After a few real-life conversations and my running the math, I’ve decided that a “50/50” rule for college saving achieves the best of both worlds.
The rule is:
~50% of your college savings goals should be saved via a 529 plan.
The other ~50% should be saved via a taxable brokerage account.
Why is that the case? Let’s discuss what we do and don’t want from our college savings plan.
PS – if you want further background reading on 529 plans, here are some other useful articles…
What We Do and Don’t Want from College Savings
We do want to save for college. Ground-breaking stuff.
We do want to reduce our income taxes.
We do want our investments to grow tax-free.
We do want flexibility while we save, in case life throws us a curveball.
We don’t want to end up with permanently frozen assets. We don’t want “leftover” 529 dollars.
529 College Savings Plans offer some of these ideals. But not all.
In fact, 529 plans are terrible at achieving some of the abovementioned goals.
Reducing Income Taxes
Many states offer income tax deductions on 529 contributions. In New York, for example, the first $10,000 contributed to 529s per year is exempt from state tax. That’s a ~$600 annual savings (depending on tax bracket).
Tax-Free Growth
529 investments grow tax-free, just like 401(k) or IRA assets. There’s no annual tax on dividends and interest. This leaves more dollars behind to compound.
Let’s Measure That Tax Savings
If we apply these two tax advantages to a reasonable scenario**, it’s realistic to expect a 529 account to result in 15-20% more dollars for college than a taxable brokerage account.
**see this Google sheet for detail.
But taxable brokerage accounts have distinct advantages on our other ideals.
Flexibility & “Frozen” Assets
Taxable accounts are very flexible. You can withdraw from them anytime (e.g. during an unexpected emergency). 529 dollars, on the other hand, must be spent on educational expenses and cannot be withdrawn for other reasons.
What if your kid decides to skip college? Unused funds in a 529 can be impossible to withdraw without taxes and penalties. Taxable accounts avoid this situation.
What’s the 529 Withdrawal Penalty?
Every 529 withdrawal—whether for education purposes or not—is made pro rata between your contributions and your earnings. The contributions are never taxed and never penalized, but the earnings can be if your withdrawal is not for a qualified educational expense.
For example:
Your 529 plan has $100,000 of contributions and $50,000 of earnings. (Two-thirds and one-third)
You make a $30,000 withdrawal. You have no choice in that $20,000 will come from contributions and $10,000 will come from earnings (Two-thirds and one-third)
If your withdrawal is not for qualified education expenses, the $10,000 earnings portion will be taxed as income (more marginal tax dollars, ouch!) and will suffer a 10% penalty.
If you run the math, you’ll see this penalty eats away at all the 529’s tax benefits. You do not want to suffer this penalty.
Finding Balance Between 529 and Taxable
The question is how to balance these various pros and cons. The 50/50 Rule does so!
Let’s say you aim to gift your children $100,000 over their four years of college. How generous! I submit you should aim to have:
$50,000 of that gift coming from a 529
And $50,000 from a taxable brokerage
You know it won’t be a perfectly ideal scenario. Whatever reality throws at you, you’ll wish you had decided to go all-in on the 529 or all-in on the taxable.
But you don’t know the future! This fact – that we’re more mortals without a crystal ball – is one of the fundamental frustrations in financial planning. If we knew the future, we could make a perfect financial plan. But we don’t, so we can’t. Our best solutions, therefore, involve hedging our bets. We’d rather know we’re 50% correct than be surprised later we’re 100% wrong.
The 50/50 Rule guarantees a middle-of-the-road solution. You’ll capture tax benefits and retain flexibility.
If Johnny gets a little scholarship and only needs 70% of your saved money, great! Use the 529 dollars completely. Dip into the taxable account when needed, and keep the remaining taxable dollars for other goals in life. You’ll be confident your 529 account will be completely drained, avoiding frustrating taxes and penalties.
Does It Have to Be 50/50?
I’ll admit: dividing the two accounts down the middle, 50/50, is an easy shorthand. You can choose a different fraction. But when thinking it through, my primary concerns are:
You need to be confident you’ll drain the 529s. If Johnny’s college will cost $200,000 and you aim to have all $200,000 in a 529, I don’t like that. There’s no margin for error.
You want to have a large enough portion in the taxable account to provide “just in case” flexibility.
Maybe 75/25 makes more sense for you. I can get on board with that. But I wouldn’t go much higher than 75% from the 529.
Working Backward
You can work backward from your future goal to discover what today’s saving rates need to be. In our hypothetical scenario of $50K in a 529 and $50K in a taxable (for college in ~15 years, we’ll say), a reasonable starting point is to put $2000 per year (or ~$170 per month) into each account. That’s how the math shakes out.
Depending on your timeline and assumed rate of compound growth, a simple spreadsheet or question to your financial planner will inform what your savings plan should be.
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 8000+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
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Inside: Proofreading is more than just catching errors; it’s an essential final touch in the writing process. If you want to turn your attention to detail into a career, allow this guide to enlighten your path to becoming a professional proofreader.
In a rapidly advancing digital age characterized by burgeoning AI capabilities, the art of proofreading remains not only relevant but fundamentally essential.
Today, proofreaders are the unsung guardians of clarity, maintaining and enhancing the rich tapestry of the written word. They are the bridge between AI’s raw computational power and the intricate subtleties of human expression. To embark on In today’s AI-driven era, the role of a proofreader is evolving yet remains an indispensable asset in the echelons of written communication.
While spellchecker tools and grammar correction algorithms, such as those embedded in Google Docs and implemented by Grammarly, streamline basic editing tasks with a click, the nuanced understanding of language intricacies still falls within the human domain. It is the human eye that captures the essence of context, tone, and the writer’s singular style—factors that AI, in its current state, is yet to fully comprehend.
Becoming a proofreader offers the flexibility to be your own boss and set your own schedule, allowing you to work around other life commitments.
With the consistently high demand for proofreading and the ability to work from anywhere, it provides both a stable career path and the opportunity to experience new and interesting careers.
This post may contain affiliate links, which helps us to continue providing relevant content and we receive a small commission at no cost to you. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Please read the full disclosure here.
Understanding What a Proofreader Does
A proofreader is a guardian of grammar, a sentinel of syntax—a final reviewer ensuring that texts are free from errors before they reach the public.
This vital role involves meticulous examination for any slips that might diminish the quality and clarity of the final product.
How do I become a proofreader with no experience?
Breaking into proofreading without prior experience may seem daunting, but it’s entirely attainable.
Initiate your journey by seeking comprehensive training, such as a proofreading course, which often includes substantial practice material to simulate real-world experience.
This is one of the best ways to make money online for beginners.
What qualifications do I need to be a proofreader?
While there’s no fixed rulebook for proofreading qualifications, a command of language and a fine-tuned eye for detail are essential.
A formal certification is beneficial, but it’s your demonstrated skills and experience that will truly make you a sought-after proofreader.
How to Become A Proofreader
Breaking into the world of proofreading can transform your passion for words into a lucrative career or a flexible side job.
This section will explore the meticulous path to becoming a professional proofreader, offering practical tips to help you refine your skills, equip yourself with the necessary tools, and navigate the job market effectively. From cultivating a deep love for reading to marketing your expertise, we’ll guide you through each step to ensure your journey toward proofreading proficiency is clear and achievable.
This is how you can make 10k a month.
Step #1 – Acquiring Essential Proofreading Skills
Attention to detail is the cornerstone of proofreading, as it enables you to catch mistakes that others may overlook. Equally crucial is a strong command of the language, allowing you to navigate through intricate grammar and punctuation with precision, ensuring the text reads flawlessly.
Understanding varied writing styles and mastering style guides like Chicago, APA, and AP is pivotal in proofreading.
This knowledge ensures accuracy in diverse documents, adapts to client preferences, and maintains the document’s integrity according to recognized standards.
Make sure you are great at meeting deadlines!
Step # 2- Certification and Training for Proofreaders
Deciding on a proofreading certificate depends on your career strategy. While not mandatory, a certification can bolster your credibility, demonstrate your commitment to the craft, and may provide a competitive edge when approaching potential clients or employers in the industry.
Selecting the right proofreading course is crucial for gaining a strong foothold in the industry.
Search for programs with a balanced mix of theory and applied learning, mentorship from seasoned professionals, and ideally, one that aligns with your specific area of interest within the broad field.
Also, look for courses that help you to land your first proofreading gig. You want to see any typo fast!
Transcript Proofreading
Get the step-by-step guide Caitlin Pyle used to build a thriving at-home business making a full-time income!
A booming legal industry means that transcript proofreaders are in higher demand than ever…
Step #3 – Building Your Proofreading Toolkit
Every proofreader needs a reliable set of tools. Essential software includes Microsoft Word for detailed editing, Google Docs for easy collaboration, Grammarly for grammar checks, the Hemingway App for readability improvements, and McGraw Hill’s Proofreading Guidebook as a comprehensive reference.
Crafting an efficient proofreading process is key to maintaining high standards of work.
This involves systematic reading for different types of punctuation errors or grammar mistakes, employing tools strategically, and setting up checklists that align with specific document requirements to ensure a thorough review every time.
Step #4 – Gaining Practical Experience
Practical experience in proofreading is invaluable as it not only sharpens your eye for detail but also builds a robust portfolio that demonstrates your ability to handle diverse materials. Many people start with a blog.
It provides tangible proof of your skills to prospective clients, showcasing your efficiency in enhancing various texts, which is often more convincing than theoretical knowledge alone.
Formal Education vs. On-the-Job Experience: Formal education in English or communication can provide foundational knowledge, but isn’t always required for proofreading roles. On-the-job experience develops the practical skills needed to succeed in the field.
Volunteering and Internship Opportunities: Volunteering and internships offer valuable experience and are a practical approach to entering the publishing industry. Seek opportunities for content editing for student publications, small businesses, or nonprofit organizations to hone your skills and grow your professional network.
Practice with Real-world Editing Exercises: This prepares you for client work. Utilize resources like Purdue Writing Center’s exercises or the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading’s quizzes to test and refine your abilities in a practical, hands-on manner.
Step #5 – Marketing Yourself as a Proofreader
Marketing yourself as a proofreader is pivotal in attracting clients and establishing a steady work stream in a competitive industry. It is the key to building brand awareness and showcasing your expertise, differentiating your services in the crowded marketplace.
Creating a Professional Resume and Portfolio: To present yourself as a credible proofreader, craft a resume highlighting relevant skills and experiences. Include a portfolio showcasing a range of proofreading projects. If you’re starting, include testimonials and detail any related training or certificates to demonstrate your commitment and competence.
Networking and Leveraging Online Platforms: Utilize platforms like LinkedIn to connect with industry peers and potential clients. Participate in forums and proofreading groups to stay informed and visible in the community. Engaging actively online can lead to valuable opportunities and collaborations.
Delve deeper into your craft with advanced courses and stay updated on language trends. Embracing niche specialization, such as legal or technical documents, can heighten your expertise and attract a more specific clientele.
Step #6 – Finding Freelance Proofreading Jobs
For entry-level proofreaders, platforms like Fiverr can kickstart your gig journey despite its low-cost market reputation. Check out Upwork or AngelList for a broader scope of opportunities.
Specialized job boards or proofreading service companies can also offer targeted job prospects to grow your experience.
Professional courses, such as those offered by Proofread Anywhere, can significantly enhance your skills, thereby increasing your likelihood of securing clients.
Step # 7 – Setting Competitive Rates and Billing Clients
Determining competitive rates for your proofreading services involves accounting for your skill level, the complexity of the work, and industry standards.
According to Proofread Anywhere, those who are starting can expect to earn around $0.03 per word, while proofreaders with a few years of experience often earn around $0.10 to $0.15 per word.
Remember to underscore value over price to clients, and utilize professional invoicing software for billing.
For many, this provides a great life-work balance for those wanting to make money as a stay at home mom.
Learn the Skill to Proofread Anywhere
Are you passionate about words and reading?
If so, proofreading could be a perfect fit for you, just like it’s been for countless of my readers!
Learn how you can create a freelance business as a proofreader.
Step #8 – Scaling Your Proofreading Career
Scaling your proofreading business involves more than just honing your skills; it requires a strategic approach to marketing to attract a broader client base. By concentrating on active marketing techniques like networking and reaching out to potential clients, you can accelerate the growth and scalability of your proofreading services.
Transitioning from freelancing to business ownership requires deliberate planning and goal-setting. You must establish a realistic timeline and create a comprehensive business plan outlining services, target clients, and marketing strategies.
Don’t forget to consider also the administrative and financial duties that come with business management.
Also, continuous skill improvement is critical to staying competitive as a proofreader.
FAQs
No, a degree is not a prerequisite for becoming a proofreader. Various paths lead to a career in proofreading, and while some positions may require a degree, many others prioritize skill, precision, and practical experience over formal education.
According to Proofread Anywhere, a proofreader can earn an annual salary of around $53,733 per year. However, the salary depends on experience, skill, niche, and who you work for.
But with the right strategies, the potential to earn more is significant, especially for skilled freelancers.
Without experience, focus on platforms offering entry-level proofreading jobs such as Fiverr, Upwork, or FlexJobs. Networking can also be a powerful tool; let your personal and professional contacts know you’re offering proofreading services. Finally, consider volunteering to build your portfolio and gain references.
Now, How to get Proofreading Work?
Embarking on a journey to become a sought-after proofreader can be significantly streamlined by enrolling in the Proofread Anywhere course.
By choosing this comprehensive program, individuals gain access to expert knowledge and practical tips from someone with proven success in the industry.
Not only will the course equip you with the essential skills needed to identify errors and enhance text quality, but it also serves as a springboard for securing gigs and establishing a thriving freelance business.
Additionally, Proofread Anywhere connects you with a network of like-minded professionals, which can be invaluable as you navigate the competitive field of proofreading. Set yourself apart from the competition by starting with a course that offers a direct route to proficiency and professional recognition in the proofreading world.
If you are looking to make 5000 dollars fast, this is a great method.
Know someone else that needs this, too? Then, please share!!
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More importantly, did I answer the questions you have about this topic? Let me know in the comments if I can help in some other way!
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If you’re like most people embarking on a home-buying journey, one of your first steps will be finding a mortgage lender. There’s a lot to consider when it comes to choosing the right one — everything from interest rates, loan types and fees to service and experience.
When comparing lenders, it’s worth taking your time and choosing carefully. Purchasing a home is a big step, and you want a knowledgeable lending partner by your side as you weigh your financing options and navigate the paperwork involved. A good mortgage lender is a valuable resource and can make the home-buying process easier and less stressful. Let’s take a look at the steps you can take to find the right lender fit for you.
How to Find a Mortgage Lender
There are several types of lenders you can look to for securing your home loan, with the most popular being direct lenders and mortgage brokers.
Direct lenders. Banks, credit unions and mortgage companies are considered direct lenders and handle the entire mortgage process from origination to closing.
Mortgage brokers. Mortgage brokers work independently with a variety of loan originators, including direct lenders, to help clients find a mortgage that fits their needs.
Which type of mortgage lender you choose depends on your personal preference, the type of loan you’re looking for and your financial situation. There are many factors to consider when comparing your options. While interest rates are certainly a big one, there are other things to think about, such as fees, loan products, the process and the lender’s experience and reputation.
Here are some tips for choosing the right lender and how to best set yourself up for mortgage success.
Starting the Loan Certification Process
When choosing a lender, look for one that offers a written letter or certification you can provide to sellers to let them know you are qualified. This gives you a clear picture of your buying power and can help you make a stronger offer on a home. When you work with a lender that provides this, you’re doing much of the legwork involved in obtaining a mortgage contract without actually finalizing it.
Choosing Pennymac as your lender gives you access to our unique BuyerReady Certification process. This certification gets you even closer to your new home by confirming precisely how much of a mortgage you will qualify for.
While a BuyerReady Certification does not guarantee a closing, it is a conditional approval based on the information you provide us through the formal loan process. You’ll have peace of mind knowing your borrowing limit and be able to show realtors and sellers that you’re serious about purchasing. To receive a Pennymac BuyerReady Certification, you’ll submit a mortgage application and financial documents, which a Pennymac Loan Expert will review.
Here are some of the benefits of having a BuyerReady Certification:
Shows sellers, realtors and lenders that you’re a serious homebuyer
Helps inform your decision-making in terms of how much you can spend on a home and the types of financing you’ll be able to qualify for
Gives you a competitive advantage over homebuyers who don’t have it
Important Mortgage Considerations
Whether you begin your hunt for the perfect lender and loan by visiting your local bank, searching online or surveying your family and friends, here are some key factors you’ll want to consider.
Interest Rates
Interest rates are among the most important factors to consider when comparing lenders. Your interest rate will determine how much you have to pay for your home loan, so take time to do the math when examining your options. Even a seemingly small difference between rates, such as an additional .5%, can add up to a considerable increase in your monthly payment. Over a 30-year term, you could be paying tens of thousands of dollars more in interest.
While interest rates aren’t the only factor to look at when choosing a lender, they are a significant one. Select a lender that offers a range of competitive rates and terms and will quickly lock in a rate when you find the one that works best for your budget.
Down Payment and Mortgage Insurance
Most, but not all, home loans will require a down payment. A home down payment is money paid upfront for the home at closing and is a percentage of the home’s purchase price.
A conventional fixed-rate mortgage may require a down payment of as little as 3%. A Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage has a minimum down payment of 3.5%, while the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs offers loans with 0% down.
When comparing mortgage lenders, be sure to inquire about which loans they offer, especially if you’re interested in a non-conventional loan, such as a FHA or VA loan.
Keep Mortgage Insurance in Mind
While there is flexibility in how much of a down payment you make, if you have a conventional loan and do not put at least 20% down, you’ll have to pay for private mortgage insurance (PMI). This is a policy that protects your lender if you fall behind on your payments or end up in foreclosure. It is paid monthly on top of your regular mortgage payment.
Lenders partner with certain PMI providers and may use different calculations to determine your PMI premium. If you anticipate that you’ll be paying PMI, be sure to factor those premium charges into your cost comparisons. Conventional mortgage insurance can be priced quite aggressively, especially if the borrower has a solid credit score. It’s a great option for those who want to keep cash in the bank for investing and/or reserves.
If you opt for an FHA loan, mortgage insurance — similar to PMI — is always required at first. How much and how long you’ll have to pay the extra monthly premium depends on the amount of your down payment. VA loans do not require any type of mortgage insurance but may have other mandatory fees.
Fees
When comparing lenders, you’ll want to specifically evaluate rates, as well as origination fees and discount points, which can vary depending on who you choose. The homebuyer usually pays the fees, although sometimes a seller will agree to a concession and pay for some. Don’t be afraid to negotiate any closing costs. See if the lender you’re considering will work with you to reduce some fees or make other favorable compromises.
Prepare for Meeting with a Loan Officer
Once you find a prospective lender, you’ll meet with a loan officer or expert in person, through email or over the phone to discuss your mortgage options. Your loan officer will help determine your short and long-term goals with your home purchase and offer options to tailor your loan to your current financial situation. This meeting will provide a foundation for your loan officer to match you with a home loan that meets your needs.
Being prepared will help you make the most of your meeting and facilitate the mortgage process. Before meeting with your loan officer, here are some things you can do.
Improve Your Credit Score
Your credit score is a major factor in determining what kind of loans you may qualify for and your interest rate. A lender will want to be confident that you’ll be able to repay your loan. Your credit score is based on the data in your credit report and is a numerical rating based on your credit history. It takes the following into account:
Your bill-paying history
Total amount of current unpaid secured and unsecured debt
Your open loan accounts
How long you have had your loan accounts open
Credit account limits
Collections, charge-offs and any derogatory debt
Typically, the higher your credit score, the more loan options you will have. A lower credit score can mean that mortgage choices may be limited to non-conventional loans with broader qualification requirements.
The following are three steps you can take to help boost your credit score:
Check your credit report. Request free credit reports from each major credit bureau (Equifax, TransUnion and Experian) and review them for accuracy.
Pay bills on time. Late payments for credit cards and personal or auto loans can negatively impact your credit score. Making consistent on-time payments is one of the most influential credit score factors. If this is an area of concern, consider setting up automatic payments and commit to paying at least the minimum amount due each month.
Reduce credit utilization ratio (CUR). Demonstrate responsible credit management by lowering your credit card balances as much as possible. Try to keep your credit utilization ratio below 30%, which indicates that you are using a smaller portion of your available credit. Calculate your CUR as follows: Credit Utilization Ratio = (Total Outstanding Balances on Credit Accounts/Available Credit/Total Credit Limit on Accounts) x 100.
Organize Your Finances and Documents
To prepare for your loan officer meeting, determine how much money you have for a down payment, as this will be important when evaluating your loan options and monthly payments. You will also be required to submit numerous financial documents, including:
Photo ID
Pay stubs
Tax returns and W-2s and/or 1099s
Bank statements
All the paperwork may not be necessary during your initial meeting. Still, a jumpstart on document-gathering can help streamline the mortgage application process when your loan officer is ready to review them.
Understand Which Loan Is Right for You
While your lender will look at your complete financial picture before presenting — and explaining — your mortgage options, it is a good idea to have a basic understanding of the choices available. The following are the most common types of home purchase loans:
Each type of loan has its benefits and qualification requirements. When comparing home loans, you’ll want to think about:
How long you intend to stay in the loan
Your down payment and credit score
Your income stability
How much you intend to borrow
How long you plan to stay in and/or own the home
Your future plans, e.g., will you need more space for children or aging parents?
Your budget
Assess Your Budget
After you apply for your mortgage, you’ll go through the underwriting process, whereby all your financial documents will be examined and verified. Because the loan officer will ultimately determine how much you can borrow based on your budget, it’s crucial to provide them with the most accurate information upfront during the application process. Providing inaccurate information before going into processing can impact your qualification on the back end. Taking these steps before your loan officer meeting may help improve your chances that you’ll receive a loan approval:
Review your debt-to-income ratio (DTI) with a licensed loan officer. Your DTI is determined by how much recurring monthly debt you have compared to your monthly gross income. Look at your credit card and loan payments. Having less of your monthly income allocated to debt is a positive indicator of being able to qualify for a loan.
Establish how much you can put down on a home. The higher your down payment, the less you’ll have to borrow.
Determine how much you can afford to pay every month. Your new home expenses are not limited to your mortgage. Consider other costs such as:
Closing costs
Insurance
Property taxes
Potentially higher utility expenses
Any applicable mortgage insurance
Homeowners association fees
You’ll also want to think about how your new mortgage will affect your long-term savings goals, such as saving for retirement or your child’s education.
Questions to Ask the Loan Officer
Whether you’re a first-time homebuyer or a seasoned homeowner, the mortgage process may seem a bit overwhelming. Meeting with a licensed loan officer is an opportunity to get your questions answered so you can better understand the process, the loans available and the fees involved.
The following questions are a starting point for gathering information from your loan officer:
What types of home loans do you offer? Which do you think would best fit my needs?
What are the loan rates, terms and eligibility requirements?
What is the required minimum down payment amount for the different loan options?
Will my loan require mortgage insurance?
Is there a prepayment penalty if I want to pay off my loan early?
Do you offer a letter, certification, pre-approval or something similar I can provide sellers to validate my qualifications?
What will my closing costs be?
Can I lock in my interest rate?
Who will be my primary contact? Will it be you or someone else once the loan moves to underwriting?
Can I buy discount mortgage points? How long will it take to recoup them?
These are fees paid at closing that can help you lower your monthly mortgage payment.
How long is the mortgage process? When can I expect to close?
Will the loan closing take place in person or online?
Take your time to ask all the questions you need. A mortgage is a significant financial commitment, and you want to be confident that you’re making the most informed decision. If your loan officer is impatient or reluctant to answer your questions, that may be a sign that they’re not the right lender for you. A loan officer should be a borrower’s advocate and take the time to educate them throughout the process.
Interest Rate Lock
Mortgage rates constantly fluctuate, so asking for an interest rate lock is a smart idea if you find a good rate. An interest rate lock, also known as a locked-in rate, is a guarantee from a lender to give you a set interest rate when you apply for a mortgage. It protects borrowers against potential interest rate increases during the mortgage underwriting process.
Rates can generally be locked for an option of 30, 45, 60 or even 90 days. They are usually locked after the loan application has been reviewed and before underwriting. Lenders have different policies regarding rate locks, including fees, so inquire about policies when comparing lenders.
How Long Is the Process?
The mortgage loan timeline, consisting of a BuyerReady Certification, applying for the loan and underwriting, varies from 30 to 60 days or longer. Some factors that hinder the mortgage process include:
When borrowers do not have all their documents in order or provide inaccurate or incomplete information
When borrowers have more complex situations, such as credit issues
When lenders experience delays obtaining verifications, such as your credit history from the credit bureaus, rental records from a landlord or employment information
Stricter regulations that require lenders to accommodate more compliance checks
While some delays may be beyond your control, here are a few tips that could help expedite the loan process:
Gather as many financial documents as possible before applying for the loan
Do not omit any required information
Respond promptly to your lender’s questions or documentation requests
Stay in frequent communication with your lender and address any issues quickly
Try to avoid making any major financial changes during this time, such as changing jobs or taking on significant new debt
Get a List of All Paperwork Needed
Submitting documents is a requisite part of the home loan application and approval process. All lenders require certain documents to verify your financial and personal information to assess your creditworthiness and ability to repay your loan. The documentation will give your lender insight into your financial situation, income, assets and liabilities. While you should check with your lender to see what specific documentation they will need, at a minimum, lenders will typically ask for:
Employment verification, including pay stubs
Social Security, pension or retirement income, if retired
Evidence of any other forms of income, such as child support
Tax returns for the past two years
Bank statements for your checking and savings accounts
Statements for other assets like your investment and retirement accounts
Student loan details
Information on any debt you have, such as auto or student loans
Gift letter, if family members are contributing funds toward the down payment
Rental payment history, if applicable
There’s a lot that goes into choosing the right lender. But finding one that offers a loan that aligns with your financial goals and provides a positive borrowing experience is essential. With some due diligence, you’ll find a reputable lender to guide and support you through the mortgage process as you make the move toward your next home.
As a top national mortgage lender, Pennymac has loan experts who specialize in purchase loans to help homebuyers through the mortgage process and ensure a seamless home-buying experience. Plus, they can help you get BuyerReady Certified so you’ll know how exactly much money you can borrow and be more confident when looking for a home. Interested to learn more about what Pennymac can do for you? Get a custom instant rate quote today.
The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice. See Lexington Law’s editorial disclosure for more information.
Credit card companies report payments at the end of their monthly billing cycle, also known as the statement closing date.
Credit cards are great for making large purchases and racking up points or miles and useful for building and improving your credit. If you’re a credit card holder constantly tracking your credit score to see improvement, it can be helpful to know when companies report to credit bureaus.
Unfortunately, issuers don’t report to credit reporting agencies on a specific day of the month. However, we can investigate a few factors to provide a prediction of when they will report as well as when you will see your payments reflected on your credit report.
Table of contents:
When do credit card companies report to credit bureaus?
How does credit card utilization affect your credit score?
How to decrease your credit utilization risk
How often do credit reports and scores update?
When do credit card companies report to credit bureaus?
Unfortunately, there isn’t a set date for when credit card companies report to the three credit bureaus: TransUnion®, Experian® and Equifax®. However, you can estimate the time frame by considering a few factors. Credit card companies typically report payments at the end of the monthly billing cycle. This is also known as your statement closing date. You can find these dates on your monthly statement.
However, don’t expect your credit report to update on the same day. It usually takes a bit for credit reporting agencies to update the information on your credit report. Updates on your credit report will also depend on:
The number of lines of credit
Due dates for every line of credit
If the credit issuer reports to all three credit bureaus or just one or two
The frequency and speed with which the credit bureau updates reports
If you’ve just paid your statement balance or previously unpaid balances, you likely want to see that reflected on your credit report as soon as possible. Since we don’t have a set-in-stone date for when you’ll see updates on your credit report, we recommend waiting at least a month or so to see any changes. If several months pass and you don’t see any updates to your report, we recommend contacting your credit card company to confirm your payments were correctly processed.
How does credit card utilization affect your credit score?
Credit utilization is the ratio of your current outstanding credit debt to how much total available credit you have. Available credit is the maximum amount of money you can charge to your credit card. A low credit utilization is a good sign that you, the borrower, are using a small amount of your credit limit.
A large outstanding credit balance—or higher credit utilization—can negatively affect your credit. This is especially true if the credit utilization percentage is higher than 30 percent. The lower your credit utilization, the better your credit may be.
How to decrease your credit utilization
Your credit score is affected by five factors: credit utilization, credit mix, new credit, payment history and length of credit history. However, credit utilization makes up 30 percent of your score. If you’re worried about how your credit utilization impacts your credit score, there are ways to decrease your risk and potentially improve your credit.
1. Complete multiple payments
Completing smaller payments every month can help lower your credit balance. You can also set up automatic payments so your credit balance is as low as possible when your credit card company reports to the credit bureaus.
2. Ask for a higher credit limit
Increasing your credit limit can lower your credit utilization ratio, as you’ll have more credit available. This can improve your credit score as it reduces the percentage of credit used every month. However, a higher credit limit may encourage you to spend more, which could go against your goal to improve your credit. Only ask for a higher credit limit if you think you’ll stay within your current average spending amount.
3. Complete payments on time
Paying your bills by their due date is the easiest way to improve your credit. This can become harder if you have multiple credit accounts, as they won’t always have the same due dates. Keeping track of your due dates (found on the monthly statements) via credit card management apps or similar tools can help you stay on top of your bills.
If you can do so, making multiple payments on your card(s) throughout the month is the smartest move. This is because it can increase the likelihood that your credit utilization ratio is low when your credit card provider reports your data to the credit bureaus.
How often do credit reports and scores update?
While there isn’t an exact date when your credit score and report will update, it usually occurs within a 30- to 45-day timeframe. This also depends on when the credit bureaus refresh the information in your report. Remember that if you have multiple lines of credit, you’ll see your credit score constantly fluctuating based on when your creditors report to the credit reporting agencies.
How long until a new card appears on your credit report?
Just received and activated a new credit card? You’ll need to wait a bit to see your new credit card appear on your credit report. You can expect it to show up 30 to 60 days after your application was approved and your creditor opened the account. The number of days will depend on your credit card’s billing cycle.
Assess your credit with Lexington Law
Now that you have a better understanding of when companies report to credit bureaus, it’s also a good time to assess your credit score. If you receive your credit report and notice your credit score isn’t as good as it should be, don’t worry. With help from professional credit repair consultants at Lexington Law Firm, you may be able to improve your credit through our credit repair process. Get started with a free credit assessment today.
Note: Articles have only been reviewed by the indicated attorney, not written by them. The information provided on this website does not, and is not intended to, act as legal, financial or credit advice; instead, it is for general informational purposes only. Use of, and access to, this website or any of the links or resources contained within the site do not create an attorney-client or fiduciary relationship between the reader, user, or browser and website owner, authors, reviewers, contributors, contributing firms, or their respective agents or employers.
Reviewed By
Nature Lewis
Associate Attorney
Before joining Lexington Law as an Associate Attorney, Nature Lewis managed a successful practice representing tenants in Maricopa County.
Through her representation of tenants, Nature gained experience in Federal law, Family law, Probate, Consumer protection and Civil law. She received numerous accolades for her dedication to Tenant Protection in Arizona, including, John P. Frank Advocate for Justice Award in 2016, Top 50 Pro Bono Attorney of 2015, New Tenant Attorney of the Year in 2015 and Maricopa County Attorney of the Month in March 2015. Nature continued her dedication to pro bono work while volunteering at Community Legal Services’ Volunteer Lawyer’s Program and assisting victims of Domestic Violence at the local shelter. Nature is passionate about providing free knowledge to the underserved community and continues to hold free seminars about tenant rights and plans to incorporate consumer rights in her free seminars. Nature is a wife and mother of 5 children. She and her husband have been married for 24 years and enjoy traveling internationally, watching movies and promoting their indie published comic books!
Buyers who expect mortgage rates to drop must wait longer. (iStock)
Mortgage rates eased slightly this week, enough to reheat the homebuying momentum as the market heads into a traditionally busy season of the year, according to Freddie Mac.
The average 30-year fixed-rate mortgage was 6.88% for the week ending March 7, according to Freddie Mac’s latest Primary Mortgage Market Survey. That’s a drop from the previous week when it averaged 6.94%. A year ago, the 30-year fixed-rate mortgage averaged 6.73%.
The average rate for a 15-year mortgage was 6.22%, down from 6.26% last week and up from 5.95% last year.
The slight drop in borrowing costs led to a nearly 10% jump in mortgage applications, indicating that buyer interest is strong as the market heads into the spring homebuying season, according to the latest Mortgage Bankers Association Weekly Applications survey.
“Evidence that purchase demand remains sensitive to interest rate changes was on display this week, as applications rose for the first time in six weeks in response to lower rates,” Freddie Mac Chief Economist Sam Khater said. “Mortgage rates continue to be one of the biggest hurdles for potential homebuyers looking to enter the market. It’s important to remember that rates can vary widely between mortgage lenders, so shopping around is essential.”
If you are looking to take advantage of the current mortgage rates by refinancing your mortgage loan or are ready to shop for the best rate on a new mortgage, consider visiting an online marketplace like Credible to compare rates and get preapproved with multiple lenders at once.
SOCIAL SECURITY: COLA INCREASING BUT MEDICARE COSTS RISING TOO IN 2024
Market waits for rates to drop
While the Federal Reserve has said that the plan to reverse interest rate hikes is still in the works, the timeline for when those cuts will begin has been unclear. A reversal in interest rates is crucial in creating more affordability for buyers also dealing with record home price gains.
However, housing supply is improving, according to a recent Redfin report. New listings rose 13% from a year earlier nationwide during the four weeks ending March 3, the most significant increase in nearly three years. And home prices have also lost some momentum. Roughly 5.5% of home sellers dropped their asking price, the highest share of any February since at least 2015, while the share of affordable homes on the market has increased, according to Realtor.com.
“Mortgage rates remain stubbornly high, and since there is no indication that the Fed will set interest rates meaningfully lower in the short term, it is unlikely that mortgage rates will fall much this year,” Voxtur Analytics Senior Vice President David Sober said in a statement. “If a potential homebuyer is waiting for a lower rate, with house prices still rising overall, they probably won’t get the deal they want anytime soon.”
If you’re looking to become a homeowner, you could still find the best mortgage rates by shopping around. Visit Credible to compare your options without affecting your credit score.
AMERICANS LIVING PAYCHECK TO PAYCHECK OWN 60% OF CREDIT CARD DEBT: SURVEY
Buyers should shop for the best rate
Despite the continued increase in rates, homebuyers could save on borrowing costs by shopping for the best rate with the right lender.
When mortgage rates are high, borrowers can save more by shopping around. Mortgage rate variability more than doubled in 2022 when rates exceeded 7%, according to Freddie Mac research. Borrowers who shopped for five different rate quotes could have saved more than $6,000 over the life of the loan, assuming the loan remains active for at least five years.
“The increase in rate dispersion means that consumers with similar borrower profiles are being offered a wide range of mortgage rates,” Genaro Villa, a macro and housing economics professional for Freddie Mac, said in the research brief. “In the context of today’s rate environment, although mortgage rates are averaging around 6%, many consumers that fit the same borrower profile could have received a better deal on one day and locked in a 5.5% rate, and on another day locked in a rate closer to 6.5%.”
If you are ready to shop for a mortgage loan or are looking to refinance an existing one, you can use the Credible marketplace to compare rates and lenders and get a mortgage preapproval letter in minutes.
SECURE 2.0: OPTIONAL PROVISIONS KICK IN TO HELP RETIREMENT SAVERS WITH EMERGENCIES AND STUDENT LOAN DEBT
Have a finance-related question, but don’t know who to ask? Email The Credible Money Expert at [email protected] and your question might be answered by Credible in our Money Expert column.
FHA 203(k) loans provide funding to finance both a home’s purchase and the cost of repairing it. If you qualify, you can obtain one from an FHA-approved lender.
This type of loan is reserved for borrowers who intend to live in the home, not house-flippers or investors.
There are two types of 203(k) rehab loans: limited, for repairs less than $35,000, and standard, for more expensive projects.
When you buy a home, there are usually a few repairs to pay for. If you plan to take on a fixer-upper, you might be facing the prospect of many projects. If this is the case for you, you might be considering an FHA 203(k) loan.
What is an FHA 203(k) loan?
An FHA 203(k) loan, also known as an FHA 203(k) rehab loan or Section 203(k) loan, combines the financing for a home’s purchase and remodeling or repairs into a single loan. Along with these costs, you can also use a 203(k) loan to finance up to six months’ of mortgage payments while you live elsewhere during renovations.Like other FHA loans, a 203(K) loan is insured by the Federal Housing Administration and offered by FHA-approved mortgage lenders. It also comes with the requirement to pay FHA mortgage insurance.Types of 203(k) rehab loans
There are two types of FHA 203(k) loans: limited 203(k) and the more popular standard 203(k). Here’s an overview:
Key terms
Limited 203(k) loan:
Designed for non-structural projects valued at less than $35,000, with no minimum cost requirement
Standard 203(k) loan:
Designed for more extensive jobs, including major structural work like an addition, with a minimum cost requirement of $5,000
How does an FHA 203(k) loan work?
A 203(k) renovation loan can be a 15- or 30-year fixed-rate or adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM). The amount you can borrow depends on criteria such as your credit rating and income. The total amount borrowed through 203(k) loans must be within FHA loan limits for the area in which the home is located.
Generally, the most you can borrow for the loan is the lowest of the following:
The FHA’s maximum loan limit for the county where the property is located
The home’s before-renovation value plus improvement costs
The home’s after-renovation value
What can an FHA 203(k) loan be used for?
A standard 203(k) loan can cover many major projects, including:
Converting a property from one unit to up to four units, or the reverse
Foundation repairs
Adding or repairing a deck, patio or porch
Adding or remodeling a garage
Adding or repairing septic or well systems
Adding a fence
Adding accessibility features for those living with disabilities
Installing appliances
Landscaping
Remediating health and safety hazards, such as lead paint
This type of loan can’t cover improvements such as adding a gazebo, swimming pool or tennis court. It also can’t be used for repairs to co-ops or mixed-use properties, unless that property is primarily residential.
A limited 203(k) loan, in contrast, can cover upgrades like new carpeting or paint.
FHA 203(k) loan requirements
There are many requirements to qualify for an FHA renovation loan, including:
Occupation – The main restriction for an FHA 203(k) loan is that the borrower has to be the owner-occupant of the home. Investors are not eligible for this kind of loan, although in certain situations, nonprofit organizations might be allowed to obtain one.
Credit score and down payment – You’ll need a minimum credit score of 580 with 3.5 percent down, or a minimum score of 500 with a down payment of 10 percent.
Debt-to-income (RTI) ratio – Your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, which measures your gross monthly income against your monthly debt payments, can’t exceed 43 percent.
Renovation rules – You can only use a limited 203(k) loan for non-structural renovations costing less than $35,000. For a standard 203(k) loan, the work has to involve major construction and cost at least $5,000.
Timeline – Generally, the work has to be completed within six months of closing.
How to get an FHA 203(k) loan
Once you’ve identified a home to buy and fix up, you can apply for a 203(k) loan with your lender. If you’re obtaining the standard version of the loan, the lender will assign a 203(k) consultant to your project. The consultant will visit the home to estimate repair costs. If you’re getting the limited 203(k), you’re not required to work with a consultant.
Once your lender signs off on these details and closes the loan, you’ll work with a licensed contractor to handle renovations. Ideally, this contractor should be familiar with 203(k) loans, especially the payment schedule and requirements. If you’re qualified, you might be able to do some or all of the work yourself, but you can’t use the loan proceeds for your labor cost.
The process from there works like a regular construction loan: The lender issues payments to the borrower at various phases of the renovation. As the project progresses, the consultant will inspect the work to authorize more payments. You’ll have six months to complete the renovations. Once the project is finished, you’ll provide a release letter and the consultant will evaluate the work.
FHA 203(k) loan pros and cons
An FHA 203(k) loan offers the opportunity to purchase a home that needs some work without having to obtain two loans. However, there are many rules to qualifying for this type of mortgage.
Pros of an FHA 203(k) loan
One loan for both purchase and renovations
Lower credit score requirement
Low minimum down payment requirement
Potentially lower interest rates compared to credit cards or home improvement loans
Can finance up to six months of mortgage payments if living elsewhere during renovations
Cons of an FHA 203(k) loan
Must plan to live in the home during or after renovation, for at least one year
FHA mortgage insurance payments required
Rates might be higher compared to buy-and-renovate conventional loans
Work must be completed in six months, in most cases
FHA 203(k) loan refinancing
You can use FHA 203(k) loans to purchase a fixer-upper or rehabilitate the home you already live in through a refinance. The process to refinance into a 203(k) loan is similar to a regular refinance, but you must meet the additional requirements of the 203(k) loan.
After refinancing, a portion of the 203(k) proceeds will pay off your existing mortgage, and the rest of the money will be kept in escrow until repairs are completed.You can also refinance an existing 203(k) mortgage through the FHA streamline program, which may help you get an even lower interest rate.
FHA 203(k) loan FAQ
An FHA 203(k) loan funds the purchase of a home and qualifying renovations, while a short-term construction loan funds renovations only. Once the project is complete, you can convert the construction loan to a regular mortgage. Depending on your credit and finances, a 203(k) loan might be easier to qualify for, but a construction loan has less restrictions around the types of improvements you can finance.
An FHA 203(k) loan can be used for single-family homes (including homes with accessory dwelling units, or ADUs), duplexes, triplexes or another multifamily home up to four units. It can also be used for an eligible condo or manufactured home, or a townhome. You might be able to use it for a mixed-use property, as well, provided the property is majority-residential.
If you’re qualified — say, a licensed general contractor — you might be able to do some or all of the work yourself. You cannot reimburse yourself for labor costs with the 203(k) loan proceeds, however.
An FHA 203(k) loan allows you to use funds for everything from minor repair needs to nearly the entire reconstruction of a home, as long as the original foundation is intact.
FHA 203(k) loans are one of several options to pay for home improvements. These alternatives include a conventional HomeStyle or CHOICERenovation loan; a cash-out refinance; a home equity line of credit (HELOC) or home equity loan; credit cards; or personal loans. You might also explore co-investment or shared equity companies, which provide financing in exchange for a piece of your home’s appreciation when you sell.
Optimism in the field had been based on the assumption that interest rates would eventually tick downwards this year – but they’ve remained resolutely high, increasing for a third straight week last week and with persistent inflation and a robust economy seeing many market observers push back their expected timeline for Federal Reserve rate cuts. … [Read more…]
The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) announced on Thursday that the transition to new credit score requirements is expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2025, a decision commended by the mortgage industry.
That’s when the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will acquire single-family loans based on the FICO 10T and VantageScore 4.0 credit models, replacing the Classic FICO score that has been in place for decades. The GSEs will also transition from a tri-merge system to a bi-merge system at that time.
“Following extensive stakeholder engagement and input, FHFA is aligning the implementation date of the bi-merge credit reporting requirement with the transition from the Classic FICO credit score model,” the FHFA said in a statement.
If implemented in Q4 2025, the transition to the new requirements will take three years since the change was first announced in October 2022. The original implementation timeline was for first-quarter 2024, but it was delayed by concerns expressed by stakeholders and members of the U.S. Congress.
The GSEs are aiming to accelerate the publication of VantageScore 4.0 historical data, from Q1 2025 to Q3 2024. But they are still working alongside the FHFA to achieve conditions for acquiring and publishing FICO 10T model data.
“Synchronizing bi-merge credit reporting with the implementation of the new credit score model requirements will reduce complexity for market participants, which is a key objective of our transition efforts,” FHFA director Sandra L. Thompson said in a statement.
The FHFA believes the new models will increase accuracy in credit scoring as they provide multiple views of credit risk for market participants. This should also improve competition as credit reports from two, rather than three, of the national credit bureaus may be used.
Scott Olson, executive director of the Community Home Lenders of America (CHLA), commended the FHFA for updating its credit score requirements.
“The details of these updates will be important, and we look forward to working with FHFA over the next few years to ensure that this saves money for borrowers — particularly those who are underserved and first-time homeowners,” Olson said.
But while the industry expects changes, credit reports have become more expensive.
In 2024, FICO is charging one price — higher than last year’s price — to all mortgage lenders, independent of their volumes, in a departure from the tier-based pricing structure it implemented in early 2023. It’s also collecting the same per-score price for soft pulls and hard pulls, an initiative that started in 2023 despite significant differences in these products.
High costs have accelerated the transitions by some lenders to new credit models for several products, mainly those outside of the GSE space. The list includes lenders such as Movement Mortgage, CrossCountry Mortgage and Premier Lending.
After I wrote a simple primer on Roth conversions a couple weeks ago, several readers reached out asking for more details. A few specific snippets of those questions include:
I see many articles like this about lowering your tax bracket when doing Roth conversions. But, what about the amount of money that can be made by not doing Roth conversions and letting the taxable [sic: qualified, or not taxable] money grow in an account like an IRA or 401K? Is that math too hard to explain?
Sure your RMDs will be higher and you will be taxed more, but how much more money will you make by letting that tax deferred money grow? You could assume a rate of return at 6% for the illustration.
Kelly M., Question 1
A wise man once said “never pay a tax before you have to.” Back around 2015 I had the owner of an income tax service try to convince me to convert all my traditional IRA money to Roth. He said tax rates were going to go up and he was converting all of his own personal traditional IRAs. Fast forward to 2017 and Congress actually ended up lowering tax rates. I wonder what he thought about his conversions after that.
Anonymous, Question 2
Even with my spouse still working, I don’t think we’ll hit the IRMAA limits while I do Roth conversions before I take Medicare. But, could Roth conversions now help me avoid the IRMAA thresholds when I’m taking RMDs in the future? Or, is it worth doing Roth conversions to avoid the IRMAA thresholds? I’d be interested in an article like that.
Anonymous, Question 3
To summarize those three questions:
Does the math of Roth conversions really work?
But since we don’t know future tax rates, how can we confidently convert assets today?
What about IRMAA (the income-related monthly adjustment amount), which is an additional Medicare surcharge on high-earners?
Let’s address these questions one at a time.
Does the Math of Roth Conversions Really Work?
Roth conversions involve many moving pieces, as you’ll see in this simple Roth conversion spreadsheet.
Reminder: you can make a copy of the spreadsheet via File >> Make a Copy
There are terrific financial planning software packages that take care of this math. I wanted to present 95% of the good stuff in a free format that you all can look at. Hence, Google Sheets.
Nuanced Tax Interactions
Especially important is the interaction between normal income (via Traditional account withdrawals), capital gains, and Social Security. These taxes interplay in nuanced ways. A simple example:
Let’s say a Single retiree’s annual income is:
$5000 in interest income
$5000 in long-term capital gains
$30,000 in Social Security benefits.
If you plug that into a 1040 tax return, you’ll find that:
None of that Social Security income is taxable.
All of the interest and capital gains are enveloped by the Standard deduction
Resulting in zero taxable income and a $0.00 Federal tax bill.
But if we copied Scenario A and added in $30,000 in Traditional IRA distributions, what happens? I think we all expect that the $30,000 distribution itself must have a taxable component, but you might not know that:
The IRA distribution affects Social Security taxability. Now, $22,350 of the Social Security income becomes taxable. That’s right. Simply by distributing IRA assets, you’ve now increased how much Social Security you pay taxes on.
The Standard deduction still helps, but there’s now a remainder of $48,500 in Federal taxable income.
Resulting in a $5584 Federal tax bill.
It’s not the end of the world. Taxes happen. They pay for our public shared interests.
But part of tax planning is understanding ahead of time what your future tax bills will look like. It’s important to understand how taxes interact. And this is just a simple example!
Measuring Roth Conversion Benefits
Going back to this spreadsheet, you’ll three tabs full of retirement withdrawal math. The Assumptions tab contains important information on our hypothetical retiree’s starting point (e.g. $2.9M in investable assets), their annual spending ($100K), their future assumed growth (5% per year, after adjusting for inflation), and other important numbers.
Note – this math takes place in “the convenient world” where inflation is removed from the math.
Then three tabs are presented with different Roth conversion scenarios, described below:
“Baseline Calculations“
This tab shows a retiree not focused on any conversions
They want to leave to their children both Roth assets (if possible) and taxable assets (on a stepped-up cost basis).
Therefore, they attempt to fund as much of their retirement using Traditional assets as possible
“No Trad Withdrawals”
This tab shows a “worst case” scenario, to help bookend the analysis. This retiree is not pulling any funds from their Traditional accounts (unless necessary). Thus, we’d expect them to have large RMDs and large RMD-related tax bills.
“Reasonable Conversions”
This tab shows a “reasonable” Roth conversion timeline, electing to convert $1.7 million throughout their retirement, while funding their lifestyle using a mix of Traditional, Roth, and taxable assets along the way.
By no means is this “optimized.” But it’s reasonable, and better than the first two scenarios, as we’ll see below.
Pros, Cons, and Results
The three scenarios end up similar in multiple ways.
Our retiree never has an issue funding their annual lifestyle. This is of utmost importance.
Our retiree reaches age 90 (“death”) with roughly $5M in each scenario.
But there are important differences (as we’d suspect).
The Baseline scenario ends with $5.00M. Of that, 27% is Traditional, 35% is Roth, and 34% is Taxable. They’ve paid an effective Federal tax rate of 20.7% throughout retirement.
The No Traditional Withdrawal scenario ends with $5.20M. Of that, 63% is Tradtional, 0% is Roth, 37% is Taxable. They’ve paid an effective Federal tax rate of 18.8% throughout retirement.
The Reasonable Conversions scenario ends with $5.17M. 18% is Traditional, 68% is Roth, and 14% is Taxable. They’ve paid an effective Federal tax rate of 13.9% throughout retirement.
The Same, But Different
These three scenarios share many similarities. All three result in successful retirements. But there are important differences.
Our Roth converter paid far fewer taxes and, ultimately, left a majority of their tax dollars to their heirs via Roth vehicles, and thus tax-free.
The No Trad Withdrawal retiree paid 28% effective tax rates in their final years (only going further up in the future) and left 63% of their assets in Traditional accounts with a large asterisk on them.***
***TAXES DUE IN THE FUTURE*** …unless you’re leaving the Traditional IRA assets to, for example, a non-profit charity. But if you’re leaving the Traditional IRA to your kids, they’ll owe taxes when they withdraw the funds.
Long story short: Roth conversions work to your benefit when executed intelligently.
Should You Worry About Leaving Behind Traditional Assets?!
I don’t want to freak you out. Your heirs will appreciate you leaving behind a 401(k) or Traditional IRA for them.
But it’s worth understanding that they’ll owe taxes on that money (usually). Let’s dive into an example with simple math: a $1 million Traditional IRA left to one person (e.g. your child).
That person will most likely set up an Inherited Traditional IRAand (via new-ish rules in the SECURE Act) will have to empty that account by the end of the 10th year after your death. The withdrawals can be raised and lowered during those 10 years. Much like with Roth conversions, it makes sense to take larger withdrawals during otherwise low-income years and vice versa.
But if the beneficiary is in the middle of their career, a series of 10 equal withdrawals makes sense. Some rough math suggests ~$135,000 per year is a reasonable withdrawal amount (based on account growth over the 10 years).
That withdrawal is taxed as income for the beneficiary. If they’re already earning $100,000 per year of normal income, then taxes will consume ~$41,000 of their annual $135,000 withdrawal. State taxes might take another bite.
Again – I don’t want anyone to cry over the prospect of inheriting $94,000 annually for 10 years. Where can I sign up?! But it’s also worth understanding that 30% of this inheritance is going to Federal taxes.
“Never Pay a Tax Before You Have To”
What about Question #2 from the beginning of the article? A reader wrote in and suggested one should “never pay a tax before you have to.”
While pithy, it’s false.
If you can reasonably front-load low tax rates to prevent later high tax rates, the math supports you. What we’ve covered so far today is clear evidence of that.
Now, in the reader’s defense: I’d rather delay taxes if thedollar amounts are exactly the same. That’s one argument behind the tax-loss harvesting craze: I’d rather pay $100 in taxes in the future than $100 in taxes today.
But Roth conversions work differently. Done well, Roth conversions allow you to pay a 22% tax on $50,000 today to prevent a 37% tax on $100,000 in the future. It’s apples-and-oranges compared to the tax-loss example.
And perhaps the bigger lesson: there are few universal rules in personal finance. The pithy rule that works in one scenario (“never pay a tax before you have to”) might fail miserably in another scenario. Let the math guide you.
What About IRMAA?
Irma used to only be a name you’d give to the great-grandmother character in your 11th-grade B-minus fiction story.
No longer! Today, IRMAA has been given new life (which, I bet, was covered by Medicare!)
IRMAA (Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount) is a Medicare premium surcharge imposed on higher-income beneficiaries in addition to their standard Medicare Part B and Part D premiums. The amount of IRMAA is determined based on an individual’s modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) and can result in higher healthcare costs for those with higher incomes.
In plain English: high-earners pay more for Medicare.
Question #3 today asked if Roth conversions can be used to avoid IRMAA premiums. The answer is: yes.
But first, how painful are these IRMAA surcharges in the first place?!
Important note: you’ll see below that the 2023 IRMAA brackets are based on 2021 modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). That same 2-year delay holds for future years. Your 2024 Roth conversions (or lack thereof) will be important in determining IRMAA in 2026
If a married couple’s MAGI in 2021 was $225,000, they’d end up paying $231 per month (or, more accurately, $462 per month for the couple) as opposed to $330 for the couple if they earned less than $194,000. That’s a difference of $132 per month or $1584 for the year.
I’m of two minds here. Because:
Yes, I believe in frugality. A penny saved is a penny earned. Why pay $1584 extra if you don’t have to?
But if you’re earning $200,000in retirement, do you also need to stress over a $1500 annual line item?
Personally, I’ll be stoked if my retirement MAGI is $200,000. It’ll be a sign that my financial life turned out unbelievably well. I won’t mind the IRMAA.
The people most likely to suffer IRMAA are also best positioned to deal with it.
Will IRMAA Get You?
The 2-year delay in IRMAA math means you might get IRMAA’d early on in retirement.
Imagine retiring at the end of 2023. The peak of your career! You and your spouse earned a combined $300,000 and now you’re settling down to mind your knitting. Like all U.S. citizens, you sign up for Medicare just before you turn 65.
Come 2025, Uncle Sam and Aunt IRMAA are going to look back at your 2023 income and surcharge you.
But the good news, most likely, is that your 2024 income is quite low in comparison and IRMAA will drop off in 2026.
Can Roth Conversions Help?
Remember: RMDs are forced and count as income, and that has the potential of “forcing” IRMAA on retirees as they age.
So to answer our terrific reader question: yes, Roth conversions can help here. You can use Roth conversions to shift the realization of income from high years to low years, preventing or mitigating IRMAA in the process.
But once more, make sure the juice is worth the squeeze.
If a 75-year-old has a $200,000 RMD that kills them on IRMAA, ask yourself: where does a $200,000 RMD come from? Answer: it’s coming from an IRA of over $5 million. Should someone with $5 million be losing sleep over IRMAA? I don’t think so.
That’s A Lot of Numbers…
A long and math-heavy article. I hope this helped you out! We covered:
Roth conversions can be objectively helpful, decreasing taxes in retirement and shifting large portions of portfolios from Traditional accounts (with potential taxes for heirs) into Roth accounts (no taxes for heirs)
Taxes in retirement are nuanced and interconnected. In today’s example, realizing extra income (via IRA distributions) also triggered extra Social Security taxes.
It’s not bad to leave behind Traditional assets to heirs. They’re getting a wonderful gift from you. But there will be taxes, which should be planned for.
There are many scenarios where it makes sense to pay taxes before you “have” to.
IRMAA is a negative reality for many retirees, but the people most likely to suffer IRMAA are also best positioned to deal with it.
Roth conversions can be used to mitigate IRMAA over the long run.
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Construction loans are short-term loans that you can use to build a new home.
Some construction loans can be converted to mortgages after your home is finished.
Construction loans typically have tougher criteria than conventional mortgages for existing homes.
If you can’t find the right home to buy, you might be thinking about building a house instead. Financing this type of project is somewhat different than getting a mortgage to move into an existing property. Instead of a mortgage, you take on a construction loan (also known as a construction mortgage). Here’s what to know about construction loans.
What are construction loans?
Construction loans are loans that fund the building of a residential home (aka a stick-built house), from the land purchase to the finished structure. Common types are a standalone construction loan — a short-term loan (generally with a year-long term) — which only finances the building phase, and a construction-to-permanent loan, which converts into a mortgage once the construction is done. Borrowers who take out a standalone construction loan often get a separate mortgage to pay it off when the principal falls due.
You can use a construction loan to cover such costs as:
The land
Contractor labor
Building materials
Permits
How do construction loans work?
The initial term on a construction loan generally lasts a year or less, during which time you must finish the project. Because construction loans work on such a short timetable and are dependent on the project’s progress, you (or your general contractor) must provide the lender with a construction timeline, detailed plans and a realistic budget. Based on that, the lender will release funds at various phases of the project, usually directly to the contractor.
Construction loan statistics
Construction loans typically require 20 percent down, at minimum.
As of the second quarter of 2023, commercial and non-commercial construction loan volume totaled $488.54 billion, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence.
Currently, the top five construction loan lenders, in terms of number of loans, are (in order): Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America, U.S. Bank and Bank OZK, reports S&P.
Construction loans vs. traditional mortgages
Beyond the cost and repayment timeline, construction loans and mortgages have a few main differences:
The funds distribution: Unlike mortgages and personal loans that provide funds in a lump-sum payment, the lender pays out the money for a construction loan in stages as work on the new home progresses. These draws tend to happen when major milestones are completed — for example, when the foundation is laid, or the framing of the house begins.
The repayments: With a mortgage, you start paying back the principal and interest right away. With construction loans, your lender will typically expect you to make interest payments only during the construction stage. Additionally, borrowers are typically only obligated to repay interest on any funds drawn to date until construction is completed.
Inspection/appraiser involvement: While the home is being built, the lender has an appraiser or inspector check the house during the various construction stages. As the work is approved, the lender makes additional payments to the contractor, known as draws. Expect to have between four and six inspections to monitor the progress.
Requirements: Construction loan requirements include being financially stable and having the ability to make a down payment. Lenders also want to see a construction plan, which you can read more about below.
Interest rates: Construction loan interest rates are typically higher than traditional mortgage rates. This is often because you’re not providing collateral to back the loan, which means the lender is taking on more risk.
Types of construction loans
There are different types of construction loans available to borrowers, which are designed to suit various financial needs.
Construction-to-permanent loan
With a construction-to-permanent loan, you borrow money to pay for the cost of building your home. Once the house is complete and you move in, the loan is converted to a permanent mortgage.
In essence, the loan becomes a traditional mortgage, typically with a loan term of 15 to 30 years. You can opt for a fixed-rate or an adjustable-rate mortgage.
Then, you start making payments that cover interest and the principal. (During the construction loan phase, your lender disburses the funds based upon the percentage of the project completed, and you’re only responsible for interest payments on the money drawn). While many construction loans are conventional loans — entirely privately originated and financed — there are government versions as well. Your other options include an FHA construction-to-permanent loan — with less-stringent approval standards that can be especially helpful for some borrowers — or a VA construction loan if you’re an eligible veteran.
Whatever the type, the big benefit of the construction-to-permanent approach is that you have only one set of closing costs to pay, reducing your overall expenses. “There’s a one-time closing so you don’t pay duplicate settlement fees,” says Janet Bossi, senior vice president at OceanFirst Bank in New Jersey.
Construction-only loan
A construction-only loan provides the funds necessary to build the home, but the borrower is responsible for repaying the loan in full at maturity (typically one year or less). You can settle the debt either in cash or by obtaining a mortgage to pay it off.
Construction-only loans can ultimately be costlier than their construction-to-permanent cousins, especially if you have to finance the repayment. That’s because you complete two separate loan transactions and pay two sets of fees. Closing costs tend to equal thousands of dollars, so it helps to avoid another set. And, of course, you have to invest time and energy shopping for a mortgage.
Another consideration: Your financial situation might worsen during the construction process. If you lose your job or face some other hardship, you might not be able to qualify for a mortgage later on — and might not be able to move into your new house.
Renovation loan
If you want to upgrade an existing home rather than build one, you can compare home renovation loan options. These come in a variety of forms depending on the amount of money you’re spending on the project.
“If a homeowner is looking to spend less than $20,000, they could consider getting a personal loan or using a credit card to finance the renovation,” says Steve Kaminski, head of U.S. Residential Lending at TD Bank. “For renovations starting at $25,000 or so, a home equity loan or line of credit may be appropriate, if the homeowner has built up equity in their home.”
Another viable option in a low mortgage rate environment is a cash-out refinance, whereby a homeowner would take out a new mortgage in a higher amount than their current loan and receive the extra as a lump sum. As rates tick up, though, cash-out refis become less appealing.
With any of these options, the lender generally does not require disclosure of how the homeowner will use the funds. The homeowner manages the budget, the plan and the payments. With other forms of financing, the lender will evaluate the builder, review the budget and oversee the draw schedule.
Owner-builder construction loan
Owner-builder loans are construction-to-permanent or construction-only loans in which the borrower also acts in the capacity of the home builder.
Most lenders won’t allow the borrower to act as their own builder because of the complexity of constructing a home and the experience required to comply with building codes. Lenders typically only allow it if the borrower is a licensed builder by trade.
End loan
An end loan simply refers to the homeowner’s mortgage once the property is built, says Kaminski. You use a construction loan during the building phase and repay it once the construction is completed. You’ll then have a regular mortgage to pay off, also known as the end loan.
“Not all lenders offer a construction-to-permanent loan, which involves a single loan closing,” says Kaminski. “Some require a second closing to move into the permanent mortgage, or an end loan.”
Construction loan rates
Unlike traditional mortgages, which carry fixed rates, construction loans usually have variable rates that fluctuate with the prime rate. That means your monthly payment can also change, moving upward or downward based on rate changes.
Construction loan rates are also typically higher than traditional mortgage rates. That’s partially because they’re unsecured (backed by an asset). With a traditional mortgage, your home acts as collateral — if you default on your payments, the lender can seize your home. With a home construction loan, the lender doesn’t have that option, so they tend to view these loans as bigger risks.
On average, you can expect interest rates for construction loans to be about 1 percentage point higher than those of traditional mortgage rates.
Construction loan requirements
The companies that offer construction loans usually require borrowers to:
Be financially stable. To get a construction loan, you’ll need a low debt-to-income ratio and proof of sufficient income to repay the loan. You also generally need a credit score of at least 680.
Make a down payment. You need to make a down payment when you apply for the loan, just as you do with most mortgages. The amount will depend on the lender you choose and the amount you’re trying to borrow to pay for construction, but construction loans usually require at least 20 percent down.
Have a construction plan. Lenders will want you to work with a reputable construction company and architect to come up with a detailed plan and schedule.
Get a home appraisal. Whether you’re getting a construction-only loan or a construction-to-permanent loan, lenders want to be certain that the home is (or will be) worth the money they’re lending you. The appraiser will assess the blueprints, the value of the lot and other details to arrive at an accurate figure. For construction-to-permanent loans, the home will serve as collateral for the mortgage once construction is complete.
How to get a construction loan
Getting approval for a construction loan might seem similar to the process of obtaining a mortgage, but getting approved to break ground on a brand-new home is a bit more complicated. Generally, you should follow these four steps:
Find a licensed builder: Lenders will want to know that your chosen builder has the expertise to complete the home. If you have friends who have built their own homes, ask for recommendations. You can also turn to the NAHB’s directory of local home builders’ associations to find contractors in your area. Just as you would compare multiple existing homes before buying one, it’s wise to compare different builders to find the combination of price and expertise that fits your needs.
Find a construction loan lender: Check with several experienced construction loan lenders to obtain details about their specific programs and procedures. If you have trouble finding a lender willing to work with you, check out smaller regional banks or credit unions. Compare construction loan rates, terms and down payment requirements to ensure you’re getting the best possible deal for your situation.
Get your documents together: A lender will likely ask for a contract with your builder that includes detailed pricing and plans for the project. Be sure to have references for your builder and any necessary proof of their business credentials. You will also likely need to provide many of the same financial documents as you would for a traditional mortgage, like pay stubs and tax statements, that offer proof of income, assets and employment.
Get preapproved: Getting preapproved for a construction loan can provide a helpful understanding of how much you will be able to borrow for the project. This can be an important step to avoid paying for plans from an architect or drawing up blueprints for a home that you will not be able to afford.
Get homeowners insurance: Even though you may not live in the home yet, your lender will likely require a prepaid homeowners insurance policy that includes builder’s risk coverage. This way, if something happens during the construction process — the halfway-built property catches on fire, or someone vandalizes it, for example — you are protected.
Construction loan FAQ
Construction loans cover the costs of building a home. Typically, that means the expenses associated with construction, such as contractor fees, labor and permits. But you can also use the funds to purchase land. However, construction loans do not cover design costs. If you want to hire a professional to design your home, you’ll need to cover that cost on your own.
Ask your lender how money gets disbursed from your loan amount. Some lenders allow for monthly draws, while others will only authorize a draw after a passed inspection. Inquire about any processes or documentation required to pull money from your construction loan so that you can pay the bills in a timely fashion as they come in.
Understanding this process — and ensuring your contractor does, too — can help to avoid delays because of insufficient funds.
There are benefits and drawbacks to construction loans. These types of loans tend to have higher interest rates than those associated with a mortgage, for instance. In addition, the funds provided by a construction loan are only released in stages as work on your home progresses rather than in a lump sum upfront. However, construction loans often only require interest payments while your home is being built, which can be easier on your budget. The loan terms may also be more flexible than those that come with a traditional loan.
Talk to your contractor and discuss the timeline of building the home and what sort of factors could slow down the job. Delays could result in changes to your loan’s interest rate, which can lead to higher payments. Delays can also lead to delays in fund disbursement for construction-only loans.
If your project takes longer than expected, work with your contractor to try to resolve any bottlenecks. You should also keep in touch with your lender to let them know what’s going on. Clear and consistent communication can help avoid major issues with the loan.
In general, it is harder to qualify for a construction loan than for a traditional mortgage. Most lenders require a credit score of at least 680 — which is higher than what you’d need for most conventional, VA and FHA loans. It’s also typical for lenders to ask for a minimum down payment of 20 percent on construction loans, so you may have trouble qualifying if you can’t get that much money together upfront.