Apparently you can now use your tax refund to automatically buy I-series bonds from the U.S. government.
As recently as three years ago, I was a huge fan of tax refunds. Despite the arguments against them, I liked getting a tax refund because it was the only way I’d found to save. I’m able to save on my own now, so I no longer aim to get a tax refund every year, but I certainly don’t fault anyone else for doing so. If that’s what you need to save, then do it!
If you’re truly trying to save with the money, the U.S. government has a new option for you starting this year: Now you can buy U.S. Series I savings bonds with your tax refund. Instead of getting a cash refund, you can designate up to $5,000 of your refund to be delivered in actual paper bonds issued in your name.
I Bonds are savings bonds that are indexed for inflation. The earnings rate on an I Bond has two components:
The first is a fixed rate that remains the same for the life of the bond. (It’s currently 0.30%.)
The second is the variable “semi-annual inflation” rate. Twice each year (on May 1st and November 1st), this rate adjusts based on the current inflation rate. At the moment, it’s 1.52%.
The fixed rate and the variable rate are combined to get a composite rate, which is currently 3.36%. I know this is a lot of gibberish. All you really need to know is that I Bonds are a safe place to put your money so you don’t have to worry about it losing value to inflation.
Because of this, I Bonds are an attractive alternative to high-yield savings accounts, especially now. They offer higher rates of return, and I Bonds are state and local income-tax exempt. (Federal income tax on I Bonds can be deferred until the bonds are cashed in or stop earning interest after 30 years.)
One drawback? I Bonds aren’t as liquid as a savings account. You can cash them out whenever you want, but if you do so before five years, the bond is subject to a 3-month earnings penalty. (This is sort of like breaking a certificate of deposit early.)
If you’re going to use your tax refund to save, why not actually save, all while getting a great rate of return on your money?
By Peter Anderson2 Comments – The content of this website often contains affiliate links and I may be compensated if you buy through those links (at no cost to you!). Learn more about how we make money. Last edited April 17, 2013.
A couple of weeks ago I wrote a post talking about how a lot of folks forget to do a 401k to IRA rollover when they leave their old jobs. Instead, the money just sits in their old company’s 401(k) account, regardless of whether they can find a better plan with more available investments and lower plan costs. In the long run it can mean a difference of thousands of dollars by not switching to a lower cost plan. I’d highly recommend looking into doing a rollover as in many cases it will give you more flexibility and control – as well as saving you money.
One thing that I hadn’t realized was possible to do until I was researching that last post was the fact that in some cases you can do a direct 401(k) to Roth IRA rollover when moving on to another job. If you’re one of those folks who believe that the tax rates will be higher in retirement, it might make sense to look into doing one of these when you separate service with your current company.
401(k) to Roth IRA Rollover
A lot of people don’t realize that you can do a direct 401(k) to Roth IRA rollover. Up until a few years ago you actually couldn’t. You would have had to do a 401(k) to traditional IRA rollover first, and then convert that traditional IRA into a Roth IRA, paying taxes on the conversion in the process.
The Pension Protection Act of 2006 changed the two step process and made it possible for people who were separating service from one company to be able to do a direct rollover of company plan 401(k) funds to an existing Roth IRA account, without going through the extra step of rolling over to a traditional IRA.
So, as of the passage of the PPA, company retirement plan assets, including those from 401(k), 403(b) and 457(b) governmental plans, can now be converted directly to a Roth IRA.
401(k) to Roth IRA Rollover Rules
There are some things you need to remember when doing a direct rollover from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA.
To do a rollover from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA you must have left the job where you got the 401(k).
Funds that you’ve rolled over from the 401(k) that would have otherwise been taxed at retirement, must be included as income for the year of the conversion. In other words, you’ll need to pay taxes on those rolled over funds as income since the Roth isn’t taxed at retirement.
If you’re rolling over to a Roth IRA and will have taxes due – you must pay the taxes with funds from outside of the account. Otherwise, if you’re younger than 59 1/2, you’ll be subject to penalties for early withdrawal.
Make sure to do a direct trustee to trustee transfer to ensure no funds are withheld for taxes, as is done with a 60 day rollover where 20% is withheld, and you receive a check to do the transfer yourself.
It should be noted that the owner of a Roth IRA must have had the account for 5 years, and be at least 59 1/2 in order for tax free withdrawals to be made.
Not All Company Plans Have 401(k) to Roth IRA Option
One thing to note is that unfortunately not all company plans allow or have a provision for a direct 401(k) to Roth IRA rollover. If that is the case with your company plan, you’ll have to go the extra mile and roll the 401(k) over to a Traditional IRA first, and then convert it to a Roth IRA afterwards.
It should be noted that any Roth 401(k) funds, since they are contributed after taxes have been levied, would be able to transfer directly over to a Roth IRA regardless.
Who Does A 401(k) To Roth IRA Rollover Make Sense For?
Typically doing a rollover from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA would make the most sense for someone who has a longer time horizon in order to invest, and for those who anticipate seeing a higher tax rate in retirement. It also makes more sense for those who actually have the cash on hand to be able to pay the extra tax bill that will be associated with adding the converted funds to the AGI when figuring taxes. Make sure to talk with a financial professional before heading down this road in order to fully understand the consequences for your taxes. Have you done a direct 401(k) to Roth IRA rollover, or are you considering doing one when leaving a job? Tell us your thoughts in the comments.
What Is the Real Return of an Investment? – SmartAsset
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When measuring investment performance, it’s helpful to understand its real return. The real return on investment is what you earn after returns are adjusted for inflation and taxes. Nominal returns, on the other hand, don’t account for those deductions. Understanding the real return on investment matters, as it can tell you more accurately how much purchasing power it’s likely to yield.
You can talk to a financial advisor about how to create a strategic investment plan.
How Is Real Return Calculated?
Finding an investment’s real rate of return involves a fairly simple formula. Here’s an example:
To find the real rate of return on investment, you need to know the nominal rate and the inflation rate. The nominal rate is the stated interest rate or return that you can expect to earn on an investment. The inflation rate measures changes to the prices of consumer goods and services over time.
As a general rule of thumb, nominal rates are always higher than real return rates. That makes sense since the nominal rate doesn’t account for inflation or taxes. The nominal rate and the real rate of return may align more closely when inflation is close to or at zero, or the economy is experiencing a period of deflation, both of which are rarities.
Real Return Example
It’s easy to gauge the effects of real return, even if you’re not doing a step-by-step calculation. For example, let’s say that you deposit $20,000 into a CD. The bank is offering a 5% APY, which represents the nominal rate you could earn on your money. Over a 12-month period, you’d earn $1,000 in interest.
But what if the inflation rate is 2.5%? That cuts the purchasing power of the $1,000 in interest you earned in half. So now, that money is technically worth $500, which represents your real return.
That just accounts for the impact of inflation on your CD earnings. CD interest is considered taxable income by the internal revenue service (IRS), along with interest earned on other types of savings accounts. Once you factor in what you might owe in taxes on the interest, that can shrink your real return even further.
Are There Any Flaws With Real Return?
Calculating the real rate of return requires you to factor in taxes and inflation. That’s a good thing, as again, it can give you a more realistic picture of how much spending power a particular investment is generating.
There is, however, one thing that real return doesn’t account for. This formula doesn’t incorporate the fees you might pay to own an investment, and that can include:
Managing investment fees is important as those additional costs can detract from the total returns that you get to keep. Choosing tax-efficient investments, such as low-cost index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) with a low asset turnover ratio, can help to minimize your fee expenses.
It’s also important to keep in mind that every investor’s tax situation is different and that inflation is not static. Even small changes to the tax code or slight increases in prices for consumer goods and services can have a significant impact on real return calculations.
How to Maximize Real Return
Getting the most return possible for your money is challenging, as certain factors may be outside of your control. While there are things you can do to pay less in fees for your investments, there’s not a whole lot that you can do directly to control inflation or changes to the tax code.
What you can manage is how you deal with the impact of both on your investments. With regard to inflation, that can mean choosing investments that tend to offer a higher rate of return overall. Stocks, for instance, can outperform certificates of deposit (CD) rates or money market funds. However, investing in stocks does carry more risk.
You can also choose investments that move with inflation or are otherwise inflation-proof. Real estate is a great example. Property tends to appreciate in value over time and when inflation goes up, rental prices can increase in tandem. If you’re renting a property out, then you can ride with the tide so to speak when it comes to how much you charge.
Minimizing the Effects of Taxation
In terms of taxation, there are a few strategies you can use to minimize the effects. Some of the best ways to save on taxes as an investor include:
Choosing longer-term investments, which are subject to the more favorable long-term capital gains tax rate.
Contributing to tax-advantaged accounts, such as 401(k) or individual retirement accounts (IRAs).
Allocating less tax-efficient assets, such as traditional mutual funds, to an IRA or 401(k).
Harvesting tax losses to offset capital gains.
Claiming all eligible deductions in order to shift into a lower tax bracket.
Bottom Line
Understanding real return is important when deciding how to invest money. The more purchasing power you have, the further your dollars can go. If you’re just looking at nominal returns, you can end up with a skewed sense of how much your investment might be worth. For example, say that you’re eyeing an investment that has delivered a 15% rate of return to investors over the last 10 years.
That sounds good but it doesn’t tell you how inflationary changes or updates to the tax code may have affected the earnings investors actually got to keep over that same period. It’s possible that once inflation rates and taxes are factored in, the net return is negative or zero. That’s something you’d like to know before you invest. Talking to a financial advisor can help you come up with a plan for managing taxes on investments so that you can get the best real return possible for your money.
Investing Tips
If you need help calculating the real return on investment, consider talking to a financial advisor. A financial advisor can walk you through the numbers when deciding what to include in your portfolio. And finding one doesn’t have to be difficult. SmartAsset’s financial advisor matching tool makes it easy to connect with three vetted financial advisors who serve your area. It takes just a few minutes to get your personalized advisor recommendations online. Get started now.
Many investors confuse an investment’s returns with its yield. You never have to make that mistake again, though. Learn the difference between these two key concepts, along with how a combination of strong yields and steady returns can help you meet your financial goals.
Rebecca Lake, CEPF®
Rebecca Lake is a retirement, investing and estate planning expert who has been writing about personal finance for a decade. Her expertise in the finance niche also extends to home buying, credit cards, banking and small business. She’s worked directly with several major financial and insurance brands, including Citibank, Discover and AIG and her writing has appeared online at U.S. News and World Report, CreditCards.com and Investopedia. Rebecca is a graduate of the University of South Carolina and she also attended Charleston Southern University as a graduate student. Originally from central Virginia, she now lives on the North Carolina coast along with her two children.
Life insurance is a vital element of most all financial plans. One of the biggest reasons for this is because the proceeds that are received by life insurance policy beneficiaries can be used for any number of financial needs, such as the payoff of debt (including a home mortgage), as well as the payment of everyday living expenses. This could be especially beneficial if the insured were a family’s primary breadwinner.
Before you purchase a life insurance policy, it is essential to ensure that you will be getting the proper type of coverage, as well as the right amount of protection for your specific needs. Knowing that the underlying insurance company is reliable and stable financially is another important piece of the puzzle, as you will want to know that the insurer can pay out it’s allotted claim if or when the time should come. One company that has an excellent reputation for its financial stability, as well as its timely payment of policy holder claims is Liberty Mutual.
The History of Liberty Mutual Insurance Company
Liberty Mutual has been in the business of helping consumers and businesses protect what is important to them for more than 100 years. The company was initially founded in the year 1911 when the Massachusetts Legislature passed a law that required employers to protect their employees with workers’ compensation insurance.
The company was originally known as the Massachusetts Employees’ Insurance Association or MEIA, and it officially began its operations on July 1, 1912. The company began as a mutual insurer, which means it was owned by its policy holders, as versus having to answer to a group of stock holders. The company is still a mutual insurer today.
Throughout the years, the company has grown and expanded – and today it is a top U.S. insurer. Liberty International has grown from a collection of smaller local businesses into a multi-billion, multi-national entity that has operations in Europe, Latin America, and Asia Pacific, in addition to the United States.
Other components of this entity include:
Liberty International Underwriters
Liberty Specialty Markets
Liberty Mutual Surety
In addition to offering products and services that can assist clients with growing and protecting their wealth, Liberty Mutual is also a large sponsor of sporting events, as well as charitable organizations. The company’s primary headquarters is in Boston, Massachusetts.
Liberty Mutual Life Insurance Review
Today, Liberty Mutual is ranked as number 75 on the Fortune 500 list of largest U.S. corporations (based on the company’s 2016 revenue figures). As of year-end 2016, Liberty Mutual Insurance brought in roughly $38.3 billion in revenues for the year.
The company has invested its assets conservatively, to be ready to make timely payments of its policy holders’ claims. More than 87% of Liberty Mutual’s cash and invested assets are placed in Bonds, while another 4.1 percent is invested in cash and other short-term cash equivalents.
The life insurance and annuities that are provided by Liberty Mutual are issued by Liberty Life Assurance Company of Boston, with the company’s headquarters located in Boston, MA, and the service center based in Dover, New Hampshire.
Insurer Ratings and Better Business Bureau (BBB) Grade
Liberty Mutual Insurance is very stable financially – and because of that, it has received high ratings from the insurer rating agencies. These include an A (Excellent) from A.M. Best Company, an A2 (Good) from Moody’s Investor Services, and an A (Strong) from Standard & Poor’s.
Also, Liberty Mutual has been a qualified company of the Better Business Bureau (BBB) since April 26, 1931. The company has been given a grade of A+ by the BBB, which is on a general grade scale of A+ to F.
In the previous three years, Liberty Mutual has completed a total of 1,236 custom complaints, of which 242 of these complaints were closed out within the past 12 months. Of the total 1,236 complaints, 872 regarded problems with the company’s products and services. Another 276 were regarding billing and/or collection issues, 46 had to do with advertising and/or sales problems, and 22 were related to delivery issues. The remaining 20 were about guarantee/warranty issues.
Life Insurance Plan Options Offered By Liberty Mutual Insurance Company
Liberty Mutual insurance has a long list of life insurance policy options from which to choose. These include both term and permanent life insurance coverage. Term life insurance policies provide a death benefit, with no cash value build up. Because of this, a term life insurance policy can be quite affordable – especially if the insured is in good health at the time of the application for coverage.
Term life insurance policies are purchased for a set number of years, such as ten, fifteen, twenty, or even thirty. Typically, these policies will offer guaranteed coverage during the level term period, as well as a level amount of premium that cannot be increased.
With Liberty Mutual, coverage options for term life insurance policies include 10, 15, 20, or 30 years. These plans also have a variety of different optional riders that are available and can be added to help with further “customizing” the coverage.
The term life insurance policies offered through Liberty Mutual include the following:
Liberty Series Passport 10
Liberty Series Passport 15
Liberty Series Passport 20
Liberty Series Passport 30
Liberty Mutual also offers permanent life insurance product options. With a permanent life insurance policy, there is both death benefit protection, as well as cash value. The cash that is in the liquid section of the policy can grow on a tax deferred basis, meaning no taxes are due on the gain unless or until the money is withdrawn.
Policy holders can either borrow or withdraw cash from the cash value for any need they see fit, such as the payoff of debts, the supplementing of retirement income, or even to take a nice, long awaited vacation.
Liberty Mutual has both whole life and universal life insurance plans. While life offers level premiums, strong guarantees, and valuable protection that will last for the remainder of the insured’s lifetime. Whole life insurance will also steadily build cash value over time.
Many whole life insurance plans are offered through Liberty Mutual. These include the:
Liberty Series Whole Life – This plan provides level premium payments for the entire life of the insured – up to the policy anniversary that follows the insured’s 100th birthday.
Liberty Series Life (paid up at age 65) – This plan provides the ability to make level premium payments until the policy anniversary that follows the insured’s 65th birthday.
Liberty Series 20-Year Payment Life – With this plan, the policy holder will make level premium payments for 20 years. After that, the policy will be paid up.
Liberty Series Extra Value Life – The Liberty Series Extra Value Life plan is a “hybrid” policy that combines both permanent and temporary life insurance coverage. This allows for a premium that is usually lower than that of a whole life insurance policy.
Liberty Series Estate Maximizer Next Generation – With this plan, the insured is covered by a whole life insurance policy that is paid for via just one, single lump sum premium payment. This policy provides permanent life insurance protection and a death benefit that is larger than the original premium payment. The payment with this policy will increase in value over time by a factor that is based on the insured’s gender and age. The immediate increase in death benefit makes this life insurance a good match for those who wish to transfer assets in a tax advantaged manner.
There are also several options for universal life insurance that can be purchased through Liberty Mutual. Universal life insurance provides death benefit protection and cash value; however, it is more flexible than whole life. This is because the premium due date can be altered (within certain guidelines). The policy holder may also be able to decide how much of his or her premium goes towards the policy’s cash value component, and how much goes towards the death benefit.
Universal life insurance plans that are offered by Liberty Mutual include the following:
Spirit Series Performance Universal Life – This plan provides permanent life insurance protection that builds cash value. Policy holders have the flexibility to adjust their level of coverage, as well as their premium payments, to meet their needs.
Spirit Series Universal Life – The Spirit Series Universal Life insurance policy provides an affordable form of permanent life insurance that is not necessarily designed for building long-term cash value. This plan does offer unique lapse protection features, as well as continuous life insurance protection through any circumstance if the insured meets certain requirements.
Other Products and Services Available
In addition to life insurance, Liberty Mutual also offers a broad range of other goods and services. These include the following:
Critical Illness insurance
Identity Theft insurance
Pet insurance
Tuition insurance
Small Business insurance
Home owner’s insurance
Apartment insurance
Condo insurance
Landlord insurance
Mobile Home insurance
Flood insurance
Umbrella insurance
Car insurance
Motorcycle insurance
Boat insurance
Watercraft insurance
Antique and Classic Car insurance
ATV and Off-Road Vehicle insurance
RV (Recreational Vehicle) insurance
Vehicle Insurance Plans
Rental insurance
Key Employee Insurance
The company also has a selection of retirement annuities. Because people are living longer today, one of the biggest concerns that retirees have is running out of money during retirement. An annuity can help to alleviate this issue, when the lifetime income option is chosen.
Through Liberty Mutual, there are single premium deferred annuities (SPDAs), and flexible payment deferred annuities (FPDAs). With a single premium deferred annuity, just one single lump sum payment is needed to attain a guaranteed stream of income in retirement. With a flexible payment deferred annuity, deposits may be made over time, prior to converting the annuity over into an income stream. The growth on the money that is inside of the account will grow tax deferred.
How to Get the Best Premium Quotes on Life Insurance Coverage from Liberty Mutual
If you are shopping around for the best premium rates on life insurance coverage from Liberty Mutual – or from any life insurance company – then it is recommended that you partner with an independent insurance agent. In doing so, you will be able to compare policies and premiums in an unbiased manner – and from there, you can determine which option will be best fit for you.
When you are ready to proceed, we can help. We are an independent insurance brokerage and we work with many of the top life insurance carriers in the industry today. We can assist you with getting all the key details that you need for making a well-informed buying decision. To get started, all you need to do is just simply fill out our quote form.
We understand that the acquisition of a life insurance plan can be somewhat overwhelming. There are many different parameters to think about, and you want to be sure that you are moving in the right direction. But this process can be made so much easier when you are working with an ally on your side who can walk you through it from start to finish. So, contact us today – we’re here to help.
Your monthly car payment might be your biggest automotive expense, but it’s not the only one. Insurance, repairs and fuel can add up to hundreds of dollars per month, depending on your situation. These ownership costs are sticky — you’ll keep paying them even after you make your last car payment, or if you buy your car with cash.
Car prices
The average sale price for an electric car was $58,385 in February 2023, according to Kelley Blue Book. That’s about $13,000 more expensive than the average gas-powered, new non-luxury vehicle.
Lower-cost EV options do exist: There are a couple available with a range of at least 200 miles for less than $30,000 and a few more for less than $40,000. EV tax credits can bring your total costs down — if you and your car qualify. These tax credits even apply to used EVs that meet similar qualifications.
If you plan to purchase your EV with financing, check whether you qualify with lenders who offer loans tailored for EVs. These loans can come with rate discounts and additional features, like financing for a home charger, though an applicant may find a better rate elsewhere.
Charging costs
Most people can probably save money on fuel costs compared to gas-powered vehicles. To maximize your savings, you should:
Charge at home instead of at a public charging station.
Check the rate schedule from your electric company and charge only at off-peak hours.
See whether a place you shop or your workplace offers free or discounted charging options.
For example, adding 200 miles of range to a Tesla Model 3 costs $7.50 using the charger that comes with the vehicle, assuming the national average of 15 cents per kilowatt-hour for residential locations. The ultimate cost to charge your EV depends on factors including the type of car you drive and your electric rates.
At-home charging
Unless you have access to free charging, the cheapest charge you’ll find is at home. You can plug into a regular outlet using a Level 1 charger, but that only adds about 5 miles of range per hour. Plus, you’ll probably be plugged in constantly when you’re home, which means charging during peak rates.
The U.S. Department of Energy says installing a Level 2 charger at home can cost between $2,000 and $5,000. Your total could be lower if, for example, your home’s electric panel doesn’t need upgrading and if access to your changing location is straightforward. State and local incentives can also bring this figure down.
In some cases, new cars come with Level 2 chargers included, and some even include free installation.
Public chargers
If you’re traveling long distances, you’ll almost certainly want to use a public charger. Charging from almost empty to full can take eight hours at home. With a Level 3/DC fast charger at a charging station — the fastest EV charger — it could take 30 minutes.
That’s still much slower than filling up with gas, however. Using that time to eat a meal, for example, is one way to avoid sitting around. But charging stations aren’t always adjacent to amenities.
🤓Nerdy Tip
When mapping a long-distance route, use an EV-specific mapping service, like EV Navigation. These services can create routes that take into account your car’s range and any amenities you’d like when you stop to charge.
Charging on the road is also more expensive than charging at home, though possibly still cheaper than gas. For example, adding 200 miles of range to a Tesla Model 3 at a price of 40 cents per kWh would cost $20.
You can also find Level 2 chargers that are available for public use. Although slower than Level 3/DC fast charging, these make up the majority of public chargers. Level 3/DC chargers tend to cluster around interstate exits. In contrast, you can find Level 2 chargers in a variety of public places, including restaurants, hotels and parking garages. It’s an easy way to add a few miles if your car is parked for a few hours anyway.
Maintenance
Electric vehicles generally have lower maintenance costs than gas-powered cars. Without an engine, there are fewer parts that can break. You can also say goodbye to oil changes, and your brakes should last longer. A 2020 Consumer Reports study estimates the average EV’s maintenance and repair costs to be 3 cents per mile driven over the course of its lifetime — half the cost of the gas-powered vehicle average. New EVs, which need less maintenance, are cheaper to maintain, at 1 cent per mile driven on average.
There are also downsides. Some EV owners report tires wear out quickly, possibly due to the battery’s weight. Some people worry about the cost of a new battery. True, it’s expensive if you need to replace it, but that worry might be overblown. Batteries are typically covered by warranty for eight years or 100,000 miles of use and will likely last much longer. The battery issue that might be more concerning is that maximum range typically declines with use, even if you follow care instructions perfectly — just like the battery on your phone.
Taxes and registration
Taxes are unavoidable for car purchases — whether gas or electric, used or new — unless you live in Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire or Oregon.
Taxes might be familiar, but there could also be additional fees when you register the vehicle in your state. Thirty-two states now have EV-specific fees to offset reduced gas-tax revenues, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. These fees, which are between $50 and $200, fund transportation projects, including, in some states, charging infrastructure.
Insurance for EVs might be more expensive than for gas-powered cars. Higher vehicle costs and complex equipment that lead to expensive repairs are the culprits, according to the auto insurer Progressive. State Farm’s website states that potential damage to the battery, even in otherwise minor collisions, can be costly, and there are fewer technicians trained to repair them.
In real estate, an escrow disbursement is a process of dispensing the amount held in escrow to pay for homeowners insurance, property taxes, and other property expenses. Lenders usually require borrowers to put money on an escrow account during or after the closing of a property purchase or when property expenses are due.
When the time comes to pay property expenses, escrow disbursement is done. This is strictly carried out by a third party known as an escrow agent.
The role of escrow agents
Escrow agents are the ones entrusted and held responsible for the disbursement of the money placed in an escrow account for specific reasons. They aren’t permitted to use a certain escrow money to pay for purposes other than the one it is intended for.
For instance, an escrow account made by the buyer for the mortgage payment cannot be disbursed to pay for the homeowner’s insurance or the property tax and vice versa. Although these agents don’t earn any interest from the escrow fund, they can charge fees for their services.
Written Instructions
Although not all escrows are done with a written agreement, all escrow agents must be keen when it comes to the written disbursement instructions. All escrow disbursements must be done based on the exact date and manner they should be given as specified by the owner of the escrow account. Breaking the agreement can be a ground for a lawsuit.
The laws on escrows and disbursements are different from state to state. So written agreements must conform to the existing laws of the state.
You can find more definitions for real estate terms in our real estate glossary.
Last Updated on February 25, 2022 by Mark Ferguson
When considering either a 15 or 30 year loan for investing, most people choose the 15 year loan. 15-year loans may appear to save money over 30-year loans because they have a lower interest rate, but I would much rather have the flexibility of a 30-year loan. Buying rental properties is a great investment, especially when you are able to use a mortgage to buy the properties and still get great cash flow. Many investors will get a 15-year mortgage because the rates are a little lower and they can pay off the properties quicker. I use a 30-year loan when I buy my rental properties because I get more cash flow and I can make much more money buying more properties than I can be paying off loans.
Why is a short term loan better?
The biggest advantage of a 15-year mortgage is the interest rate is less than a 30-year loan. The difference in rates changes daily and varies with different banks, but a 15-year loan is usually about .5 percent less than a 30 year fixed mortgage. With a lower interest rate, you are paying more towards the principal and less towards interest.
Some people think the biggest advantage of 15-year loans is the shorter length of the loan. I don’t agree because you can pay a 30-year loan off early if you want too. You will have a higher interest rate, but .5 a percent is not a huge rate difference, especially when you consider how much you can make buying more properties.
Are mortgages front-loaded with interest?
A lot of people want to pay off their loans faster because they think the interest is front-loaded on a mortgage. That means you pay more interest at the start of the loan compared to the loan amount than you do at the end of the loan. The truth is you do pay more interest at the beginning of the loan, but not because the interest is front-loaded, but because the loan amount is higher. If you have a 5% interest rate on your mortgage, 5% of your payment is paid to interest. You pay less money to interest as time goes on because the loan amount decreases.
How much do you save with a lower interest rate?
If you get a 15 year, $100,000 loan on a rental property at a 4 percent interest rate, the payments will be $740 a month (check out bank rate mortgage calculator for calculating mortgage payments). Over the 15 years of that loan, you will pay $33,143 in interest. With a 30 year loan at 4.5 percent interest, the total amount paid in interest over the life of the loan will be $82,406.
On the surface, it looks like you are saving almost $50,000 by getting a 15-year loan. However, you are paying interest over 30 years on one loan and over 15 years on the other, which is deceiving. The payment on a 30-year loan is only $507 a month, which is $233 less a month than the 15-year loan. If you were to take that $233 a month and put it back into the 30-year loan each month, the 30-year loan would cost $39,754 in interest and be paid off in less than 17 years. It definitely costs a little more to have a higher interest rate, but over 15 years that is only $550 more each year. As time goes by that money is worth less and less due to inflation.
I go over specific numbers on 15 versus 30-year loans in the video below:
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Why do banks push 15-year mortgages?
You may hear banks and lenders push 15-year loans on the radio and social media all the time! I always wonder if the 15-year loan is so much better for consumers and worse for banks, why are the banks trying to convince people to get 15-year loans? There are a couple of reasons.
The banks want people to refinance their loans because they make more money every time someone gets a new loan. You pay 2 to 5% in closing costs on a new loan and the bank or lender gets most of that money.
Most banks do not want their money locked up for 30 years. There is a reason they offer a lower interest rate on 15-year loans because they want more people to get 15-year loans. 30 years ago interest rates were more than 10%! Now they are less than 5%. The banks know that the lower the rate is, the shorter-term loan they want. They don’t want their money tied up in long-term loans.
The banks and lenders push 15-year loans because they make more money with short-term loans.
Is a 15 or 30 year loan better?
You will pay less interest on a 15-year loan than a 30-year loan. However, you are paying a higher payment every month on the 15-year loan. If you add up the payment savings with the 30-year loan, you save $2,796 each year and $41,940 over 15 years by getting the 30-year loan.
That extra money can be used for many things that will make you much more money than that $6,000 in interest you save. You can save up the cash flow to buy more rental properties. You can use the money to build an emergency fund. You could also pay extra to the mortgage and if you ever need the extra money later, you can stop putting extra money into the mortgage.
If you have nothing to invest that money into, it might make sense to get the 15-year loan. If you want to keep buying rentals and build your empire, the best bet is to get a longer-term loan and buy as many rentals as you can now.
Something else to consider is that inflation makes money worth less in the future. The graph below shows how much more money a 15-year loan costs you at the beginning of the loan when inflation is considered. It takes until year 24 or longer to start saving money with the 30-year loan.
Why does a 15-year loan make it harder to buy more rentals?
Another huge factor when considering whether to use a 15 or 30-year loan, is qualifying for more properties. When banks qualify an investor, they will look at debt to income ratios. A 15-year loan will have a higher payment and increase your monthly debt payments. The higher your loan payments are, the less cash flow you will have, and it will be harder to qualify for new loans. Many banks will only count 75 percent of your rental income when qualifying an investor for a loan. Even if you are cash flowing with a 15-year loan, if you can only count 75 percent of the rental income, you may show a loss each month. If you have many rental properties showing a loss, it will be very hard to qualify for new loans.
A 30-year loan with its lower payments will make it easier to qualify for more properties.
What if you cannot get a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage?
I own 180k sqft rental properties and it is really hard for me to find fixed-rate mortgages. I use a local lender and they do not offer 30-year fixed-rate loans, only ARMs.
When I finance my rental properties, I use 30-year ARMs. An ARM is an adjustable-rate mortgage that has a fixed interest rate for a certain amount of time. The interest rate on an ARM can adjust up or down after the fixed time period is up. My portfolio lender offers 5 and 7-year ARMs with a 30-year amortization. The rate will stay the same for the 5 or 7-year term but can adjust after that term is up. There are limits on how much the rate can adjust each year and a ceiling that it can never go over. The great part about ARMs is they have a lower rate than a 30 year fixed rate loan and even the 15-year fixed-rate loan.
If you get an ARM for your rental properties you will have an even lower payment than a 30 year fixed rate loan and save money in interest costs over a 15-year fixed-rate loan. To me, it is the best of both worlds.
Why is an ARM less risky than you may think?
There are obviously some risks involved with an ARM because the rate can go up after 5 or 7 years. I always have plenty of reserves and cash flow to make sure I can afford the higher payment if the rates adjust. Even if I hold the loan well past the initial fixed-rate term, it takes a few years for the ARM to become more expensive than a fixed-rate mortgage. Chances are rents will increase in the time period as well. If you have enough cash flow and a plan for when rates could increase, you should have no problem with an ARM.
If you don’t have enough cash flow and your payments go up, you could get into trouble with an ARM. Negative cash flow is hard to sustain and it will make it harder to qualify for loans as well.
Many lenders will also only offer ARM loans after you have a certain number of mortgages in your name. I would suggest getting the fixed-rate mortgages when first starting out, and as you advance in your investing career look at the ARM option.
Why is a lower payment more important than a lower interest rate?
ARMs allow a small payment at the beginning of a loan and possibly a higher payment in the future. The nice thing about the lower payment is you have more cash flow and inflation comes into play when you are investing money. If you can pay less money now and more in the future it is a good thing, because inflation will make money worth less in the future. Even though your payment might go up on an ARM; 5 or 7 years later that money will be worth less and your rents could have gone up. If you use the money you save on an ARM to invest in more rental properties or something else with a decent return, you will be way ahead than if you had paid a higher payment with the 15 or 30-year fixed loan.
Why is a 30-year loan safer than a 15-year loan?
Many people have a tough time saving money and the higher your mortgage payment is, the harder it will be to save. Having an emergency fund is very important for financial stability. If you do not have an emergency fund, do not get a 15-year mortgage. Get the 3o-year mortgage, and save up for the emergency fund. Once the emergency fund has enough money (6 months of living expenses) you can pay off your mortgage early if you would like to.
Remember that you see no real benefit to paying off your mortgage early unless you pay off the entire loan, refinance, or sell. Your house payment will stay the same until the loan is paid off in full. If you need to access the equity you have in your house, you cannot ask the lender to give you back what you have paid early. You will have to sell the house or get a brand new loan (refinance or home equity line of credit).
If you get a 15-year loan and have a medical emergency, lose your job, or cannot work, the bank will not lower the payment for you. You have to keep paying that high mortgage payment every month. If you had a 30-year mortgage and were paying more to it every month, an emergency would not be nearly as devastating, because you could stop paying extra.
Does a 15-year or 30-year loan allow you to buy more rentals?
My goal is to buy as many rentals as I can. Not only do I want each rental to make as much money as possible, I want to buy a lot of them! The 30-year loan allows you to buy more rentals because you are making more money each month. If you take that money and reinvest it into more properties, the results are phenomenal.
My nephew, who is a math whiz, made this amazing graph. Here is how it was created:
Each rental has a $120k value and $1,200 a month rent. The house was bought 30 percent below market value. but we spent $10k on repairs and 20% on down payments. We also spent 4% on closing costs to buy.
Monthly costs are 1.5% for taxes and insurance, 8% for property management, 5% for vacancies, and 10% for maintenance.
The chart shows what happens when you buy 1 property with a 30-year loan and reinvest all the cash flow into buying more properties vs 1 property bought with a 15-year loan and reinvesting all cash flow into more properties. You buy 119 houses over 30 years with 30-year loans and 32 houses with 15-year loans. You are making $53k a month with 30-year loans vs $11k a month with 15-year loans.
This does not account for inflation! With inflation, the 30 year is even better because rents increase on more properties. You buy 147 houses vs 38. It may be tricky getting a 30-year loan on that many properties, but it shows the value of investing your money early on instead of paying off debt early.
Conclusion
On the surface, a 15-year fixed-rate mortgage may seem like the best way to go. It saves money on interest over the life of the loan and has a shorter term. I believe the 15-year loan is the worst choice because you are tying up your money, making it harder to qualify for loans, and you could be investing that money in something that gives a higher return. If you get a 30-year ARM, the interest rate will actually be lower than the 15-year loan, and you might be able to pay that loan off faster than the 15-year loan.
Everyone knows mortgage rates aren’t as low as they used to be. In fact, they’re currently up about 1% from the ultra low levels seen back in early May, per Freddie Mac data.
The good news is that they seem to have settled in at their current levels, which historically aren’t bad at all. Still quite low.
However, with mortgage rates higher, prospective home buyers will need to come to terms with paying a little bit more each month.
That is, unless they buy down their interest rate, or alternatively, come in with a larger down payment, as the National Association of Home Builders pointed out earlier this week.
Unfortunately, many would-be home buyers seem to have enough trouble coming up with a minimal down payment, so gathering even more appears impracticable for most, especially with home prices also significantly higher than they once were.
Keeping Monthly Payments in Check
Check out the table above, which details how much more a potential buyer would need to bring to the closing table in order to keep their monthly mortgage payment from rising along with rates.
At the moment, rates on the 30-year fixed are around 4.5%, so a borrower putting down 20% on a $200,000 home would enjoy a mortgage payment of $811, before taxes and insurance.
However, if rates increased another half point, the down payment would need to be upped by about $9,000 to keep payments steady.
This is especially important if a borrower’s DTI ratio demands that monthly payments stay at a specific level. Without the higher down payment, they could be deemed ineligible for a larger loan amount set at a higher rate.
If a borrower were unable or unwilling to increase their down payment, the monthly payment would rise to roughly $859.
Assuming rates increased a full point to 5.5%, the down payment would need to be $57,000, up from the original $40,000 at 4.5%.
Otherwise, the monthly payment would be about $908, or roughly $100 more each month than the payment at 4.5%.
Tip: Another positive to a higher down payment is a lower LTV ratio, which should result in a lower mortgage rate in most cases (fewer pricing adjustments).
But Home Prices Might Just Fall Instead
While the housing market in its current state might call for larger down payments, or larger monthly payments (your choice), there’s also the chance it could lead to lower home prices.
If buyers are turned off and/or not qualified for mortgages with higher rates on more expensive homes, prices may need to come back down.
As seen in the second table, bid prices could drop as mortgage rates rise, per the NAHB.
So a $200,000 home at 4.5% may only be valued at $191,500 if rates were to rise to 5.5%, and just $187,500 if rates keep climbing to 6%.
Of course, there’s no clear correlation between home prices and mortgage rates. While the obvious relationship is an inverse one, the pair often moves in tandem.
For example, when the economy is doing well, housing is typically doing well, or even the cause of the economy doing well, and if all is going well, interest rates are typically moving higher to control inflation (the money supply). So it may not play out as people expect.
Read more: Check out my mortgage payment tables to compare rates on the fly.
Tax season has just come to an end, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be preparing for next year. In fact, if you organize yourself throughout the year, you will have less work to do next year, and you will be more likely to plan for credits and deductions that can help you reduce your tax liability. (Of course, before you make any tax moves, you should consult a tax professional who can help you determine what might be best for your situation.) If you are a freelancer, it is especially important that you consider your tax situation, and remain organized throughout the year. Here are some tax tips for freelancers to consider:
Separate Business from Personal
The first thing you have to do as a freelancer, whether you are a sole proprietor, or whether you set up some sort of a business (LLC or S-Corp.), is recognize the difference between business and personal. If you want to deduct something as a business expense on your taxes, you had better make sure that it is, in fact, a business expense.
If you are using it for something else part of the time, it is not a business expense. One of the few exceptions to this real is your Internet service, in which case you can estimate how much of the Internet time in your home is used for business activities and use that percentage to figure your business expense related to online use.
It is a good idea to open a separate account for business purposes. Some banks won’t let you open a business account unless you are a registered as a business organization. But, even if you are a sole proprietor, you can open a second personal account and use that for your business activities. Even if you use your freelancing as your income, it is a good idea to have your freelance earnings deposited first into the account you designate for business, and then move the money (by writing a check or some other transfer) into your personal account. Make business purchases for supplies, travel and other business expenses, using your business account, and do not make personal purchases using your business account.
Keeping all of this separate will show that you are conscientious, and if an IRS audit does happen, it will be easier to document your business expenses.
Use Financial Software
One of the best ways to get organized is to use financial software. Most financial software programs allow you to keep track of multiple accounts. You can use the financial software to track how you move money from your business account into your personal account, and you can use category tags to help you keep track of specific expenses, making your Schedule C form easier to fill out. Here are the most common expense categories that freelancers come across, as listed on Schedule C (which you use if you are a sole proprietorship — if you are an S-Corp. or LLC, you will use another form):
Advertising
Insurance (not health)
Legal and professional services
Supplies
Travel
Utilities
Repairs and maintenance
Other Expenses
There are other categories on Schedule C; look over them and set up the expense categories on your financial software to correspond with what’s on the tax forms. Note that health insurance premiums can be deducted above the line on the front of your Form 1040, if you are paying for individual insurance yourself. (If you are reporting a net profit of zero or a loss, you will have to itemize your health insurance premiums instead of using line 31.)
Keep Documentation in One Place
Have a specific file for business expenses. Keep receipts and other documentation in this file, keeping it all together, throughout the year. If you write reviews, and bought a movie ticket, make sure to keep the receipt, and then print out a copy of the review to show that you did use the experience as part of your freelance work. The same rules apply for conference attendance and related expenses. Make sure that you have something to back up the receipt.
Keeping your business expense documentation in one file makes it easy to retrieve it at tax time, and it will help you keep an eye out for proper deductions. When your tax return is filed, keep your documentation with your copy of your tax return. I like to put it all in one large manila envelope labeled with the tax year.
This is a guest post Miranda Marquit is a journalistically trained freelance writer and professional blogger working from home. She is a contributor for Mainstreet.com, Personal Dividends and several other sites. The opinions voiced in this material are for general information and are not intended to provide specific advice and/or recommendations for any individual.
*Please consult tax advisor for advice on specific situations.
Your net worth is based not only on how much moolah you have in the bank, but also on your human capital — that is, your ability to earn income. “We can think of human capital as assets specific to each person, such as intelligence, education, specialized skills, work ethic, and social skills in the workplace,” wrote Motley Fool contributor Doug Short (who has turned his own human capital into an investing website that’s popped up as far away as an Australian business TV show — it’s amazing what smart, retired people can do in their spare time).
These days, jobs are few and far between — and unemployment is poised to rise and stay high for a very long time. At a town hall meeting last year, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said gross domestic product growth would have to exceed 2.5% for the unemployment rate to fall. Unfortunately, consulting firm McKinsey says that newly-thrifty baby boomers, who are now saving at rates not seen in decades, will reduce GDP growth to just 2.4% annually for the next 30 years.
So to survive in a world of long-term high unemployment, we can’t take our jobs — or our human capital — for granted. Ask yourself these ten questions to make sure you’re investing in your most important money-making asset: You!
What’s going on in your industry and location? Employment and wage trends aren’t the same across the country. The unemployment rate is in the mid-single digits for business and financial managers, but almost 20% for those in the construction industry. North Dakotans have the lowest unemployment rate, while Michiganders have the highest. Stay up on the news to know who’s being hired, fired, promoted, and downsized in your area. It could help you land a job — or know when it’s time to leave one.
How does your company make most of its money? Most companies have more than one source of income, but not all of those revenue streams are of equal importance. Determine your company’s essential sources of income, and become an integral player in those parts of the business.
What can you do to protect your job and salary? Pretend you’re your boss and you have to decide who gets a raise and who gets a pink slip. What qualities would you look for? What makes someone indispensable at your company?
If you own a business, how can you make yourself essential to your customers? Even if you’re self-employed, you have bosses. They’re your customers, and they can fire you as easily as Donald Trump can. What can you do to make that hard for them?
Which skills could you acquire that would make you more valuable or diversify your human capital? Your value in the workplace depends on your abilities. How many things can you do, and how well do you do them? Consider working toward a degree or starting a late-night self-study regimen that expands your human capital. Keep it focused on efforts that will really pay off. Simply getting an extra degree in the sociology of Star Trek could be a waste of money.
What would you do if you were fired today? You’d probably: (1) apply at a few other places, or (2) change careers. If you’d apply elsewhere, ask yourself, “What can I add to my résumé to make them want to hire me?” If you want to begin a new career, ask yourself, “What should I be doing in my spare time to prepare?”
What can you do that you’re currently paying someone else for? Expanding your human capital includes learning how to do things so you don’t have to pay someone else to do them. This pays off even for retirees. Think about doing your own home repairs, taxes, or (ahem) financial planning (though not until you know what you’re doing).
Can you pick up side jobs to earn extra income? In our Rule Your Retirement service, we pay a team of retired financial professionals to answer subscribers’ questions. The previously mentioned Doug Short makes a tidy little income from advertisements on his website. Dabbling in extracurricular part-time work can pad your cash flow, expand your skill set, and could lead to a whole new career.
Can you sharpen your people skills? I believe it was columnist Ben Stein who said your career depends on your affability as well as your ability. (Unfortunately for Stein, that didn’t spare him from being dropped by The New York Times after showing up in commercials for a credit-score company, violating a corporate policy.) Your career depends at least partially on how pleasant, cooperative, collegial, and fun you are. So play nice!
What do you want to do with the rest of your life? You’ll probably do your best work if you’re doing what you enjoy most. This economy might not provide the greatest opportunities for you to pursue your dream job, but you can start preparing now so you’re ready when the market is.