scores that take into account different factors.
7. Checking your own credit won’t hurt your score
Many people believe that checking their credit score or credit report hurts their credit, but fortunately, this isn’t true. Getting a copy of your credit report or checking your score doesn’t affect your credit score. These actions are called “soft” inquiries into your credit, and while they are noted on your credit report, they shouldn’t have any effect on your score.
Hard inquiries, on the other hand, are noted when lenders look at your credit during an application process—and these can temporarily reduce your score. This is used to discourage you from applying for new credit too frequently. However, the effect is typically small, and after a couple of years the notation of a hard inquiry will leave your report.
Bottom line: You can check your own credit report and credit score without any negative effect—and we actually encourage you to do so to stay on top of your credit health.
8. You can check your credit score and credit reports for free
There are three main ways to check your credit for free. You’ll likely want to take a look at both your credit reports and your credit scores. Here’s how to get a hold of both of those:
You’re entitled to a free credit report once each year by visiting AnnualCreditReport.com, a government-sponsored website that gives you access to your reports from TransUnion, Experian and Equifax.
You may be able to check your credit score free by contacting your bank or credit card company. Additionally, many free services—like Mint—enable you to monitor your score for free. Just make sure to note which kind of credit score you’re seeing, because there are many different scoring methods.
The information you find in your credit report lays out the factors that determine your credit score. By scanning your report closely, you’ll likely find out the best strategy for improving your score—for instance, by improving your payment history or lowering your utilization.
Bottom line: Information about your credit is freely available, so take advantage of those resources to stay on top of your credit report and score.
9. Your credit score can cost you money
Ultimately, the purpose of credit scores is to help lenders determine whether they should offer you new credit, like a loan or a credit card. A lower score indicates that you may be at greater risk for default—which means the lender has to worry that you won’t pay back your debts.
To offset this risk, lenders often deny credit applications for those with lower scores, or they extend credit with high interest rates. These interest rates can cost you a lot of money over time, so working to improve your credit score can have a measurable effect on your financial life.
Consider, for example, a $25,000 auto loan. With a fair credit score, you may secure an interest rate of 5.3 percent—so you’ll pay a total of $3,513 in interest over five years. With an excellent credit score, your rate could drop to 3.1 percent, and you’ll save nearly $1,500 in interest charges over that same five-year period.
Bottom line: A good credit score can have a positive impact on your finances, and a bad score can cost you money in interest charges.
10. Canceling old credit cards can lower your score
If you have a credit card that you’re no longer using, you may be tempted to close the account entirely. Before doing that, though, consider how it could impact your credit score.
Recall that two credit factors are utilization and length of credit history. Closing an old account could affect one or both of those factors when it comes to calculating your score.
Your credit utilization could drop after closing an account because your credit limit will likely be lower. Since utilization represents all of your balances divided by your total credit limit, your utilization will go up if your credit limit goes down (and if your balances stay the same).
Your length of credit history could be lowered if you close an older account that is raising the average age of your credit.
Some people worry that having a zero balance on their credit card can negatively impact their score. This is just a credit myth. A zero balance means you aren’t using the card to make any purchases. Keeping the credit card open while not using it actually works to your benefit. You’re able to contribute to the length of your credit history, while not risking the chance of debt and late payments.
You may need to use the card every now and then to avoid having it closed. Additionally, if the card has an annual fee, you may need to close the card or ask to have the card downgraded to a version that does not have a fee. Still, if there’s a way to keep the card open, it’s often good to do so even if you don’t plan to regularly use it.
Bottom line: An old credit card can benefit your credit score even if you aren’t using it anymore.
11. You can still get a loan with bad credit
It’s true that getting a loan can be more difficult with bad credit, but it’s not impossible. There are bad credit loans specifically for people with lower credit scores. Note, however, that these loans often come with higher interest rates—or they require some sort of collateral that the lender can use to secure the loan. That means if you don’t pay your loan back, the lender will be able to seize the property you put up as collateral.
If you don’t need a loan immediately, you could consider trying to rebuild your credit before applying. There are credit builder loans, which are specifically designed to help you build up a strong payment history and improve your credit in the process. Unlike a traditional loan, you pay for a credit builder loan each month and then receive the sum after your final payment. Since these loans represent no risk to lenders, they’re often willing to extend them to people with poor credit history looking to raise their score.
Bottom line: You can get a loan even with bad credit—but sometimes it’s wise to find ways to raise your score before applying.
12. Credit scores aren’t the only deciding factor for lending decisions
While credit scores are important in lending decisions, lenders may take other factors into account when deciding whether to offer you new credit. For example, your income and employment can play a significant role in your approval odds. Additionally, some loans (like auto loans and mortgages) are secured by collateral that the lender can seize if you default. These loans may be considered less risky for the lender in certain cases because the asset can help offset any losses from nonpayment.
In many cases, your debt-to-income ratio is also an important factor in whether you’re approved for a loan or credit card. Lenders consider your current monthly debt payments (from all sources) as well as your monthly income to determine whether you may be overextended financially.
Two different people may pay $1,500 each month for student loans, a car payment and a mortgage. That said, if one individual makes $3,500 each month and the other makes $8,000 each month, their situations will be considered very differently by a potential lender.
Bottom line: Keeping your credit score high can help you secure credit when you need it, but you’ll want to stay on top of all aspects of your financial health.
13. Your credit report can help you spot fraud
Regularly checking your credit report can help you notice fraud or identity theft. If someone is using your information to open accounts, they will show up on your credit report.
If you notice an account that you did not open, you’ll want to start taking steps to protect your identity from any further damage. You may also want to freeze or lock your credit, which prevents anyone from using your information to open up more accounts.
Bottom line: Reviewing your credit report provides you an opportunity to notice when something is amiss.
14. Joint accounts affect your credit scores, but you do not have joint scores
If you have a joint account with someone else, that account will be reflected on both of your credit reports. For example, a loan that was opened by you and your spouse will show up for both of you—and will affect both of your credit scores. That said, your credit history, credit report and credit score remain separate. No one—including married couples—has a joint credit report or joint credit score.
In addition to joint accounts, you may also have authorized users on your credit card, or be an authorized user yourself. Authorized users have access to account funds, but they are not liable for debts. That means that if you make someone an authorized user on your credit card, they can rack up charges, but you’ll be on the hook if they don’t pay.
Because joint account owners and authorized users can influence credit scores in significant ways, we advise you to be careful about who you open accounts with or provide authorization to.
Bottom line: Even though joint account owners and authorized users can influence someone else’s credit, there are no shared credit reports or joint credit scores.
15. Many credit reports contain inaccurate credit information
The Federal Trade Commission found that one in five people has an error on at least one of their credit reports, and these inaccuracies can greatly impact your credit. (Also see this 2015 follow-up study from the FTC for more information regarding credit report errors.) This is why you should frequently check your credit report and dispute any inaccurate information. For example, since payment history accounts for 30 percent of your credit score, one wrong late payment can significantly hurt your score.
It’s important to get your credit facts straight so you understand exactly how different things impact your score. One of the first things you should learn is how to read your credit report so you can quickly spot discrepancies and ensure that the information reported is fair and accurate.
After scrutinizing your credit report, you can look into other ways to fix your credit, like paying late or past-due accounts, so you can help your credit with your newfound knowledge. You can also take advantage of Lexington Law Firm’s credit repair services to get extra help and additional legal knowledge to assist you.
Bottom line: Your credit report could have inaccurate information that’s hurting your score unfairly. Fortunately, there is a credit dispute process that can help you clean up your report and ensure all of the information on it is correct.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!
Dealing with debt can be an overwhelming experience. When you find yourself in a situation where you are unable to pay a debt, it’s important to understand the consequences of not paying a debt collector.
In this article, we’ll discuss the roles of collection agencies, the impact on your credit report, legal consequences, communication strategies, and ways to prevent debt collection issues.
Understanding Debt Collectors
Debt collectors are entities hired by creditors to collect debts owed by individuals or businesses. When you owe money to a creditor, such as on credit card debt or medical bills, and fail to make timely payments, the original creditor may sell or transfer the debt to a debt collection agency.
These agencies are responsible for collecting the unpaid debt and may employ various tactics, including phone calls and letters, to collect the outstanding balance.
The Debt Collection Process
Debt collection agencies follow a set process when collecting unpaid debts:
Initial contact: Collection agencies typically begin their collection efforts by sending a written notice, often called a demand letter, detailing the owed amount, the name of the original creditor, and instructions for repaying the debt.
Ongoing communication: If the initial notice is unsuccessful, the debt collector will continue to contact you via phone calls, emails, or additional letters to encourage you to repay the debt.
Reporting to credit bureaus: After a certain period of missed payments, usually around 180 days, the debt collector may report the unpaid debt to credit bureaus, which can negatively impact your credit score.
Potential legal action: If you still haven’t paid the debt, the debt collector may choose to file a lawsuit to recover the funds, which could lead to wage garnishment or seizure of assets if they obtain a judgment against you.
Legal Consequences of Not Paying a Debt Collector
1. Impact on Your Credit Report
When you don’t pay a debt collector, the collection account may be reported to the credit bureaus, which can have a negative impact on your credit score. A missed payment or default on your credit report can cause your score to drop significantly and remain on your credit history for up to seven years.
2. Lawsuits and Judgments
Debt collectors may resort to legal action in an attempt to collect an unpaid debt. Debt collection lawsuits can lead to judgments against you, which may result in wage garnishment, bank account levies, and asset seizures. It’s crucial to respond to a debt collector’s attorney or law firm if they initiate a lawsuit to avoid default judgments.
3. Statute of Limitations
The statute of limitations on debt is the time period during which a debt collector can sue you to collect a debt. This varies by state and the type of debt but typically ranges from three to six years. After this period, debt collectors can still attempt to collect the debt, but they lose the right to sue you for it.
4. Property Liens
In some cases, a debt collector may obtain a judgment against you and place a lien on your property. This means that if you sell the property, the debt must be paid from the proceeds before you receive any funds. Liens can also impact your ability to refinance or secure a home equity loan.
5. Seizure of Assets
Depending on the type of debt and the jurisdiction, a debt collector may have the legal right to seize your assets, such as your car or other personal property, to satisfy the debt after obtaining a court judgment.
6. Tax Consequences
If you negotiate a settlement with a debt collector for less than the full amount owed, the difference between the original debt and the settled amount may be considered taxable income by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). You could receive a 1099-C form and be required to report this amount on your tax return.
7. Loss of professional licenses or certifications
In some cases, failure to pay certain types of debt may result in the suspension or revocation of professional licenses or certifications, impacting your ability to work in your chosen field.
Communication with Debt Collectors
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is a federal law enacted to protect consumers from abusive debt collection practices. Under this act, debt collectors are prohibited from engaging in harassment, making false statements, and using unfair practices to collect debts.
If you believe your debt collection rights have been violated, you can report the violation to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).
How to Respond to a Collections Notice
Receiving a collections notice can be stressful, but it’s important to act promptly and responsibly. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to respond to a collections notice:
1. Don’t ignore the notice
Ignoring a collections notice can lead to further consequences, including damage to your credit report and potential legal action. It’s crucial to address the notice as soon as possible to avoid escalating the situation.
2. Verify the debt
Before taking any action, request debt validation from the debt collector to confirm the legitimacy of the debt. This collection agency should reply to you in a letter that includes the amount owed, the name of the original creditor, and any additional details about the debt. Ensure that the information is accurate and up-to-date.
3. Determine if the debt is within the statute of limitations
Research the statute of limitations for the type of debt in your state to determine if the debt collector can still legally sue you for the unpaid amount. If the statute of limitations has passed, inform the debt collector and dispute the debt with the credit bureaus.
4. Negotiate with the debt collector
If the debt is legitimate and within the statute of limitations, consider negotiating a payment plan or settlement with the debt collector. This may involve agreeing to pay a partial payment or making monthly installments until the debt is paid in full. Be sure to get any agreements in writing to protect yourself.
5. Dispute any inaccuracies
If you find any discrepancies in the debt validation letter or believe the debt is incorrect, dispute the information with the debt collector and the credit bureaus. Provide any relevant documentation to support your claim.
6. Seek professional advice
If you’re unsure about how to handle the collections notice or need assistance with debt management, consider consulting a credit counselor, financial advisor, or attorney. These professionals can provide guidance and help you deal with collections.
Preventing Debt Collection Issues
Dealing with debt collectors can be overwhelming, but taking proactive steps to prevent debt collection issues from arising in the first place is key to maintaining your financial well-being. Here are various strategies that can help you avoid the pitfalls of unpaid debts and ensure you stay on track with your financial goals.
Create a budget and manage expenses: Developing a budget and tracking your expenses can help you avoid accumulating debt and ensure you’re making timely payments to your creditors.
Prioritize debt repayment: Paying off high-interest debts, such as credit card debt, should be a priority to prevent the debt from growing and to protect your credit score.
Seek help from credit counseling agencies or financial advisors: If you’re struggling with debt, consider reaching out to a credit counseling agency or a financial advisor for guidance. These professionals can help you develop a debt repayment plan, negotiate with your creditors, and offer advice on managing your finances more effectively.
Understand the importance of timely bill payments: Making timely payments on your bills, including credit card debt and medical bills, is essential for maintaining a healthy credit score and preventing collection accounts from appearing on your credit report.
Build an emergency fund: Having an emergency fund can provide a financial cushion in times of unexpected expenses or income loss. This can help you avoid resorting to credit cards or loans, reducing the likelihood of falling into debt.
Monitor your credit reports: Regularly reviewing your credit reports allows you to spot any inaccuracies or signs of identity theft early on. You can also track your progress in improving your credit score and ensure that paid-off debts are accurately reflected.
Conclusion
Failing to pay a debt collector can lead to several negative consequences, including damage to your credit report, legal actions, and financial stress. It’s essential to understand the roles of debt collectors and collection agencies, as well as your rights under the FDCPA. If you find yourself dealing with unpaid debts, it’s crucial to communicate effectively with debt collectors and explore your options for repayment or dispute.
By prioritizing debt repayment, creating a budget, and seeking help from credit counseling agencies or financial advisors, you can work towards resolving your debt issues and maintaining good financial health. Remember, knowledge is power, and understanding the debt collection process and your rights will help you overcome these challenges more effectively.
Medical debt is an unfortunate reality for millions of Americans. As healthcare costs continue to rise, it becomes increasingly important to understand the financial implications of medical debt and its impact on your credit score.
This article will delve into the world of medical debt and provide you with strategies to manage and minimize its effects on your credit score.
How Medical Bills Affect Credit Scores
Unpaid medical debt can have a significant impact on your credit scores, especially when it becomes delinquent or goes to collections. Here are some key points to consider:
The role of medical debt in credit score calculations: Medical bills, like other types of debt, factor into your credit score calculations. Late or missed payments and unpaid bills can lower your credit scores, making it more challenging to obtain loans, credit cards, or favorable interest rates.
Late payments and unpaid medical bills: Late payments on medical bills can be reported to the three major credit bureaus, which may negatively affect your credit scores. If unpaid, medical bills can eventually be sent to collections, further damaging your credit.
Impact of medical debt on different credit scoring models: Unpaid medical debt can affect your credit score differently, depending on the credit scoring model being used. For example, newer credit scoring models like FICO Score 9 and VantageScore 4.0 give less weight to medical debt compared to other types of debt, while older models treat medical debt more harshly.
The Medical Debt Collection Process
Understanding the medical debt collection process can help you take control of the situation and potentially minimize its impact on your credit scores.
How medical debt becomes a collection account: When a medical bill remains unpaid for an extended period, the medical provider may sell the debt to a collection agency. The collection agency then reports the debt to credit bureaus, which can cause a significant drop in your credit scores.
The role of collection agencies: Collection agencies are responsible for recovering unpaid medical debts. They may contact you through phone calls, letters, or even legal actions to collect the outstanding balance.
Statute of limitations on medical debt: The statute of limitations for medical debt varies by state, ranging from three to ten years. This is the time frame within which a collector can sue you for the unpaid debt. It’s important to know the statute of limitations in your state, as it can help you strategize your approach to dealing with unpaid medical debt.
Medical Bills Grace Period and Reporting
A grace period can provide some relief when dealing with medical bills, but it’s crucial to understand its impact on credit reporting.
How grace periods work with medical bills: Some medical providers may offer a grace period, typically 30 to 180 days, during which they will not report late or missed payments to credit bureaus. This gives you time to resolve any disputes, work with your health insurance company, or make arrangements to pay the bill.
Impact of grace periods on credit reporting: Even if your medical provider offers a grace period, it’s essential to pay your medical bills promptly. Once the grace period ends, late payments can be reported to credit bureaus, negatively impacting your credit.
Changes in medical debt reporting rules: Recent changes to credit reporting rules have made it more difficult for medical debt to impact your credit scores. These changes include a 180-day waiting period before medical debt can be reported to credit bureaus and the removal of medical collections paid or settled by insurance.
Can medical bills be removed from my credit report?
If you believe a medical collection on your credit report is inaccurate or unfair, you are entitled to dispute it. To dispute a medical collection, you’ll need to contact the credit bureau reporting the debt and provide supporting documentation to prove that the collection is inaccurate or unjust.
First, you’ll need to gather all relevant documents, such as medical bills, insurance Explanation of Benefits (EOB), payment records, and any correspondence with the medical provider or collection agency. This evidence will help you build a strong case when disputing the collection.
Then, once the credit bureau receives your dispute, they typically have 30 days to investigate the matter. If the dispute is resolved in your favor, the medical collection will be removed from your credit report, which may result in a boost to your credit score.
Does paying off medical collections improve my credit?
Paying off medical collections can have a positive impact on your credit, but the extent of the improvement depends on various factors.
The importance of paying medical debt: Paying off medical debt shows financial responsibility and can help prevent further damage to your credit.
How payment history affects credit scores: Your payment history makes up a significant portion of your credit score calculation. Settling medical debts can have a positive effect on your payment history, potentially improving your credit.
Settling medical debt for less than the full amount: In some cases, collection agencies may be willing to accept a lower amount to settle the debt. While this can help you save money, keep in mind that the partial payment may still be reported to credit bureaus, which could have a less favorable impact on your credit score compared to paying the debt in full.
Strategies for Managing Medical Bills
Effectively managing your medical bills can help prevent them from damaging your credit scores.
Negotiating medical bills with healthcare providers: Before a bill goes to collections, you may be able to negotiate with your healthcare provider to lower the cost, set up a payment plan, or request financial assistance.
Repayment plans and options: Many medical providers offer payment plans that allow you to pay your medical bills over time. This can make it more manageable to handle large medical expenses without hurting your credit scores.
Hiring a medical billing advocate: A medical billing advocate can help you review your medical bills for errors, negotiate with medical providers, and even guide you through the insurance claim process.
Seeking financial assistance and grants: Look for financial assistance programs, grants, or charities that may help cover the cost of your medical bills. Some hospitals and clinics also have programs for eligible patients.
Weighing the pros and cons of personal loans or credit cards: Using personal loans or credit cards to pay off medical debt can be an option, but consider the potential impact on your credit scores, as well as the interest rates and fees associated with these forms of borrowing.
What to do if You Can’t Pay Your Medical Bills
You have certain rights under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), which protects you from abusive or deceptive debt collection practices. Make sure you understand your rights and options when dealing with medical debt.
Keep an open line of communication with your medical provider and debt collectors. Discuss your financial situation, ask for assistance, or negotiate a payment plan to help manage your medical bills.
In extreme cases, bankruptcy may be a viable option to address overwhelming medical debt. However, it’s essential to consider the long-term implications, as bankruptcy can have a significant and lasting impact on your credit.
Preventing Medical Debt from Damaging Your Credit
Taking a proactive approach to managing medical expenses can help protect your credit score. Review your medical bill and insurance statement carefully for errors, and address any discrepancies promptly. Keep track of due dates and submit insurance claims as soon as possible to avoid late payments or collections.
Maintaining a record of your medical expenses can help you budget effectively and ensure you don’t miss any payments. Consider using financial management tools, apps, or a simple spreadsheet to stay organized.
You should also regularly review your credit report for any inaccuracies. By catching errors early, you can dispute them and potentially prevent damage to your credit score.
Keeping Your Credit Score Healthy
Some strategies for maintaining a healthy credit score include making timely payments on all your debts, keeping your credit utilization low, and diversifying your credit mix by using different types of credit responsibly.
Establishing a solid credit history takes time and consistent effort. By using credit responsibly, making timely payments, and avoiding high levels of debt, you can build a strong credit history that will serve you well in the long run.
Having a financial plan and an emergency fund can help you handle unexpected medical expenses without relying on credit, which could negatively impact your credit. Aim to save at least three to six months’ worth of living expenses in an emergency fund.
Conclusion
Unpaid medical debt can have a substantial impact on your credit, but understanding how it works and taking proactive steps to manage it can help you minimize its effects. Stay on top of your medical expenses, communicate with medical providers and debt collectors, and maintain a healthy credit score by following the strategies outlined in this article.
Remember, your financial health is just as important as your physical health, and taking control of your medical debt is a crucial step toward financial well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions
What happens when medical debt is sold to a collection agency?
When medical debt is sold to a collection agency, the agency becomes responsible for recovering the unpaid debt. They may contact you through phone calls, letters, or even legal actions to collect the outstanding balance. The collection agency also reports the debt to credit bureaus, which can cause a significant drop in your credit score.
What are the consequences of unpaid medical collections over $500?
Unpaid medical collection accounts over $500 can stay on your credit reports for up to seven years and have serious consequences, such as:
Significant damage to your credit score
Difficulty obtaining loans, credit cards, or favorable interest rates
Potential legal actions or wage garnishments
Increased stress and financial burden
It’s crucial to address unpaid medical debt promptly to minimize these consequences.
What should you do if you can’t pay a medical bill on time?
If you can’t pay a medical bill on time, consider the following options:
Communicate with your medical provider about your financial situation and ask for assistance or a payment plan.
Explore financial assistance programs, grants, or charities that may help cover the cost of your medical bill.
Negotiate with the medical provider to lower the cost or set up a payment plan.
Hire a medical billing advocate to help you review your bills and negotiate with the medical provider.
How can you negotiate medical bills?
To negotiate medical bills, follow these steps:
Review your bills and insurance statements for errors or discrepancies.
Research the average cost of the medical service in your area.
Prepare a case, explaining why you believe the bill should be reduced.
Contact your medical provider’s billing department and discuss your concerns.
Be prepared to provide documentation and evidence to support your case.
Remain polite and persistent throughout the negotiation process.
How can I get medical bills off my credit report?
To get medical bills off your credit report, the first step is to review your credit report for inaccuracies and verify the legitimacy of the medical collections listed. Inaccurate or unjust collections can be disputed, and if the dispute is resolved in your favor, the medical debt will be removed from your credit report.
To dispute a medical collection, contact the credit bureau reporting the debt and provide supporting documentation, such as insurance Explanation of Benefits (EOB), payment records, and any correspondence with the healthcare provider or collection agency. The credit bureau typically has 30 days to investigate the dispute, and if successful, the medical collection will be removed, potentially improving your credit score.
Another approach to getting medical debt off your credit report is by negotiating a “pay-for-delete” agreement with the collection agency. In a pay-for-delete agreement, you offer to pay the outstanding medical debt in exchange for the collection agency removing the collection from your credit report. This strategy, however, isn’t always successful, as collection agencies are not obligated to agree to such terms.