The Adirondack Mountains are a gorgeous outdoor wonderland, attracting tourists from all over the world. The park covers 20% of New York state (3x larger than Yellowstone!). Perhaps the “ADK’s” most extraordinary natural resources are the 46 “High Peaks” in the park’s northeast corner.
Friend-of-the-blog/pod Tyler led me on one of my first High Peak adventures (hey Tyler, thanks for reading!). We conquered the Dix Range, summiting four peaks in one day, trudging ~15 miles through the mountainous woods over 11 hours
Hiking is Hard Work
It was a draining day. I drank more water than expected and chafed in…uncomfortable…ways. I ate dinner for two that night and slept like a baby and learned many applicable lessons for my next hike.
For example, during our rest breaks at the summits, I observed the other hikers around us. What were they doing that I wasn’t? Some were fit and lean, others a bit overweight. Some had expensive gear, others had gym shorts and sneakers. The pros drank from Nalgene bottles and ate rehydrated meals. The amateurs had Poland Spring bottles and Nutrigrain bars.
All shapes and sizes. There was a broad spectrum between the expertly prepared and the woefully inexperienced. Yet all of these hikers had reached the top. And hopefully they all got back to the bottom, too.
Are You Prepared?
More preparedness requires more research, more time, and more money. But it provides a higher probability of summiting the mountain(s), a more straightforward path, and the mental confidence of knowing you’re prepared.
Less preparedness is easier upfront. But is it easy in the long run? Likely not. “A stitch, in time, saves nine,” as Ben Franklin said. This idea rhymes with the concept of, “Hard choices, easy life. Easy choices, hard life.”
Where do you want to fall on the spectrum of preparedness? That’s totally your call. There is no correct answer in general, but only a correct answer for you.
You’ll hopefully reach “the summit” either way. But your preparedness provides flexibility in how easy or hard that journey will be.
Retirement Works the Same Way
In my experience running The Best Interest and working professionally in financial planning, retirement preparedness works the same way. I received a perfect example last week via email from a blog reader, Jon…
Hi Jesse, my wife and I are 56 and 58 years old, respectively, and on the verge of retirement, I hope. We have about $2M in Traditional accounts, $510K in Roth accounts, and $430K in taxable accounts. 95% of that money is invested in diversified stocks. We’ll both receive significant Social Security benefits (north of $3K/month each at age 67). We live within our means…last year our total outflow of money was just shy of $90,000. Do you think we’re ready to retire? Can we chat with you about retirement readiness?
Jon (and Eva)
Some quick math: Jon and Eva have $2.9M in assets to support an $90,000 annual lifestyle. They’re at less than a 3% annual withdrawal rate, and we haven’t even accounted for their Social Security income. They are more than set!
Do Jon and Eva need professional help? I don’t see how.
Could Jon and Eva benefitfrom professional help? I’m positive.
It’s like my adventure in the Dix Range. I conquered the mountains! I didn’t need to be more prepared. But I could have (and should have) done many things differently to make my day more manageable and eliminate the probability of failure.
Many of us don’t need intervention. But it would undoubtedly help.
Questions for Jon and Eva
I find it hard to imagine a scenario where Jon and Eva live a failed financial retirement, regardless of professional advice. They’re on course to “summit the mountain.” Still, many critical financial questions come to my mind:
They’re retiring before 59.5 (the age of normal IRA distributions). What’s their plan for funding those intervening years?
Fof 99%+ of people on the verge of retirement, a portfolio of 95% stocks is inappropriate. Red flag!
In general, how do they plan on balancing withdrawals from their Roth accounts (no tax), their Traditional accounts (fully taxable as Income), and the taxable accounts (with capital gains)? Done poorly, they’ll “leak” money to taxes.
Are they sure waiting until 67 is the optimal Social Security move for both of them? It usually isn’t.
What’s their healthcare plan before Medicare?
Do they have any significant financial goals beyond “live our normal lifestyle?” Are they prepared to fund those goals?
And many more.There are lots of puzzle pieces to retirement and many ways to arrange them.
I’m sure Jon and Eva have answers. However, my experience with similar families is that their answers are rarely optimized. While it’s terrific that they’re better off than most, there’s still room for optimization – and therefore, room for dollars saved and dollars earned.
If they were hikers, they’d be in peak physical shape (peak?!) with plenty of water. I can’t see them failing to get up the mountain. But did they bring a map and compass, just in case? Are they aware those cotton underpants are going to get very uncomfortable? Or that the trailhead parking lot is “by reservation only?”
They’ll reach the summit regardless. But their day will be more annoying than it needed to be. Who wants that?!
Is Preparedness Worth It?
Just as I wrote earlier, I’m asking Jon and Eva,
“Where do you want to fall on the spectrum of preparedness? That’s totally your call. There is no right answer in general, but only a right answer for you.”
Based only on Jon’s short email, I have plenty of questions for them. They could use a sanity check (or more) for retirement preparedness.
But preparedness costs money, time, energy, etc. Do they want to incur those costs to get more prepared? Will they see enough benefit from those costs, or are they beyond the point of diminishing returns?
Perhaps they’re ready to hit the trail as is. They’ll reach their retirement goals regardless. But they might have more annoying financial moments than needed. Who wants that?!
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 7500+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
Want to learn more about The Best Interest’s back story? Read here.
Looking for a great personal finance book, podcast, or other recommendation? Check out my favorites.
Was this post worth sharing? Click the buttons below to share!
The Adirondack Mountains are a gorgeous outdoor wonderland, attracting tourists from all over the world. The park covers 20% of New York state (3x larger than Yellowstone!). Perhaps the “ADK’s” most extraordinary natural resources are the 46 “High Peaks” in the park’s northeast corner.
Friend-of-the-blog/pod Tyler led me on one of my first High Peak adventures (hey Tyler, thanks for reading!). We conquered the Dix Range, summiting four peaks in one day, trudging ~15 miles through the mountainous woods over 11 hours
Hiking is Hard Work
It was a draining day. I drank more water than expected and chafed in…uncomfortable…ways. I ate dinner for two that night and slept like a baby and learned many applicable lessons for my next hike.
For example, during our rest breaks at the summits, I observed the other hikers around us. What were they doing that I wasn’t? Some were fit and lean, others a bit overweight. Some had expensive gear, others had gym shorts and sneakers. The pros drank from Nalgene bottles and ate rehydrated meals. The amateurs had Poland Spring bottles and Nutrigrain bars.
All shapes and sizes. There was a broad spectrum between the expertly prepared and the woefully inexperienced. Yet all of these hikers had reached the top. And hopefully they all got back to the bottom, too.
Are You Prepared?
More preparedness requires more research, more time, and more money. But it provides a higher probability of summiting the mountain(s), a more straightforward path, and the mental confidence of knowing you’re prepared.
Less preparedness is easier upfront. But is it easy in the long run? Likely not. “A stitch, in time, saves nine,” as Ben Franklin said. This idea rhymes with the concept of, “Hard choices, easy life. Easy choices, hard life.”
Where do you want to fall on the spectrum of preparedness? That’s totally your call. There is no correct answer in general, but only a correct answer for you.
You’ll hopefully reach “the summit” either way. But your preparedness provides flexibility in how easy or hard that journey will be.
Retirement Works the Same Way
In my experience running The Best Interest and working professionally in financial planning, retirement preparedness works the same way. I received a perfect example last week via email from a blog reader, Jon…
Hi Jesse, my wife and I are 56 and 58 years old, respectively, and on the verge of retirement, I hope. We have about $2M in Traditional accounts, $510K in Roth accounts, and $430K in taxable accounts. 95% of that money is invested in diversified stocks. We’ll both receive significant Social Security benefits (north of $3K/month each at age 67). We live within our means…last year our total outflow of money was just shy of $90,000. Do you think we’re ready to retire? Can we chat with you about retirement readiness?
Jon (and Eva)
Some quick math: Jon and Eva have $2.9M in assets to support an $90,000 annual lifestyle. They’re at less than a 3% annual withdrawal rate, and we haven’t even accounted for their Social Security income. They are more than set!
Do Jon and Eva need professional help? I don’t see how.
Could Jon and Eva benefitfrom professional help? I’m positive.
It’s like my adventure in the Dix Range. I conquered the mountains! I didn’t need to be more prepared. But I could have (and should have) done many things differently to make my day more manageable and eliminate the probability of failure.
Many of us don’t need intervention. But it would undoubtedly help.
Questions for Jon and Eva
I find it hard to imagine a scenario where Jon and Eva live a failed financial retirement, regardless of professional advice. They’re on course to “summit the mountain.” Still, many critical financial questions come to my mind:
They’re retiring before 59.5 (the age of normal IRA distributions). What’s their plan for funding those intervening years?
Fof 99%+ of people on the verge of retirement, a portfolio of 95% stocks is inappropriate. Red flag!
In general, how do they plan on balancing withdrawals from their Roth accounts (no tax), their Traditional accounts (fully taxable as Income), and the taxable accounts (with capital gains)? Done poorly, they’ll “leak” money to taxes.
Are they sure waiting until 67 is the optimal Social Security move for both of them? It usually isn’t.
What’s their healthcare plan before Medicare?
Do they have any significant financial goals beyond “live our normal lifestyle?” Are they prepared to fund those goals?
And many more.There are lots of puzzle pieces to retirement and many ways to arrange them.
I’m sure Jon and Eva have answers. However, my experience with similar families is that their answers are rarely optimized. While it’s terrific that they’re better off than most, there’s still room for optimization – and therefore, room for dollars saved and dollars earned.
If they were hikers, they’d be in peak physical shape (peak?!) with plenty of water. I can’t see them failing to get up the mountain. But did they bring a map and compass, just in case? Are they aware those cotton underpants are going to get very uncomfortable? Or that the trailhead parking lot is “by reservation only?”
They’ll reach the summit regardless. But their day will be more annoying than it needed to be. Who wants that?!
Is Preparedness Worth It?
Just as I wrote earlier, I’m asking Jon and Eva,
“Where do you want to fall on the spectrum of preparedness? That’s totally your call. There is no right answer in general, but only a right answer for you.”
Based only on Jon’s short email, I have plenty of questions for them. They could use a sanity check (or more) for retirement preparedness.
But preparedness costs money, time, energy, etc. Do they want to incur those costs to get more prepared? Will they see enough benefit from those costs, or are they beyond the point of diminishing returns?
Perhaps they’re ready to hit the trail as is. They’ll reach their retirement goals regardless. But they might have more annoying financial moments than needed. Who wants that?!
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 7500+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
Want to learn more about The Best Interest’s back story? Read here.
Looking for a great personal finance book, podcast, or other recommendation? Check out my favorites.
Was this post worth sharing? Click the buttons below to share!
Investing in mutual funds has become a cornerstone strategy for those looking to grow their wealth over time. With a mutual fund, you’re essentially pooling your money with other investors to buy a large portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. This collective investment approach allows individuals to participate in a diversified range of assets, which might be difficult to achieve on their own.
What exactly is a mutual fund?
At its core, a mutual fund gathers money from many investors to invest in various securities. These can include stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. The beauty of mutual funds lies in their ability to offer immediate diversification, spreading out the risk across different investments.
When you buy a share of a mutual fund, you’re buying a piece of a large, varied portfolio. For example, a single mutual fund share could include small portions of companies like Apple, Microsoft, and Berkshire Hathaway.
How Mutual Funds Work
Mutual funds are a popular choice for investors looking to diversify their portfolios without the hassle of managing each investment individually. Let’s break down how these investment vehicles operate, focusing on the collective investment strategy, the pivotal role of mutual fund managers, the principle of diversification, and the critical concept of Net Asset Value (NAV).
Pooling Money for Diverse Investments
At its most basic, a mutual fund works by pooling money from multiple investors. This pool of funds is then used to buy a wide array of securities, including stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. This collective buying power allows individual investors to access a broader range of investments than they might be able to afford or manage on their own.
The Crucial Role of Fund Managers
A mutual fund manager is a professional that is tasked with making the day-to-day decisions about where to invest the fund’s money. Their goal is to select securities that will help the fund achieve its investment objectives, whether that’s growth, income, or stability. Through their expertise, they strive to maximize returns for investors while adhering to the fund’s stated investment strategy.
Emphasizing Diversification and Risk Management
One of the key benefits of investing in mutual funds is diversification. By holding a wide variety of investments within a single fund, mutual fund investors can reduce the impact of poor performance from any single security. This strategy helps manage risk and can lead to more stable returns over time. Mutual funds make diversification easier and more accessible, particularly for investors with smaller amounts of capital.
Understanding Net Asset Value (NAV)
The net asset value (NAV) is a fundamental concept in the world of mutual funds, serving as a critical measure of a fund’s per-share market value.
The Definition and Importance of NAV
NAV represents the total value of all the securities held by the fund, minus any liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding. This figure is crucial because it determines the price at which shares of the mutual fund can be bought or sold at the end of the trading day. Investors pay close attention to NAV to assess the performance and value of their mutual fund investments.
Calculating NAV: A Closer Look
To calculate the NAV of a mutual fund, you subtract the fund’s liabilities from its assets and then divide this figure by the number of shares outstanding. This calculation is typically done at the end of each trading day to reflect the current market value of the fund’s holdings. By understanding NAV, mutual fund investors can make informed decisions about when to buy or sell shares of a mutual fund, ensuring they are aligned with their investment strategies and goals.
Types of Mutual Funds
Investors have a wide array of mutual fund types to choose from, each catering to different investment goals, risk tolerances, and time horizons. Understanding the nuances of these various funds can significantly aid in constructing a diversified and effective investment portfolio. Here’s a comprehensive look at some of the key types of mutual funds available:
Equity Funds (Stock Funds)
Equity funds, or stock funds, are mutual funds that invest primarily in stocks of publicly traded companies. They are categorized based on the market capitalization of the companies they invest in (small-cap, mid-cap, large-cap) or their investment strategy (growth, value, dividend income).
Equity funds aim to provide capital appreciation over the long term and can be either actively managed, where a fund manager picks stocks to try to outperform the market, or passively managed, mimicking the performance of a specific index.
Fixed-Income Funds (Bond Funds)
Fixed-income funds, often referred to as bond funds, invest in bonds and other debt securities that pay a fixed rate of return. These funds are designed to provide investors with steady income and are generally considered less risky than equity funds. They can invest in various types of bonds, including government bonds, municipal bonds, and corporate bonds, each offering different levels of risk and return.
Asset Allocation Funds
Asset allocation funds are designed to invest across different asset classes, including stocks, bonds, and sometimes alternative investments like real estate or commodities. These funds adjust their asset allocation based on the fund’s investment objectives and the current market conditions, aiming to balance risk and return. They can be a good choice for investors looking for a diversified investment in a single fund.
Index Funds
Index funds aim to replicate the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average, by investing in the securities that make up that index. These funds are known for their low expense ratios and passive management strategy, making them an attractive option for cost-conscious investors seeking market-matching returns.
Target Date Funds
Target date funds are a type of asset allocation fund that automatically adjusts its investment mix as the fund’s target date (usually retirement) approaches, shifting from more aggressive investments to more conservative ones. These funds are designed for investors who prefer a hands-off approach to managing their retirement savings.
Money Market Funds
Money market funds invest in short-term, high-quality debt securities, such as Treasury bills and commercial paper. They aim to provide investors with a safe place to invest easily accessible, liquid assets, offering a higher return than regular savings accounts, though with slightly higher risk.
Commodity Funds
Commodity funds invest in physical commodities, such as gold, oil, or agricultural products, or in commodity-linked derivative instruments. These funds can offer investors a hedge against inflation and a way to diversify their portfolios away from traditional stocks and bonds, though they can be more volatile.
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Funds
ESG funds select investments based on ethical, social, and environmental criteria, in addition to financial considerations. Investors who wish to align their investment choices with their personal values may find these funds appealing. ESG funds can invest across a range of industries and asset classes, excluding companies that do not meet specific ethical standards.
Setting Up a Mutual Fund Account
Embarking on your mutual fund investment journey begins with setting up an account. This process is straightforward, but there are a few key considerations to keep in mind to ensure you’re making informed decisions right from the start.
Here’s a step-by-step guide to getting your mutual fund account up and running, along with insights into selecting a broker and understanding the fees involved.
Step-by-Step Guide to Opening an Account
Determine your investment amount: Start by deciding how much money you’re ready to invest. Mutual funds often have minimum investment requirements, but these can vary widely from one fund to another.
Choose a broker or investment platform: Research brokers or investment platforms that offer access to the mutual funds you’re interested in. Look for platforms that align with your investment goals and budget.
Understand the fees: Before making your choice, thoroughly investigate the fees associated with buying, holding, and selling mutual funds on the platform. These can include management fees, transaction fees, and any other charges that could affect your investment’s growth.
Open your account: Once you’ve chosen a broker or platform, go ahead and open your account. This process typically involves providing some personal information and setting up a way to fund your account.
Start investing: With your account open, you’re ready to start buying shares of mutual funds. Consider starting with a diversified fund that aligns with your risk tolerance and investment goals.
Selecting a Broker and Understanding Fees
When choosing a broker or investment platform, consider not only the fees but also the services and support offered. Some investors prefer platforms with robust educational resources and customer service, while others might prioritize low fees or the availability of a wide range of funds. Understanding the fee structure is crucial because fees can significantly impact your investment returns over time.
Making Money and Managing Risks with Mutual Funds
Investing in mutual funds can be a profitable endeavor, but it’s important to understand how returns are generated and the risks involved. Here’s what you need to know about making money with mutual funds and managing the inherent risks of investing in the market.
How Investors Earn Returns
Mutual fund returns can come from several sources, including dividend payments from stocks within the fund, interest payments from bonds, and capital gains from selling securities at a higher price than they were purchased.
The fund’s performance, and consequently, your return as an investor, is influenced by the market performance of its underlying investments. As the value of the fund’s holdings increases, so does the value of your shares in the fund.
Understanding the Risks and Market Volatility
While mutual funds can offer a more diversified and thus potentially less risky investment than individual stocks, they are not immune to market volatility. The value of your investment can fluctuate based on overall market conditions, the performance of the securities within the fund, and economic factors. Diversification can help manage risk, but it cannot eliminate it entirely.
It’s vital to have a long-term perspective and recognize that market fluctuations are a normal part of investing. By staying informed about your investments and maintaining a diversified portfolio aligned with your risk tolerance and financial goals, you can navigate market volatility more effectively and work towards achieving your investment objectives.
Comparing Mutual Funds with ETFs
When expanding your investment portfolio, understanding the differences between mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) is crucial. Both investment types offer unique advantages and come with distinct fee structures and management styles.
Differences Between Mutual Funds and ETFs
Mutual funds are investment vehicles that pool money from many investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. They are typically managed by a professional fund manager and are bought or sold at the end of the trading day based on the fund’s net asset value (NAV).
ETFs, on the other hand, are similar in that they also pool investor money to buy securities, but they trade like stocks on an exchange. This means they can be bought and sold throughout the trading day at market prices that can fluctuate.
Fee Structures and Management Styles
Mutual funds often have higher expense ratios due to active management, where fund managers make decisions on which securities to buy or sell. ETFs tend to have lower fees, partly because many are passively managed, aiming to track the performance of a specific index rather than outperforming the market.
See also: What’s the Difference Between ETFs and Mutual Funds?
Benefits of Investing in Mutual Funds
Mutual funds offer several advantages that make them an attractive option for individual investors, including diversification, liquidity, and professional management.
Diversification
By investing in a mutual fund, you gain access to a broad array of securities in one transaction. This diversification can help reduce your investment risk by spreading it across various assets.
Liquidity
Mutual funds offer high liquidity, meaning you can buy or sell your shares of the fund at the end of each trading day at the NAV, making it easier to manage your investments.
Professional Management
Actively managed mutual funds benefit from the expertise of a fund manager who makes investment decisions aimed at achieving the fund’s objectives. This is particularly valuable for investors who do not have the time or experience to manage their investments.
Fund managers actively select and manage the investments within the fund to try to outperform the market, providing a potential advantage over passively managed funds.
Withdrawing Money from Mutual Funds
Withdrawing money from your mutual fund investments can have financial implications, especially when it comes to retirement accounts.
Penalties and Taxes on Withdrawals
If you withdraw from a mutual fund within a retirement account like an IRA or 401(k) before the age of 59 and a half, you may face early withdrawal penalties and income taxes on the amount withdrawn. For non-retirement accounts, selling shares of a mutual fund can trigger capital gains taxes if the investment has increased in value.
Starting Your Mutual Fund Investment
Beginning your journey with mutual funds involves a few key steps, including understanding the initial investment requirements and the importance of research.
Initial Investment Requirements
Mutual funds often have minimum investment requirements, which can vary significantly from one fund to another. It’s important to choose a fund that matches your financial situation and investment goals.
Importance of Research and Understanding Fund Performance
Before investing, thoroughly research potential mutual funds to understand their investment strategy, past performance, and fee structure. Reviewing historical returns can provide insight into how the fund performs in different market conditions, helping you make an informed decision.
Final Thoughts
Diving into mutual fund investments offers a promising path to wealth growth and achieving your financial aspirations. It’s crucial to engage in thorough research and choose mutual funds that best match your investment goals and risk appetite. Mutual funds are integral to a diverse investment strategy, providing the benefits of diversification, expert management, and liquidity.
Being well-informed is key to investment success. Take the initiative to explore the various mutual fund options, their past performances, fee structures, and their role in your overall investment portfolio. With careful selection and strategic planning, mutual funds can significantly contribute to a robust and prosperous financial future.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the differences between actively and passively managed mutual funds?
Actively managed funds are managed by professionals who actively select investments to outperform the market, leading to higher fees. Passively managed funds, or index funds, aim to mirror the performance of a specific index, resulting in lower fees due to less frequent trading and lower operational costs.
How do mutual fund dividends work?
Mutual fund dividends come from the income generated by the fund’s investments. Shareholders can either receive these dividends as cash or reinvest them to buy more shares of the fund. The approach depends on the fund’s distribution policy and the investor’s preference.
Can I lose money in a mutual fund?
Yes, investing in mutual funds carries the risk of loss. The value of a mutual fund can decrease if the investments it holds lose value. Market volatility and economic changes can affect the fund’s performance, potentially leading to losses.
How do I choose the right mutual fund for me?
Choosing the right mutual fund involves considering your investment goals, risk tolerance, the fund’s performance history, fee structure, and the fund manager’s track record. It’s important to select a fund that aligns with your financial objectives and comfort with risk.
How often should I review my mutual fund investments?
Review your mutual fund investments at least annually or when your financial situation or goals change. This helps ensure your investments remain aligned with your objectives and allows you to make adjustments based on the fund’s performance and changes in the market.
What is the impact of taxes on mutual fund investments?
Taxes on mutual fund investments can affect your returns, especially for funds in non-retirement accounts. Dividends and capital gains distributions are taxable events. Selling shares at a profit also triggers capital gains taxes. Investing in tax-efficient funds or using tax-advantaged accounts can help minimize the tax impact.
Let’s discuss the proper way to account for inflation in retirement and FIRE planning.
I lurk in some online personal finance forums, and what I see scares me. I see “the blind leading the blind” discussing how to account for inflation as part of your retirement or financial independence plan.
These mistakes can be gut-wrenching. If you double-count inflation, you’ll assume a worse-than-real future and mistakenly believe retirement is impossible. But if you improperly discount inflation, you’ll assume a better-than-real future and torpedo your retirement with false hopes.
We’re going to fix that today.
What’s the Problem in the First Place?
The problem is that it’s challenging to understand if/when/how to apply inflation. It’s entirely understandable. Inflation is a weird phenomenon and the math isn’t intuitive.
Should you inflate your current salary into the future? What about your current spending? What about investment returns? You’ve probably heard of the 4% Rule; but how does inflation affect its usage?
All great questions. We’ll answer them all today.
The True World vs. The Convenient World
I’ve heard intelligent people tackle this concept before. It’s tough. Lots of numbers are involved. There are mysterious rules about when to apply those numbers and when not to. My friends Cody Garrett and Brad Barrett expertly tackled this topic on a recent episode of ChooseFI. :
As I listened to Cody and Brad, I thought: a few visual aids and analogies might help here.
My preferred analogy is what I call “The True World” vs. “The Convenient World.”
“The True World” involves numbers as they actuallyexist in our society and economy.
“The Convenient World” involves shortcuts that financial experts frequently use.
I’ll explain both worlds below.
Good news: you can do math in either world and get correct answers for your life. Hooray! This is wonderful. It shows the power of smart mathematics.
Bad news: you cannot flip-flop between worlds. You must do all your math in “The True World” or do all your math in “The Convenient World.”
The problems I see every week arise when DIYers flip-flop between worlds. So I say again: you cannot flip-flop between worlds!
Let’s describe these worlds.
The True World
Let’s talk about The True World a.k.a. our actual society and economy.
Inflation: inflation exists in the True World, typically varying between 2% and 4% per year. We don’t know what future inflation will look like. But it’s reasonable to use a benchmark like 3% per year.
Stock returns: stock returns vary in the True World and can do so by significant amounts. Still, a pattern emerges when we zoom out to large time scales (20+ years). On average, a diversified stock portfolio has returned ~10% per year over long periods. It’s reasonable to use that 10% benchmark for the future. $100 this year turns into $110 next year.
Bond returns: bond returns also vary in the True World, though typically by smaller amounts than stocks. Over the past 100 years, intermediate-term, high-grade bonds have returned ~5% per year. It’s reasonable to use that 5% benchmark for the future. $100 this year turns into $105 next year.
In the three bullets above, I made an interesting assumption: that the future will closely resemble the past. You’re allowed to disagree with me and say, for example, that you want to assume inflation will be 4% ongoing and stock returns will be 8% ongoing. That’s fine.
The critical point is that all your numbers occur here in the True World. Inflation is above zero. Stocks and bond returns are measured using the actual amount of dollars. When we combine these factors, we conclude:
Your future income will be higher than your current one, increasing with inflation.
Your future raises will be greater than current, increasing with inflation
Your future spending will be higher than current, increasing with inflation.
Your future annual savings will be higher than current, increasing with inflation.
Your future nest egg will grow by some mix of true-world return percentages (assuming you build a diversified portfolio).
Keep those four components in mind: income, raises, savings & spending, and investment growth.
If you do all of your future planning using “True World” numbers, your analysis results will show reality as it is. That’s the goal.
The Convenient World
In the True World, as we’ve seen, it seems everything gets adjusted up by inflation. Lame! And also a bit tedious. Can’t we just do a mathematical trick to remove inflation from the equation entirely?
Yes. That’s exactly right. Some intelligent people wanted to make The True World more convenient for us. We’re here today (discussing a confusing financial planning topic) because of that desire for convenience.
…which, in my opinion, is a great idea! Unfortunately, those good intentions paved the road to our present confusing situation. Those intelligent people said,
“Three of our four main components (income, raises, spending & saving) are adjusted by annual inflation. To make the math easier, let’s remove inflation. No more adjustments! But to even out all facets of the equation, we must also decrease the investment growth by the inflation rate.”
The Convenient World contains no inflation! Here in the Convenient World, our four components are:
Your future income will equal your current income (assuming no merit-based raises).
There are no raises (at least, no “cost of living” or “COLA” raises)
Your future annual spending & saving will equal your current values.
Your investments will grow by a mix of true-world return percentages minus the annual inflation rate.
There’s no inflation in any of the four factors. While we’ve decreased our future spending needs, we also decrease the amount we save in the future and the rate at which our investments grow. Everything is a bit muted in The Convenient World.
But because we’ve discounted inflation in both positive ways (less future spending) and negative ways (less investment growth), you can do future planning using these “Convenient World” numbers and your results will show reality as it is.
Don’t Believe Me?
“But Jesse! How can the math work if we remove inflation in retirement and FIRE planning?! We’re ignoring a very real phenomenon!”
Trust me. Trust the math. Take a look at this simple spreadsheet.
The True World tab uses true world data. The Convenient World tab removes inflation entirely as I’ve described above.
Both tabs yield the same exact retirement savings results (Column I).
What About “The 4% Rule?”
The famous 4% rule throws an important question at us.
As my 4% rule explainer article details, the 4% rule builds inflation into its math. The creators of the 4% rule told us, “Hey future retiree – don’t you worry about inflation in retirement, we’ve already built it into our mathematical construct. All you need to worry about is hitting your 4% or 25x nest egg goal at your retirement date.”
What’s that sound like? What world washes inflation away? The Convenient World!
Now, the 4% Rule applies starting Day 1 of Retirement and extends until the day you meet Charlie Munger (RIP). That stretch of time is covered by the 4% rule (or whatever retirement rule/simulation you choose to utilize).
How should you get from today to Day 1 of Retirement? I recommend continuing to do all of your math in The Convenient World. Remove inflation from your numbers altogether.
Can you mix and match? While dangerous, the answer is technically yes!
To get from Today to Your Retirement Date, you can either:
Do all your math in The Convenient World, where both your future annual spending AND your future nest egg need will be muted values, but the ratio of those two will be 4% or 25x.
Do all your math in The True World, where both your future annual spending AND your future nest egg will reflect reality, and the ratio of those two will be 4% or 25x.
You can technically use True World math to get from Today to Your Retirement Date, and then let the 4% Rule (which is Convenient World math) take over from there.
But you CANNOT mix-and-match True World and Convenient World math when determining how to get from Today to Your Retirement Date.
In this example, both True and Convenient math get us to a place we can start using the 4% Rule.
But – Those Future Nest Egg Amounts Are Different?!
We’re sitting here in 2024. The True World tells us we’ll need $3.75M to retire in 2040. The Convenient World tells us we’ll need $1.875M. Those two numbers are vastly different…so which one is right?
The way to think about that is:
We’ll need $1.875M to retire as measured in 2024 dollars
We’ll need $3.75M to retire as measured in 2040 dollars
Either way, the most important takeaway from these types of planning analyses is to understand what we need to do right nowin 2024 to hit these future goals. Then we can revisit in 2025, 2026, etc.
Thankfully, both True and Convenient math will inform us precisely what we need to do here in 2024. Both methods would tell us, for example, “You need to save $30,000 in 2024 to stay on track for your retirement goal.”
What About “Real” vs. “Nominal” Returns
You might have heard of “real returns” and “nominal returns” before. I use those terms regularly here on The Best Interest, but I’ve intentionally excluded them so far in our discussion of inflation in retirement and FIRE planning.
The reason is that “real returns” confuses my analogy of “The True World.” Ugh.
Investment professionals use the term “nominal returns” to describe the actual dollar amounts that investments are increasing/decreasing by. If $100 turns into $110, the nominal return is 10%. In other words, nominal returns exist in The True World.
Investment pros use “real returns” to describe whether investments increase your purchasing power. In other words, have the investments outperformed inflation? If $100 turns into $110 but there was also 4% inflation, the real return is ~5.77%. “Real returns” exist in The Convenient World.
Yes, it’s confusing. You’ve been warned. Good luck.
Lessons and Takeaways
What have we learned?
Inflation in retirement and FIRE planning is a touchy topic. It’s not intuitive or easy. In fact, it requires great attention to detail.
You can use True World numbers and get all the answers you need.
You can use Convenient World math that excludes inflation, and you’ll also get the answers you need.
I recommend against mixing and matching. That said, if you’re very comfortable with the math, you can mix-and-match and end up fine.
You don’t want to mess this up. Misapplying inflation (a ~3% annual mistake) compounded over decades will lead you to a dark place.
Talk to an expert if you need to. CFP financial planners know how to handle this. Modern financial planning software takes care of the math for you.
Go get ’em!
PS: Here’s a straightforward financial independence and 4% rule calculator where you can input your own data.
PPS – you’ll notice my calculator does all its math in The Convenient World!
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 7500+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
Want to learn more about The Best Interest’s back story? Read here.
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A 401(k) is an integral part of many people’s retirement strategies. But did you know you may be able to take out a loan against it?
There are plenty of pros and cons associated with this plan. However, it can be beneficial to avoid the loan application process, credit check, and heavy interest associated with many lenders.
It’s a big decision to make, so we’ll walk you through the entire process to help you understand exactly what to expect with a 401(k) loan.
Ready to get started?
What is a 401(k) loan?
If your employer offers a 401(k) to employees as part of your retirement savings strategy, chances are you could be eligible to take out a loan from your contributions.
After all, among both mid and large-sized companies, a full 94% allow 401(k) loans on the money you have contributed. In addition, 73% of these employers also allow employees to borrow money against the employer’s contributions.
So, you can borrow money from your own retirement savings rather than waiting for them to accumulate or paying a 10% penalty tax as you would with a traditional IRA.
Eligibility Criteria for a 401(k) Loan
There are a few restrictions surrounding a 401(k) loan. While we mentioned that many larger companies typically allow you to borrow for your account, not all do. You can find out about your workplace policy by referencing your employee handbook or contacting the human resources department.
You also must still be working at the company where you had your 401(k) to take out a loan. So if you left willingly or were fired, unfortunately, you aren’t able to take advantage of this opportunity.
There are also some limits on how much you can borrow from your account. IRS regulations state that you can only borrow the smaller of the following two options:
$50,000 or
Half the amount of your vested account balance
Your interest rate is also determined by when you borrow. That’s because it’s typically set at the prime rate plus an extra 1% to 2%. So if the prime rate is at 4.25% and your employer’s 401(k) plan adds 2%, you’re looking at a 6.25% interest rate. The interest does, however, go directly back into your retirement account.
Benefits of Borrowing from Your 401(k)
Like any financial product, the 401(k) loan comes with both pros and cons. Some experts scream that you should never touch your retirement savings, while others have noted countless success stories.
It’s essential to weigh the positives and negatives concerning your situation thoroughly. Then, you can make a fully informed decision on whether a 401(k) loan is right for you specifically.
Being your own lender comes with a few perks.
Easy Approval
First, you don’t have to fill out an application. There’s no underwriting process since the funds are already in your name. You also don’t have to worry about any type of minimum credit score.
So if you need an infusion of cash for some reason but have gone through a rough financial patch, you can sidestep a bad credit loan and the accompanying bad credit.
Repayment Terms
Repaying a 401(k) loan involves direct deductions from your paycheck, which reduces your take-home pay. For example, a monthly repayment of $200 will decrease a $3,000 take-home pay to $2,800. It’s important to budget with this reduced income in mind.
If repayments are missed, the loan may default. The remaining balance then becomes a taxable distribution, potentially incurring a 10% early withdrawal penalty if you’re under 59 ½. This could significantly raise the loan’s cost.
Remember, while repaying the loan, the borrowed funds aren’t earning investment returns, impacting your retirement savings growth. Consider these factors carefully to understand how a 401(k) loan fits into your financial planning.
Use of Loan Funds
401(k) loans offer flexibility in how you can use the borrowed funds, whether for home repairs, education, or debt consolidation. However, it’s crucial to use this money responsibly. Since these funds are part of your retirement savings, using them for non-essential expenses can jeopardize your financial future.
Consider the long-term implications before diverting retirement savings for current expenses. It’s wise to reserve 401(k) loans for situations that contribute to your financial stability or urgent needs, rather than discretionary spending. Misusing these funds can lead to a shortfall in your retirement account, affecting your financial security in your later years.
Lower Interest Rate
Borrowing from your 401(k) typically offers a lower interest rate compared to credit cards or personal loans. This can be a cost-effective borrowing option, especially if you’re facing high-interest debt. However, consider the long-term impact on your retirement savings when opting for a 401(k) loan.
Drawbacks of Borrowing from Your 401(k)
It’s important to consider both the short- and long-term impacts of taking money out of your 401(k).
Double Taxed
Double taxation on a 401(k) loan can be confusing. Essentially, when you repay the loan, you do so with after-tax dollars. This means the money you use for repayment has already been taxed as part of your income taxes. Later, when you withdraw from your 401(k) in retirement, you are taxed again on these funds.
For example, if you pay $1000 back into your 401(k) as loan repayment, this $1000 has already been taxed as part of your salary. When you retire and withdraw this money, it’s taxed again as income.
Further Contributions
You also may not be allowed to continue making retirement contributions during the repayment period. It depends on your employer’s plan. During this process, your retirement nest egg could suffer.
First, you’d lose any gains made on the funds you took out. Then, you’d be taking a hiatus for at least a few years. That can really add up when you think about compounding gains.
Leaving Your Job Could Accelerate Loan Repayment
If you leave your job, voluntarily or not, while a 401(k) loan is outstanding, the remaining balance often becomes due within 60 days. This can create a significant financial burden, especially if the loan amount is large.
Plan carefully and consider the stability of your current employment situation before taking a 401(k) loan, as unforeseen job changes could lead to challenging repayment demands.
Financial Penalties from Defaulting on a 401(k) Loan
Failing to repay a 401(k) loan can lead to significant financial consequences. If you default, the unpaid balance is treated as a taxable distribution. For those under 59 ½, this also incurs a 10% early withdrawal penalty.
These penalties, combined with the owed taxes, can substantially increase the cost of the loan, impacting your current financial health and diminishing your retirement savings.
Repayment Process: How to Manage Your 401(k) Loan
If you decide to take out a 401(k) loan, make sure you understand how the loan repayment process works. Your loan payments are taken directly out of your paycheck, but there is a certain degree of risk involved. If, for some reason, you can’t (or simply don’t) make a payment for 90 days, you’ll incur significant penalties.
It’s almost considered to be a short-term default because you’ll pay taxes on it and the 10% early withdrawal penalty on the amount owed.
When you take out a 401(k) loan, you don’t have to pay any type of application fee or origination fee, so it seems like a low-cost option. But again, you have to consider the money you’re losing by not having as much invested in your account.
A great way to analyze the numbers is to use a retirement calculator. You can figure out how much you’d have to sacrifice to get your loan funds right away, and then decide whether it’s worthwhile.
Is a 401(k) loan right for you?
This is a personal decision, and there are many factors to consider regarding whether a 401(k) loan is a good idea. First, think about how far away you are from retirement. If you’re expecting to start making withdrawals in the near future, you may want to reconsider dipping into that money ahead of schedule.
If you’re further away from retirement, you have more time to make up for any financial losses you’d incur while the loan is out. Just make a plan to ensure you’re able to catch up over time.
Of course, your intended use for your 401(k) loan funds also affects whether it’s a good choice. Short-term uses are a little less worrisome. For example, if you’re using it for a down payment on a house and can quickly repay the loan, it can be a good way to avoid those penalties.
But if you’re using the 401(k) loan as a band-aid during an ongoing financial downturn, you may want to think again. Is it really solving the problem or just providing temporary relief?
Furthermore, think twice about using your 401(k) loan to pay off debts. If you’re still in financial trouble, you can lose your existing assets.
But retirement savings are typically protected from any kind of insolvency, but not if they’ve been taken out as a loan. If there’s a chance you might lose the money permanently, try to find another solution.
Alternatives to Using Your 401(k) for a Loan
A 401(k) loan isn’t the only alternative to a traditional personal loan. Here are a few other options to consider.
Emergency Savings
Ideally, you have accessible cash set aside to use in the case of a financial emergency. Most experts recommend at least six months of income to tide yourself over. Just make sure any use of this money truly is for an emergency.
Home Equity Loan
Home equity loans are for people who have a fair amount of equity in their homes. It’s essentially a second mortgage, but the repayment term lasts a much shorter period. The pro is that the interest you pay on the loan is tax-deductible.
401(k) Taxable Withdrawal
Here’s another way to utilize your 401(k) funds. Instead of taking a loan, you may be able to take out a hardship withdrawal. If you’re using the money for medical needs, you may be able to avoid the 10% penalty, although you’d still have to pay income taxes on whatever you take out.
IRA 72(t) Withdrawal
IRA 72(t) withdrawals offer an alternative to borrowing from your 401(k), especially for those with substantial IRA funds. Under IRS Rule 72(t), you can take early, penalty-free withdrawals from your IRA, provided the withdrawals are part of a series of substantially equal periodic payments (SEPPs). These payments must continue for 5 years or until you reach age 59 ½, whichever is longer.
This option requires careful calculation, as the SEPPs must be based on one of three IRS-approved methods. It’s important to note that once started, the 72(t) payments must be taken as scheduled, and any deviation can result in retroactive penalties. Consider consulting a financial advisor to understand how these withdrawals could affect your long-term retirement savings and tax situation.
Bottom Line
Deciding on a 401(k) loan involves balancing immediate financial needs with long-term retirement goals. While it offers immediate liquidity and potentially lower interest rates, the impact on your future savings and the risks associated with job changes and loan defaults must be carefully weighed.
Financial planning is a dynamic process, requiring you to consider both present circumstances and future aspirations. A 401(k) loan can be a strategic tool in your financial toolkit, but it demands careful consideration and thorough understanding of its terms and consequences.
Before proceeding, explore all financial options, assess the stability of your employment, and consider seeking advice from a financial advisor. The key is to make an informed decision that aligns with both your immediate financial needs and your long-term retirement objectives.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I take out a loan from my 401(k)?
Most 401(k) plans allow you to borrow up to 50% of your vested account balance, up to a maximum of $50,000. You will need to fill out a loan application and provide documentation of your loan purpose and repayment schedule.
What are the repayment terms of a 401(k) loan?
Repayment terms vary by plan, but you are typically given 5 years to repay the loan. However, if the loan is used to purchase a primary residence, the repayment period can be extended to 10 years. You must make regular payments that include both principal and interest.
Does taking a 401(k) loan affect my credit score?
No, a 401(k) loan is not reported to credit bureaus and therefore has no direct impact on your credit score. However, it’s important to manage these loans responsibly as they can affect your long-term financial health.
Are there any penalties for defaulting on a 401(k) loan?
Yes, if you default on a loan from your 401(k) plan, you will be subject to taxes and penalties on the amount of the loan.
Can I take a 401(k) loan if I already have an outstanding loan from the same plan?
This depends on your plan’s rules. Some plans allow multiple loans, while others restrict the number of outstanding loans. Check with your plan administrator for details.
Are there any restrictions on how I can use the money from a 401(k) loan?
Yes, most plans restrict the use of loan proceeds to specific purposes, such as purchasing a primary residence or paying for college tuition and expenses.
Can I make extra payments on my 401(k) loan?
Yes, you can make extra payments on your 401(k) loan. This can help you pay off the loan sooner and reduce the amount of interest you pay.
What happens if I cannot repay my 401(k) loan due to financial hardship?
If you face financial hardship and can’t repay your loan, it may be considered a distribution and subject to taxes and penalties. It’s crucial to consider this risk before taking a loan.
The more conversations I have (both via The Best Interest and my full-time job), the more I see people overlooking and underestimating the most foundational principle of personal finance.
What is this simple fundamental? I’ll get to it in 30 seconds.
Instead of focusing on this fundamental, though, investing usually gets the glory.
“Should I invest in stocks? Which companies? What’s going to happen in 2024?”
“How much should I put in my 401(k)? What about my Roth?”
“Are 529 accounts worthwhile? What about HSA accounts?”
These are all good questions that someone should eventually understand. I get it. Investing is cool!
If not investing, then taxes are the next most popular topic.
“We earned way more income this year than we expected…any tricks to reduce my tax bill?”
“I’m retiring soon and worried about RMDs…how do I go about tax planning?”
Again, I get it. Who wants to overpay taxes? It’s another great topic. But both investing and taxes put the cart before the horse.
Because the financial fundamental that most people overlook is monthly cash flow. Your cash flow is the foundation of everything else in your economic life. All the other important stuff (investing, tax planning, all of it) comes after understanding your monthly cash flow.
What is “Monthly Cash Flow?”
What, precisely, do I mean by “monthly cash flow?” Quite simply, it’s your Income minus your Expenses. Yes – it’s that simple. Income minus expenses. Simple, but not easy.
When experts evangelize “spend less than you earn” or “pay yourself first,” they preach the gospel of positive monthly cash flow. When they suggest you budget and track your expenses, they ask you to measure your monthly cash flow.
After all, where are your investment dollars coming from? You’re not pulling them from thin air. They can only come from having a positive monthly cash flow. Investing follows positive cash flow.
A negative monthly cash flow has an inevitable – and painful – floor. You’ll run out of money. You’ll go into debt. Or go bankrupt. However you define it, you’ll achieve financial failure. None of us want that. Charles Dickens had a point in his novel David Copperfield, where the character Wilkins Micawber stated:
“Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure nineteen nineteen and six, result happiness. Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure twenty pound ought and six, result misery.”
Measuring Monthly Cash Flow
How do you measure monthly cash flow? I have two suggestions:
Up until ~June this year, I used the app YNAB religiously. I’ll explain why I stopped below. But I still think YNAB is the best budgeting/tracking app out there, and I’d recommend it before any others. YNAB is detailed, granular, and a perfect tool for measuring monthly cash flow.
But now that I’m married, my wife and I wanted to combine finances – including finding a budgeting/tracking method that works for both of us. We settled on a simple Google Sheets spreadsheet. We update the sheet every month with our current account figures. That allows me to do a month-to-month comparison and measure monthly cash flow.
If you’re not doing something like this, I’m concerned for you. Why? Because I’ve seen firsthand where someone:
Knew their income. It’s easy to measure, after all. Their family took home $10,000 per month.
And they assumed they knew their expenses. Roughly $7,000 per month.
Hooray! Positive cash flow of $3,000 per month…right?!
So, I asked this person:
Great. If we look back on your bank accounts (and investing accounts) from a year ago, can we see the (roughly) $36,000 in growth? …a $3,000 monthly surplus times 12 months = $36,000. We should be able to see that money and check that your cash flow measurement is accurate.
Can you guess where this is going? The money wasn’t there. There was no measurable growth over the past year whatsoever. I see this same story play out over, and over, and over…
You’re probably asking yourself: How can that be?! How can someone be “missing” $36,000 per year?
It’s always the same culprit. Always. They assumed they knew their expenses at $7,000 per month. They were wrong. It’s that simple.
They either measured poorly, or didn’t measure at all, or created a budget before spending and then never tracked their real spending after the fact.
Perhaps they accounted for typical monthly expenses but forgot to include big, one-time expenses. Your $10,000 family vacation is very real, even if it’s not a monthly expense. Pro tip: take those big one-time expenses and divide them by 12. You now have a monthly expense to add to the ledger.
A poor understanding of your expenses (your spending!) is both common and near-impossible to overcome. You have to earn a ridiculous amount of money to no longer care about your spending. One reader confessed to me that his annual income has been ~$400,000 for 10+ years, but he has barely saved beyond his 401(k).
How?! Spending.
It’s very rarely a poor understanding of your income. Income is usually one or two paychecks a month. Very easy.
Spending involves dozens (maybe hundreds?) of transactions per month. Measuring spending is tedious. And it might force you to face painful conclusions, like, “I haven’t been on the Pelaton in 8 months, but I’m still paying for it…”
Nevertheless, you can’t manage what you don’t measure. You need to understand your spending to know your monthly cashflow.
Brick By Brick…
Personal finance can be thought of like a building. It takes planning, “materials,” and plenty of time to build.
Your monthly cash flow is the foundation upon which all growth occurs. If you know it, you’re rock solid. If not, you’re building on quicksand.
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 7500+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
Want to learn more about The Best Interest’s back story? Read here.
Looking for a great personal finance book, podcast, or other recommendation? Check out my favorites.
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When you think about retirement planning, you may feel like you’re doing alright, especially if you’re contributing part of your monthly paycheck to your employer-sponsored 401(k) plan. You may even have visions of growing old by the ocean or tapping into your Bohemian side with some global travel.
But to truly live the retired life you dream of, rather than scraping the bottom of your savings accounts, you need to be well-prepared. While a 401(k) is a great start, there are other tools you can take advantage of to diversify and maximize your retirement savings.
That’s where a Roth IRA comes in.
This tax-friendly retirement account can not only bolster your retirement money but can also help relieve your future tax burden. An IRA does come with a few rules attached to it, plus some eligibility requirements. However, when used wisely, it can really work to your advantage when it comes time to retire.
We’ll take you step-by-step through everything you need to know to make sure you qualify and how to use a Roth IRA to its fullest.
What is a Roth IRA?
A Roth IRA (Individual Retirement Account) is a type of retirement savings account that allows you to save and invest money for retirement on a tax-advantaged basis.
Contributions to a Roth IRA are made with after-tax dollars, meaning you cannot claim a tax deduction for the money you contribute. However, once the money is in the account, it can grow tax-free, and you can withdraw it tax-free in retirement.
This can be extremely beneficial because the money you contribute to a Roth IRA should grow (ideally substantially) between when you put cash in and when you start to take it out. But since you pay income taxes on it the first time around, you don’t have to do it again, even though the amount is larger.
You get to pick the investments in which to place your Roth IRA funds, such as:
How does a Roth IRA work?
A Roth IRA comes with many tax benefits, which is why it’s so popular these days. Even if you have a 401(k), it’s a great tax-advantaged addition to your retirement plan. And if you’re self-employed or don’t have a 401(k) at work, it’s a good start to investing for your retirement goals.
Here’s how a Roth IRA works:
Eligibility: To be eligible to contribute to a Roth IRA, you must have earned income and your income must fall below certain thresholds.
Contributions: You can contribute up to a certain amount each year to a Roth IRA, depending on your age and income. Contributions are made with after-tax dollars and are not tax-deductible.
Investment options: You can invest the money in your Roth IRA in a variety of ways, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
Tax benefits: Earnings on your investments grow tax-free, and you can withdraw your contributions and earnings tax-free in retirement as long as you meet certain conditions.
Withdrawals: You can withdraw your contributions to a Roth IRA at any time without penalty. However, you may owe taxes and a penalty if you withdraw your earnings before you reach age 59 1/2 and have not held the account for at least five years.
Roth IRAs can be a valuable tool for saving for retirement, especially for people who expect to be in a higher tax bracket in retirement than they are now.
How much can you contribute to a Roth IRA?
As long as you meet certain income requirements (which we’ll discuss shortly), you can contribute up to $6,000 a year to your Roth IRA. That number jumps to $7,000 if you’re at least 50 years old, helping you catch up financially and get ready faster as you approach retirement.
Plus, there are no minimum Roth IRA contribution limits when you turn 70 ½. So, you can use your Roth IRA as a way to provide your family with an inheritance.
Ready to retire early? A Roth IRA can help.
You can start making tax-free and penalty-free IRA withdrawals before you reach the traditional retirement age because you’ve already paid taxes. However, you have to pay taxes and potentially penalty fees on your earnings if you withdraw those early.
Plus, Roth IRAs aren’t just for retirement.
You can also use your funds for qualified education expenses without having to pay penalties or taxes. So, you can help pay for your own or your child’s college tuition, just as you would with a 529 plan (or in addition to it).
Although there are contribution limits, you get a lot of flexibility when you choose a Roth IRA. And when you have financial goals at any stage of life, flexibility is key.
What’s the difference between a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA?
If you’re at all familiar with retirement terminology, you may have heard of an IRA before. But there are a few key differences between a Roth IRA and a traditional IRA.
The most significant difference is when you pay your taxes. Unlike Roth IRAs, a traditional IRA allows you to take a tax deduction the year you actually contribute. So if you’re attempting to drop into a lower tax bracket or lower your overall tax payment, your traditional IRA contribution can help you do that.
Of course, there’s a catch.
When you start to take withdrawals when you retire, you’ll have to pay taxes on the full amount — including your earnings. But that’s not necessarily a bad thing.
If you’re established in your career and already earn a lot of money, you may expect your annual income to drop when you retire. You’re probably not going to withdraw your entire balance at once, so your tax rate might not be that high compared to where you are now.
Minimum Distributions
Speaking of making withdrawals from your account, you have to start taking the required minimum distributions once you hit the age of 70 ½. The minimum amount is based on a formula from the IRS comparing your age to your life expectancy.
If you want to take out funds from traditional IRAs before you reach the age of 59½, you’ll have to pay a 10% penalty on top of your income tax.
Still, like most investments, it’s good to have a diverse mix of products to help you now and in the future. You may want to consider having both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA, particularly if you want to start lowering your annual federal tax burden.
Tax-Free Distributions
You must have a Roth IRA account opened for 5 tax years to be able to take any distributions, including earnings, that are tax-free. Furthermore, you are only eligible to take tax-free distributions for death or disability, after age 59-1/2, or for a first-time home purchase.
Roth IRA Eligibility Requirements
Unfortunately, there are restrictions on opening a Roth IRA, particularly for high-income earners. Depending on how much you make, you may be restricted on how much you can contribute, or you may not be able to make any contributions at all. Furthermore, you can only contribute earned income to a Roth IRA.
So, where do cutoffs start?
Single Tax Filer
Let’s look at single tax filers first.
For single tax filers and heads of household, you’re allowed to make the maximum contribution if you earn no more than $146,000. You can contribute a reduced amount if you earn more than $146,000, but less than $161,000. If you earn $161,000 or more, however, you can’t make any Roth IRA contributions.
Joint Tax Filer
Now let’s take a look at those married filing jointly.
You can make the maximum contribution if you earn up to $230,000 and a reduced amount if you earn between $$230,000 and $240,000. Once your annual income reaches $240,000 or more, you’re not eligible to contribute anything. Your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is what is used to determine IRA eligibility.
Depending on your anticipated income track over the course of your career, it may be worth opening a Roth IRA as soon as possible. That way, you can ensure that you contribute as much as possible while you still meet the requirements. You also give your investments as much time as possible to grow and compound before you’re ready to make withdrawals.
And since you can use a Roth IRA for a greater range of purposes than other types of retirement accounts, you give yourself greater financial flexibility in the future. It isn’t just about setting up a contribution each year and forgetting about it until you retire. Instead, a Roth IRA can be an active part of your near-term and long-term financial plans, like going back to school or retiring early.
How to Open a Roth IRA
Just about anywhere you conduct your financial business, whether it’s at a bank, credit union, online broker, or even a robo-advisor. Compare your options to make sure you’re getting low fees and good customer service.
Check for mutual funds with no transaction fees and ETFs that are commission-free. Some financial brokers still charge high prices for these fees. So, it’s important to make sure that you’re choosing one who will save you money in the long run. After all, those fees can really start to add up over decades of managing your Roth IRA.
Most brokers also allow you to rollover other accounts into your IRAs (both traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs). If this is a service you may need somewhere down the road, make sure your IRA broker is sophisticated enough to handle it.
Some robo-advisors, for example, may not accept rollovers. And if you leave a job where you’ve had a 401(k), you’ll want to make sure you have somewhere to put it once you’re gone.
With a bit of research and comparison, you can find a convenient, low-cost way to manage your Roth IRA over the years.
Where to Open a Roth IRA
To open up a Roth IRA, you need to select a brokerage firm. You may be able to do this at a financial institution you already work with, or you could explore other options. Both online and brick-and-mortar banks can serve as a broker. It really depends on where you want to house your investment and the type of fee structure you prefer.
Start with a bank you already use, but don’t be afraid to compare their offerings and fees to other financial institutions. It’s important to maximize your earnings so that you can retire comfortably.
How do you manage a Roth IRA?
What exactly do you need to do once you’ve opened a Roth IRA? You want to start by making contributions. You can roll over funds from a traditional 401(k) or traditional IRA, but you’ll be required to pay taxes on that money, so make sure you can handle that extra financial burden.
For 2024, you can still make a contribution to your Roth IRA for the previous year until the tax filing deadline of the following year. For instance, if you haven’t contributed the maximum amount to your Roth IRA by December 31, 2023, you have until the federal tax filing deadline in 2024 to make your contribution for 2023. The specific date of the tax filing deadline can vary each year, so it’s important to check the exact deadline for 2024.
Once you start funding your Roth IRA, it’s time to decide how you want to invest that money, just as you would with any other investment. The type of risk and diversity you select should be based on your own risk tolerance, as well as your age. If you’re in your 20s, you can pick much more aggressive investments than if you’re in your 50s.
For a low-cost approach, experts recommend either index funds or ETFs, which allow you to buy stocks and bonds that track broader markets.
Bottom Line
A Roth IRA can be an effective part of your retirement strategy, particularly considering all the tax advantages that come along with it. For the most effective retirement savings plan, look at all the options available to you. Then, see how each piece fits in the puzzle. As you inch closer and closer to retirement, continually reevaluate how you invest your savings.
For example, if you’re expecting a raise or promotion in the upcoming years that will bump you out of the income range for contributing to a Roth IRA, it may be wise to max out your contributions while you can. If you get a job with an employer that matches your 401(K) contributions, make sure you’re taking full advantage of that perk.
Constant reevaluation is necessary to make sure you’re benefitting from your retirement tools as much as possible. And you want to make sure that you’re taking care of your finances now and in the future. A Roth IRA truly is a favorite because regardless of where you are in life today, you can provide yourself with a lot of room to maneuver around whatever comes in life.
Investing in real estate is some of the oldest and most reliable financial advice in the books. Few other assets can compete with real estate’s vast array of benefits. These benefits include tax advantages, appreciation, relative impunity to market shifts, and even the potential for passive income.
But even if you have every intention of investing in real estate, it can be challenging to get started. After all, even a modest home usually requires a substantial down payment. And it can take years to save up those five-figure sums. The term “real estate investor” may bring to mind a multi-millionaire who manages several properties, leaving you feeling overwhelmed enough to give up the ghost entirely.
Fortunately, it is possible to invest in real estate with little or no money, even if you aren’t swimming in discretionary income. For instance, with an Opportunity Fund or REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) you can get your foot in the door even if you can’t afford to purchase an entire property. There are also a host of ways to leverage your own home. These include house hacking, renting vacation space on Airbnb, and more.
In this post, we’ll break down everything you need to know about how to invest in real estate. We’ll go over some of the most common types of real estate investing. We’ll also break down how they can help you make money. And we’ll explain how you can begin, no matter how much capital you have in hand.
Why Invest in Real Estate?
Before we dig into the meat of the post, let’s take a moment to backtrack. Why is real estate investing such a well-worn piece of financial advice?
You’ve probably heard that diversifying your portfolio of real estate investments is essential. But your “portfolio” doesn’t just have to live on the stock market! Real estate investing gives you, as the name suggests, a real, tangible asset. And it’s much less vulnerable to the capriciousness of the market.
Real estate investing can help you not only build home equity but also generate passive cash flow. Both through the process of appreciation and the more intentional, hands-on approaches we’ll study further below. And owning your own home can help you reap financial benefits while simultaneously providing for one of your most basic needs.
How to Invest in Real Estate with Little Money
When a down payment might cost as much as $60,000, it’s understandable that many first-time property shoppers feel overwhelmed. They say you have to spend money to make money. Yes, but that’s quite a hefty figure for the average American earner.
To be sure, some real estate investment strategies require a good deal of cash upfront to be workable. But there are other tactics that don’t necessitate such a large lump sum to begin with. This means you don’t have to be a real estate mogul to be a property owner. We’ll break down various strategies at both ends of the spectrum below.
Types of Real Estate Investing
Let’s get into the nitty-gritty. What types of real estate can you invest in?
There are three main types of investment properties available to real estate investors.
Residential properties are probably the ones you’re most familiar with. They are exactly what they sound like: buildings used by individuals and families as residential living spaces. These properties include single-family homes, duplexes, apartments, condominiums, and townhouses, and multi-family homes (so long as they’re being used residentially and don’t exceed four units).
Commercial real estate are properties used to conduct business. They may include offices, storefronts, retail spaces, farmland, and large multi-family houses or apartment buildings.
Industrial real estate are properties that serve industrial business purposes, such as factories, power plants, or storage and shipping warehouses.
Furthermore, there are both active and passive forms of real estate investing.
Active investing is, well, active. It requires a good deal of time, energy, and commitment from the investor. Active investing may become a part- or even full-time job for the investor. They usually share ownership with few (or no) other people and thus bears a lot of responsibility for the success of the investment.
Passive investing, on the other hand, allows the investor to reap the benefits of investing without taking on the pressure and responsibility of full ownership of a tangible property. In most cases, passive investing involves supplying capital to a larger investment pool. You earn capital gains on loan interest through dividends paid to shareholders.
We’ll go into it all of this in more detail, including specific ways you can invest in real estate, both active and passive.
How Real Estate Investing Can Help You Earn
Before we break down the specific ways you can get started investing in real estate, let’s talk about how it can help you make money. (After all, that’s the whole point!)
You can invest in real estate in several ways, depending on what type of investing you’re participating in.
Equity and appreciation
Purchasing real estate equips the owner with a “hard asset”; the tangible property or building. Owning this kind of asset confers equity, or value. It isn’t as vulnerable to the fluctuations of the market as stocks, bonds, and other securities. Furthermore, property has a longstanding history of increasing in value over time, or appreciating.
On the contrary, other types of purchases (like automobiles) depreciate, or lose value. Thus, purchasing a property may allow you to earn income passively simply through the process of appreciation. It more or less ensures that the cash value of your home is a safe and stable part of your overall net worth.
Rental income
Chances are, you’ve had to pay rent to a landlord at some point in your life. Well, if you become the landlord, someone’s paying you the rent. And as long as that rental price eclipses your total expenses, including your mortgage and maintenance costs, the rest is profit!
Aside from managing the investment property, you can also collect rental income by sharing your space on platforms like Airbnb or house hacking, which we’ll explain below.
Sale profit
This happens when you buy a home with the intention to fix it up and sell it down the line (also known as “house flipping”.) It’s the difference between your sale cost and your purchase cost (minus all the expenses put into maintenance and improvements) is pure profit.
Loan interest
The interest charged on home and property loans can increase the value of real estate investments made through REITs, investment platforms, and private equity firms.
Ways to Invest in Real Estate
Now we know a bit about the different types of properties available to investors and how those real estate investments stand to help you earn cash.
So, what are the specific ways to go about real estate investing? There are several in both the “active” and “passive” categories.
Active:
House flipping, or rehabbing, is when an investor purchases a property with the sole intent of fixing it up to sell it later on.
Wholesaling is similar to flipping houses, but less work intensive. Wholesaling occurs when an investor purchases a property they believe is underpriced, so they can quickly sell it to another investor at a profit.
Rental properties give investors a long-term way to draw profit from their investments, though they do require lots of hands-on management and maintenance over time.
Airbnb, Vrbo, and other vacation rentals can often be listed for substantial per-night prices. They can be especially lucrative in high-demand travel destinations.
Passive:
Private equity funds pool the assets of many investors, which creates a larger, more powerful investment fund. These funds are usually overseen and allocated by a dedicated manager. They may have high minimum investment thresholds and requirements to join.
Opportunity funds also pool investors’ assets, but with the specific purpose of making investments in qualified Opportunity Zones. These are low-income, up-and-coming communities that would benefit from private investments and economic development.
REITs are companies that invest in commercial properties. Private investors can purchase shares of the company and earn income on capital gains in the form of dividends.
Online REIT platforms can make real estate investing accessible to beginning investors, often carrying no net worth or accreditation restrictions. They may allow you to invest in specific properties or in pre-built, diversified portfolios of real estate.
We’re going to break down these different investment options in even more detail below. But first, let’s start a bit closer to home—literally.
Starting with Your Own Home
One of the most straightforward ways to invest in real estate is probably already on your financial to-do list, anyway: purchasing your own home.
Purchasing a home of your own allows you to kill two birds with one stone. You’re taking care of the basic need of shelter, while also leveraging the purchase to reap a host of financial benefits.
Here are just a few ways that owning a home can help you save and earn money.
Build equity: As discussed above, property ownership confers relatively immutable equity to the purchaser—that is, your home is a fairly safe, tangible asset to add to your overall investment portfolio.
Receive tax benefits: Certain homeowners’ expenses, including real estate taxes and home mortgage interest, are tax-deductible. And if you sell your home, you may exclude up to $250,000 of capital gains (or $500,000 if filing jointly) from your taxes.
Take advantage of appreciation: Even accounting for the 2008 crisis, the cost of homes and other properties have steadily increased over time for the past 50 years. So, the home you purchase today will likely be worth more than the price you paid for it in the future.
Stop paying rent: Although you’ll likely still have a mortgage payment and other expenses to cover as a homeowner, you won’t be paying rent to live in another person’s property. It’s a cost that is essentially entirely wasted, since you aren’t building home equity in the rental property.
Keep the value of your home improvements: When you own a home of your own, any improvements you make will add to the property’s total value, beefing up your asset as well as beautifying your living space.
House Hacking
Another way to make money by purchasing your own home is known as “house hacking“. It’s a real estate investment strategy wherein you leverage rental income from your primary residence to live there cost-free.
The term was originally coined by entrepreneur and author Brandon Turner, who wrote “The Book on Investing in Real Estate with No (and Low) Money Down” and “The Book on Rental Property Investing.”
House hacking may be done, for example, by purchasing a duplex. The investor rents out one unit at a price that covers the mortgage cost while living in the second unit. Some homeowners have also used space-share platforms like Airbnb to offset their housing costs in the same manner.
Real estate investors can use this strategy to pay off the property and even create a profit margin. This will eventually allow them to invest in more rental properties. Thus, house hacking is a great way to combine the personal financial benefits of homeownership with the long-term earning potential of other types of property investment.
Buying a Home Without a Huge Down Payment
Given the recent trends in the housing market, you may feel daunted by the prospect of becoming a homeowner. In 2023, the U.S. housing market experienced significant challenges, with home prices rising to near-record highs.
But there are many incentives and programs designed to make this large investment more feasible for first-time home buyers.
FHA (Federal Housing Administration) Loans may allow borrowers to purchase a home with a down payment as small as 3.5% of the purchase price and with credit scores as low as 580. (You may also be approved for an FHA loan with a lower credit score, but your minimum down payment may be higher.)
The USDA also offers low-cost loans to low- and moderate-income households purchasing homes in qualified rural areas.
Down Payment Assistance Programs offered by local governments and private firms can provide grants, loans, and educational materials to prospective home buyers
Many other financial institutions and organizations also have special incentives for those purchasing their first homes or low-income families in the housing market. Make sure you check with your local housing authority to learn more about what’s available in your area.
Active Investment Opportunities
Want to get hands-on? Here are the details on some of the most popular and accessible active real estate investment opportunities.
House Flipping
If you’ve ever watched more than thirty minutes of HGTV, chances are you’re at least passingly familiar with the idea of flipping houses. It’s basically where you purchase a home with the express intent of fixing it up and selling it (at a higher cost) later.
House flipping is a great way for investors to earn a significant profit. However, they do need to know how to complete the flip successfully without incurring too many costs. Expenses can quickly eat into the investment’s return.
Finding a Home to Flip
House flippers have to be able to recognize a home that may be slightly undervalued but would be able to sell well given the proper upgrades. This involves both an understanding of the area’s desirability and the types of improvements that generate increased home value.
House flippers are responsible for the entire cost of the home purchase. They must also pay for all the upgrades, which they may either do themselves or hire out to professionals.
Either way, flipping houses incurs a hefty up-front cost, and it does come at a risk. Even after you make all the improvements, it’s possible that the house will languish on the market.
This can mean racking up maintenance, taxes, and other expenses for the real estate investor. However, a properly executed, short-term flip can create a substantial profit margin in a relatively small period of time.
Wholesaling
Like house flippers, wholesalers purchase homes with the intent of selling them quickly. But, they aren’t planning to do any heavy lifting along the way.
Instead, wholesalers find properties that are undervalued for their market. They scoop them up and resell them to other investors at a price closer to their true value. Thus, earning the difference as a profit.
Rental Properties
While managing rental properties may seem like a straightforward and reliable way to earn income, it’s one of the most work-intensive approaches on this list. It does require enough up-front capital to purchase the property (or properties) in the first place. However, landlords do stand to see substantial and steady returns in exchange for the work and effort they put into their properties.
After purchasing a viable property, which needs to be well-maintained, in a desirable location, and well-advertised, landlords are responsible for filling that property with qualified tenants. This can involve a time-consuming and labor-intensive screening process.
After all, as a landlord, you’re giving your renters the keys to your investment—literally! It can be a very risky move if you don’t take the time to ensure your tenants are well-qualified.
Finding & Qualifying Tenants
Along with running a standard background check, landlords may also conduct interviews with and request credit reports from prospective renters, all of which takes time. And don’t forget: every month your rental property is unfilled is a waste of potential income.
Once you do find qualified tenants, you’ll be responsible for a host of obligations unless you hire a property management company. You’ll need to provide maintenance and repairs. You’ll also need to stay on top of rent collection and record-keeping. It can quickly become unwieldy once you have several properties.
You’ll also need to be sure you’re in compliance with all the renters’ rights that exist in your jurisdiction, including laws that regulate the eviction process. Of course, you’ll need to put in the work to find good renters and a well-maintained property in the first place. When done so, managing rentals can provide a smooth and steady source of income for relatively little active work.
Seller Financing
Want to buy an investment property with no money down? Look into seller financing or a land contract. This is where the seller acts as the bank. You make your mortgage payments, including interest, to the seller.
After a few years or so, you will have enough equity in the home to get a bank loan. You can then make a lump sum payment to the seller.
Private & Hard Money Lenders
Private money lenders generally charge between 6% to 12% on the money borrowed. Hard money lenders usually charge 10% to 18%. Hard money loans are not from banks. They are from individuals or businesses aimed at financing real estate investments for a return on their money.
Hard money loans are used by investors who don’t qualify for conventional financing. They are typically used to fund renovations. Once the house is finished or has some equity in it, the borrower then refinances to a conventional mortgage with a lower interest rate.
Airbnb, Vacation Rentals, and Space Sharing
Managing a traditional property, wherein renters sign a multi-month lease, is not the only way to make money from an investment property. Platforms like Airbnb have revolutionized the real estate market. They allow homeowners (and sometimes even renters) to make money by renting out their space on a temporary, per-night basis as a vacation rental.
What’s more, you don’t necessarily have to rent out an entire home or unit to participate. A private room, or even a couch in a shared living room, is acceptable for some travelers using these services.
Airbnb and other vacation rental platforms make it simple for a novice renter. You don’t need to have a huge amount of know-how to start earning money this way. In fact, you don’t even necessarily have to “invest” in any property at all. Some landlords may allow their renters to list their housing on Airbnb as a sublet.
Airbnb Laws
However, as this new form of investment property has expanded, it’s created housing crunches in some cities. It’s resulting in “Airbnb laws,” or short-term rental legislation. These laws may limit your ability to use your housing in this way.
Always check your local regulations before you list your space on Airbnb or another of these types of platforms. If you don’t own the space, ensure that short-term sublets are allowed. Check your lease or ask your landlord directly.
Real Estate Investing Groups and Passive Investing
You may have noticed that many of the active real estate investment opportunities listed above do require substantial upfront capital to get started. You can’t wholesale or flip a house if you can’t purchase the house in the first place!
Furthermore, these active strategies generally involve a high level of skill, effort, and responsibility. It may not be feasible for those committed to other full-time careers.
Fortunately, there are still other ways to get involved with real estate investing, even if you don’t want to own or manage tangible property. (Or if doing so is out of financial reach for you right now). These passive investment tactics can help you glean the benefits of real estate investing without taking on quite as much of a fiscal and physical burden.
Private Equity Funds
A private equity, or PE fund, pools contributions from various investors to make larger investments. They’re often limited liability partnerships. That means there are fixed periods during which investors do not have access to their holdings.
Instead, PE funds allow investors to earn gains on debt and equity assets passively, without putting in much active work or research. Asset allocation and investments are managed by a dedicated individual or group. They earn money through annual fees as well as profit sharing.
PE funds come in various types, including the following:
Core equity funds generally invest in established commercial properties. They don’t carry risks like needing major improvements or experiencing losses for lack of consumer demand. The core strategy is simultaneously the least risky among PE funds and, typically, the least gainful.
Core plus equity funds generally follow the core strategy, but take a few more risks on properties that may require minor upgrades. This leads to a higher risk-return ratio on average.
Value added equity funds may invest in commercial properties that require substantial upgrades or new management to operate at their full potential. They may also seek to sell the property after improvements are made to create an additional profit margin.
Opportunistic equity funds offer the highest potential rewards, along with the highest risk. Investment properties purchased via these funds may need new construction or even land acquisitions. The payoff of such a new business venture is all but guaranteed. Furthermore, these developments take time, which means your investment capital may be tied up for longer. However, when they pay off, opportunistic equity funds see some of the best returns of the bunch.
Although PE funds are powerful real estate investment engines, they do often have high minimum investment requirements, generally not less than $100,000. Some funds may also be limited to accredited or institutional investors who can demonstrate available means.
Opportunity Funds
Opportunity funds operate on a similar model to private equity funds but are specifically used to make investments in qualified Opportunity Zones. These are economically distressed areas designated by the state and certified by the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury. Opportunity funds are legally required to invest 90% of their assets into properties in these Opportunity Zones.
Because these areas tend to be up-and-coming (and because tax benefits can incentivize investors to support them), opportunity funds often see substantial capital gains for their investors. And taxes incurred on those gains can be deferred until December 26, 2026.
That means the longer the investment is held before that date, the lower your overall tax liability will be. And opportunity fund investments held for at least ten years prior can expect their capital returns to be permanently excluded from capital gains taxes.
Of course, this strategy requires parting with your investment capital for a significant period of time. It’s best for those who can afford to put down the money to play the long game. If you can, however, investing in one is a great way to see substantial returns for almost zero effort.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
A real estate investment trust(REIT) is a company that invests in commercial properties. As an investor, you purchase shares of this company just as you would any other. You earn income through its debt and equity assets in the form of shareholder dividends.
REITs operate similarly to mutual funds. They provide an excellent way for the average earner to experience the benefits of real estate investing. You don’t have to have a huge amount of capital to get started, as minimum investment requirements may be quite low.
However, they may carry high investment fees, especially in the case of private REITs (i.e., those not publicly traded on the stock market). Fees at these companies may run as high as 15%. REITs may also be illiquid and keep your money locked up for longer periods of time.
Online Real Estate Investment Platforms
In this digital, all-sharing-all-the-time age, most of us have already heard of crowdfunding. Real estate investments are no exception to the rules of the new millennium.
Online real estate investment platforms have begun springing up. They can make real estate gains achievable for average investors who may not have the towering net worth or accreditation status necessary to buy into more formal funds. Depending on the specific company, you might be able to choose specific investment properties to fund or buy into a diversified portfolio of investments.
Fees and minimum investment requirements are relatively low on real estate crowdfunding platforms. For instance, Fundrise lets you get started with just $500. That is much less than you’d have to pay to get in on most types of active investments! Check out our full review of Fundrise here.
Ready to Get Started Investing in Real Estate?
As you can see, there are several ways to start investing without saving up a five- or six-figure sum. And if you do it right, your investments can actually help you reach those high savings goals. You can then fund other types of investment projects!
However, as with any financial objective, planning and strategizing is key. Saving up as much capital as possible will help you get the best return on your investment once you’re ready.
You can’t allocate your assets without first keeping track of them, and to achieve that, you need to create a budget. If you’re in debt, aggressively paying it off will free you of a weighty financial anchor, so check out these powerful debt relief options.
Finally, if you intend to purchase property either to live in or as an investment opportunity, your credit score matters. It’s as simple as that. If your credit score isn’t quite where you want it to be, take these steps to raise it. Doing so will allow you to get the best interest rate once you’re ready to make the big purchase.
Stash is an app for both Android and iOS that was born out of the simple question: Why don’t more people invest their money? This seemingly simple question can have a myriad of answers depending on who you ask.
Stash tries to overcome these obstacles with a well-designed app that provides easily understood solutions without breaking the bank.
For many, the barrier for entry for investing in stocks can be incredibly high. Whether it’s high minimum investments or hefty fees, many people find that investing is not affordable. Moreover, it can also be incredibly confusing.
There’s a lot of jargon out there, and many people don’t know the difference between a stock and a bond, let alone how to read a stock ticker. The Stash app aims to solve both of these issues by making investing both affordable and accessible.
Intrigued? Keep reading to learn more.
Why is investing important?
Before we talk about why to invest with Stash, let’s briefly talk about why you should invest at all. Whether you know it or not, if you have a job, you are already likely investing a portion of your money.
Thanks to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who signed the Social Security Act in 1935 following the Great Depression, a portion of our payroll tax is allocated towards securing retirement benefits. Both employees and employers contribute to this system, with each paying a percentage of an employee’s paycheck into Social Security to ensure future retirement benefits.
Social Security is designed as a safety net for the elderly and the disabled. It is relied upon by millions of Americans as a portion of income once reaching retirement age.
According to a study by the Economic Policy Institute, almost half of Americans have no retirement savings other than Social Security. Predictably, low-income families are disproportionately affected by this trend.
Due to an inability to afford to save money and a lack of understanding of investment options, a large portion of our population is unprepared for their future. But it doesn’t have to be this way, and Stash is on its way to bridging the investment gap in America.
What Stash Does Differently
While Stash Invest is not the only low fee, easy to use investment app on the market, they educate their customers and show them how to invest and save money. This app is not designed for the seasoned investor.
The premise is for Stash to provide you with access to exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which are investment funds that allow you to buy a portion of stocks through a portfolio.
Signing up for Stash is not as easy as just signing in with Facebook. One of the main complaints about the app in Google Play is the invasive information they request. This includes banking information, your address, and even your Social Security number.
While it’s not usually recommended to hand out this type of information to an app on your phone, Stash is bound by federal law, including the Patriot Act, to collect this information.
It is a necessary evil, unfortunately, but one mitigated by the fact that they use 256-bit encryption and your securities are protected up to $500,000. Additional security features include a PIN of your choosing that you must enter every time you open the app.
This is beneficial whether your phone is stolen or your toddler is button mashing your phone while playing angel investor.
Stash’s Key Features
Minimum investment: $5
Fees: As little as $1 per month if you choose the beginner plan
Accounts offered: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, checking account
Other benefits: The mobile app is available on iOS and Android phones
Promotions: You can get $5 for free for signing up with Stash
Understanding Pricing
Stash offers three different pricing models, depending on where you’re at in your investing journey. Here is a brief overview of each:
PLAN
BEGINNER
GROWTH
STASH+
Cost
$1 per month
$3 per month
$9 per month
Personal Investment Account
x
x
x
Debit Card
x
x
x
Rewards program
x
x
x
Online Resources
x
x
x
Tax Benefits
x
x
Investment Account for Two Children
x
Exclusive Metal Debit Card with Cashback Rewards
x
Monthly Market Insights
x
How Stash Works
When you first sign up for Stash, you’ll be asked about your investing style. You can choose from conservative, moderate, or aggressive. This helps tailor your portfolio options based on the amount of risk, and potential return, that is acceptable to you.
Determining your risk tolerance is only one way Stash helps you choose your investment strategy. Next, they’ll ask you how much and how often you’d like to invest. You can choose to invest as little as $5 at a time on a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly schedule.
Knowledge is Power
While we know that you didn’t install Stash just for the articles, there is a wealth of knowledge to be found here. Under the “Learn” section of the drop-down menu are dozens of well-written articles designed to teach you how to invest. Stash is designed for the beginner, and these articles can show you the ins and outs of an investment strategy.
From “What’s a Capital Gain?” to “How to Invest Like an Activist,” Stash spends a great deal of time into turning you into an investment professional. Many people choose apps like Stash because of their simple-to-use nature, and set-it and leave-it design.
This is great for those dipping their toes in for the first time, but Stash realizes that you may want to be more than just a casual investor. Think of it as a bootcamp for the uninitiated.
Whether you want to learn what interest rate hikes mean to you or better understand certain investment portfolios, Stash allows you to invest your time to learn as well as your money to earn.
Stash Retire
While Stash has some heavy hitters behind it, it’s still only two years old and a bit of a one-trick pony.
However, Stash is now in the process of launching Stash Retire, which will add Roth IRAs into the mix. A Roth IRA is an individual retirement account that, as long as you meet certain criteria, is not taxed when you start to make withdrawals.
This option from Stash is still in development and while they appear to be reaching certain milestones, it is not yet available.
Still, it’s an indication that Stash is growing. Couple that with Stash’s latest funding round, which saw investment from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, it’s easy to assume that Stash is here to stay.
Stash Custodial
You can open a custodial investment account for kids under 18 years old. Stash Custodial can be used by the child once they reach adulthood, which can be anywhere between 18 and 25, depending on the state in which they live.
There’s no limit to your annual contributions, and it doesn’t have to be used for education. The money can be invested in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs.
Who should invest with Stash?
Overall, Stash Invest is designed to help the would-be investor. If you have money sitting in a savings account or if you’re just starting to think about your future, Stash is a great place to start investing. They make it easy to put money into portfolios that are of interest to you. They are also adept at making the confusing world of finance and investing easy to understand.
With the inclusion of a plethora of articles designed to teach you about investing, it’s also a great place to learn. Use it not just to easily invest your money, but as a resource that allows you to grow your knowledge with your money.
Stash’s simplified fee structure can be a low gateway into the world of investing. Your first two months are free, and they only charge $1 per month up to $5,000 and .025% above that number.
This is pricey if you are just starting out. If you’re investing $5 per month, that’s 20% of your investment in the beginning. Stash can be a great option if you can get your balance higher before they start charging you fees.
Bottom Line
All in all, Stash is a great app for the beginning investor. There are certainly better options out there for people already familiar with investing, but with over half of Americans having no investment at all, it could be a great start for you.
Stash is also growing and beginning to offer more investment options such as Stash Retire, so they may grow with you. If not, use Stash as a learning tool and springboard into the heady world of investment finance.
Investing is more than just saving for the future. It’s about creating a wealth-building strategy to truly make your nest egg grow. That’s because investing typically earns you a higher interest rate than if you put all of your money in a traditional savings account.
While historically low rates are great for when you need to borrow money, they’re pretty dismal when you’re ready to start saving. Investing does come with a higher risk, but you can generally mitigate it with diversified holdings and long-term positions. Plus, it’s easier than ever.
You’re not limited to working with an expensive brokerage or saving a huge amount to reach a minimum investment threshold. Now you can even invest by using an app on your smartphone with the leftover change from your checking account.
Ready to learn how to invest? We’ve got you covered with everything you need to know.
What is investing, and why is it important?
Investing is the act of putting money into financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, or mutual funds, with the expectation of earning a profit. It allows individuals to save and grow their wealth over time, and can provide a financial cushion for the future, such as during retirement.
The Benefits of Investing
The reason money grows so aggressively through investing is that it’s powered by compound returns. Investments are typically meant for a long-term strategy, rather than taking out money every few months.
When you leave your money untouched in an investment vehicle that offers greater returns than a savings account, your gains continue to compound.
No matter what age you are, it’s a good time to start investing. If you’re younger, you can create a strong foundation to truly accumulate wealth over the coming years.
Even if you’re older, you may be able to catch up faster because of those higher returns. Don’t worry about getting started — even if you can only contribute a small amount each month, you’ll set up the infrastructure and challenge yourself to contribute more as you begin to earn more.
How to Reduce Your Risks in Investing
When investing long-term, you can’t think about your everyday gains and losses; instead, think about how your allocations are performing in the long run. You do want to review your investment choices as you reach different stages in your life; in particular, becoming less aggressive as you get older.
In fact, most investors don’t partake in volatile day trading. They spread their money over diversified investment types to help reduce risk and maximize returns over time.
There will always be economic cycles with highs and lows. But even downturns can be mitigated in your investment portfolio by spacing out your money over different product categories as well as different economic sectors. This can go a long way in protecting your money over time.
If you do want to try out some riskier investments, make sure you view that money as discretionary risk capital, meaning your livelihood and well-being won’t be impacted if you lose it all.
How to Invest Your Money
Diversification is essential, as is setting reminders to review the performance of your picks, such as a quarterly review. It also helps you adjust your asset allocation based on your own financial goals. Are you trying to retire earlier than you initially planned? Are you able to contribute more each month?
With these strategies in mind, here is a comprehensive review of different investment vehicles you can take advantage of to accumulate wealth over time.
Retirement Accounts
Retirement accounts are probably the most common and accessible types of investment accounts. You may be able to open a retirement account through your employer or open one on your own. Each type comes with a different tax treatment, so review the details carefully.
Traditional IRA
A traditional IRA is a tax-advantaged account that allows you to deduct your contributions each year. Once you start making retirement withdrawals, you’ll pay the IRS based on the tax bracket you’re in at that time.
They do have annual contribution limits. For 2024, it’s $7,000 unless you’re 50 years or older, in which case you can contribute up to $8,000.
If you want to take a distribution before you reach the age of 59 ½, you’ll have to pay a 10% penalty on top of your taxes. There are a few exceptions to the penalty, such as when you use the funds for a down payment on a house or qualified college expenses.
Another plus is that there is no income limit for qualifying, unlike other IRA options.
Roth IRA
A Roth IRA is another tax-advantaged retirement account. However, it comes with a few key differences compared to a traditional IRA. You don’t get a tax deduction when you make your contributions, but you do get to deduct your withdrawals once you reach retirement age.
If you think you’ll be in a higher tax bracket once you hit retirement, this could be a useful tool to save on your taxes later in life. For Roth IRAs, the contribution limit is between $7,000 and $8,000, depending on your age.
However, there’s another qualification you’ll have to meet: the income limit.
The more you earn, the less you’re able to contribute. Your contribution limit is reduced when you earn more than $230,000 for those married filing jointly and more than $146,000 for those filing single or as head of household.
Rollover IRA
A rollover IRA is one way to transfer an existing 401(k) from your employer once you decide to leave the company. Sometimes an employer lets you leave it there or transfer your funds to a retirement plan at your new place of work. Whether those two scenarios don’t apply to you or you prefer the flexibility of an IRA, a rollover may be a suitable option for you.
Both traditional and Roth IRAs generally allow you to bring in transfer retirement accounts. Just be sure to check your eligibility for either type, as well as any relevant fees you may incur during the transfer process.
SEP IRA
This type of IRA is designed specifically for self-employed individuals. While traditional and Roth IRAs are often used to supplement retirement savings accrued through employer plans, a SEP IRA allows for higher contribution limits when you work for yourself. The contribution is the lesser of either 25% of your income or $69,000.
Its tax treatment is the same as traditional IRAs. If you have employees, however, you must provide each one with their own SEP IRA and contribute the same salary percentage as you contribute to your own. Still, this can be a strong option to speed up your retirement investments, particularly if you don’t have employees or only have a few.
Stocks
Investing in stocks is typically best for active investors, and ideally, someone who already has experience in the stock market. If you’re just getting started, consider your stock investments as play money rather than something you need to rely on to meet your future financial goals. Because individual stocks are riskier, be sure to diversify the ones you choose to invest in.
Buying and selling stocks can result in hefty commission fees. Consider a buy-and-hold approach to avoid accumulating too many expenses, especially when you’re first getting started.
While you no longer need an established broker to execute trades, you can instead create a brokerage account with one of the larger brokerage firms. Your best bet is to compare fees as well as available research to help you make informed trading decisions.
Mutual Funds
Mutual funds combine your money with other investors to purchase securities for the entire group. The portfolio is professionally overseen by a manager, who then selects different types of stocks, bonds, and other securities on your behalf.
You can gauge the performance of a particular mutual fund by comparing it to its chosen benchmark, such as the S&P 500. If it regularly performs better over the course of a three to five-year period, then it could be a good investment choice.
Mutual funds are a popular choice because you generally don’t need a lot of money to get started. You can often choose one within your retirement account to get around any minimum requirements, or even set up a recurring investment amount.
Plus, mutual funds are extremely diversified, often holding as much as 100 securities in each one. This helps to minimize your risk as well as the amount of time you spend managing your portfolio.
Index Fund
An index fund is a popular type of mutual fund that follows a predetermined investment methodology rather than having a portfolio manager pick the included securities.
For example, you could choose a Dow Jones Industrial Average index fund, which includes 30 powerhouse companies in the U.S. Whiles that’s a large-scale example, different investment firms create their own index funds for investors to conveniently choose from.
Another benefit of investing in an index fund is that transaction costs are often lower, as are their mutual fund expense ratios. Many index funds are also geared toward investors with lower balances. While some firms have high minimum opening balances of $100,000 or more, you can get started with much less when you pick an index fund.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
An exchange-traded fund, or ETF, trades the same way a stock does while tracking a certain basket of assets. There are countless types of ETFs to choose from based on your investment goals.
Common options include market, bond, commodity, foreign market, and alternative investment ETFs. They’re bought and sold like stocks throughout the day, but a major difference is that ETFs can issue and redeem their shares at any point.
There are many benefits that go along with an ETF. For starters, you have more control over when you pay your capital gains tax. There are also lower fees, although you’ll still pay brokerage commissions. Finally, while mutual funds can only be settled after the stock market closes for the day, an ETF allows you to trade at any time.
Bonds
Bonds are a good tool to have in your investment portfolio because they are a low-risk option. Different types of bonds include corporate, municipal, and Treasury bonds. Bonds are fixed-income investments, so you know exactly what to expect when those payout dates come throughout the year. Such predictability does come with a few downsides, though.
First, bonds come with a fixed investment period. If you invest in a longer-term bond, then you’re stuck with it until it matures — unless you decide to sell. But there’s a bit of risk involved there, involving the interest.
Bond rates aren’t locked in, so yours could be devalued if the same issuer bumps up the interest rate at a later time. So if new investors get a better interest rate than you did, you’re still locked into your lower rate. In general, bonds generally come with lower growth than other investments, but that’s considered the trade-off for a lower-risk vehicle.
Real Estate
People always need a place to live, so real estate investing can be an attractive option for investors. There are several ways to do this that account for your desired risk tolerance as well as your desired level of involvement.
Investment Properties
If you feel the drive to own property, an investment property is one way to make a real estate investment. Depending on how you choose to manage your property, this can amount to a steady stream of passive income.
Over time, you could also benefit from market appreciation, although that’s not necessarily guaranteed. There are risks involved with investment properties. Unlike investing in a stock or fund, a physical property involves expenses, such as upkeep, marketing, and a management firm if you want a hands-off experience.
You’ll also need some cash to get started, since most investment property loans require at least a 25% down payment. Moreover, the mortgage is considered part of your debt-to-income ratio, which could affect your future financing opportunities.
If you ever want to cash out on your investment, you’ll be subject to the market value of that moment. Plus, it’s a cumbersome, illiquid way to invest money. Still, the returns can be much greater than traditional investments, making investment properties an attractive option to some people.
REITs
If you would like to invest in real estate without the hassle of acting as a landlord, consider a real estate investment trust, or REIT. These are traded on the stock exchange and can also be offered in the form of a mutual fund or ETF.
Returns can increase as property values rise and generally focus on a portfolio of commercial properties. Shareholders also benefit because REITs don’t pay corporate tax, which helps boost returns as well.
You can pick what sector you want to invest in, such as healthcare, residential, hotel, or industrial REITs. Each comes with separate risks that should be weighed thoughtfully. REIT shares can be purchased through a broker, and each one will have its own fee structure to review as well.
Crowdfunding
Real estate crowdfunding is a type of peer-to-peer lending that is growing traction among investors of all levels. New fintech companies are popping up to compete with REITs, claiming better returns. So, what’s the difference between REITs and real estate crowdfunding sites?
The most significant difference is that instead of choosing a portfolio of properties within a certain asset class, you can choose specific commercial properties in which to invest. While individual investors traditionally wouldn’t be able to invest directly in projects like these, crowdfunding lets you enter these markets with a much smaller amount of cash.
One of the benefits is that you can do much more specialized research to determine what property to invest in. The process is much less passive than REITs. On the downside, however, the risk potential could be higher since your money is riding on one single building rather than a diversified portfolio.
See also: How to Build Generational Wealth
Platforms for Investing Your Money
There are many ways to start investing your money. A financial advisor, though charging extra fees, may provide you with much-needed guidance and education, especially if you’re a beginner. But if you prefer a little less hand-holding, you can consider two other options as well.
Online Brokers
Online brokerages give you the convenience of investing online with the added benefit of controlling what you invest in. So, it’s definitely a more hands-on process than the robo-advisor. Like robo-advisors, however, most online brokers don’t have a minimum balance requirement, so they’re still quite accessible to all types of investors.
Instead of paying a percentage of your funds, online brokers usually charge transaction fees for trades, as well as one-off fees. On the plus side, you’re not limited to your choosing certain funds, as you are with a robo-advisor. If you’d like, you can even select individual stocks. Online brokers and robo-advisors cater to two different types of investors, so the best choice depends on your specific goals.
Robo-Advisors
Enlisting the help of a robo-advisor can be helpful for beginning investors or anyone who wishes to utilize a “set it and forget it” mentality for their portfolio.
Robo-advisors don’t use human financial advisors; instead, they rely on computer algorithms to determine your portfolio allocations. Many of them also use tax harvesting strategies to decrease your tax burden at the end of the year.
Service fees are low and generally charged as a percentage of your invested funds. The transparency is excellent for new investors, and you can also benefit from the low minimum balances. Different robo-advisors offer different investment vehicles you can choose from. You can also pick one based on their investing strategy; most, for instance, pick from ETFs and index funds.
Bottom Line
There are a slew of intricacies for building your investment strategy and making your money work for you. Start with a plan that makes sense for your risk tolerance while still leaving room for growth.
You can access countless resources, from free online tutorials to paid financial advisors, to ensure you have a robust investment plan that will generate a passive income strategy to meet your goals.
How to Invest FAQs
What are the different types of investments?
There are many types of investments. The most popular investments include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and real estate. Each type of investment carries its own level of risk and potential return.
What are the risks of investing?
Investing involves risk, including the potential for loss of principal. The value of investments can fluctuate and may be affected by market conditions, economic events, and other factors.
It’s essential to understand the risks associated with any investment and to consider your risk tolerance before making any investment decisions.
How do I choose the best investments for me?
The best investments for you will depend on your financial goals, how much risk you can tolerate, and other personal factors. It can be helpful to consult an investment advisor or do your own research to determine which investments are suitable for you.
It’s also wise to diversify your portfolio, or invest in various assets, to spread risk and potentially maximize returns.
How much money do I need to start investing?
There is no minimum amount required to start investing. In fact, you can get started investing with $500 or less. However, you should first have a sufficient emergency fund in place before investing. Some investments may have minimum investment requirements, such as mutual funds or certain types of brokerage accounts.
What is a brokerage account?
A brokerage account is a type of investment account that allows you to buy and sell assets such as stocks, mutual funds, ETFs, and bonds. When you open a brokerage account, you typically do so with a financial institution, such as a bank, a credit union, or an online brokerage firm.
To open a brokerage account, you will generally need to provide some personal information, such as your name, address, and Social Security number. You will also typically need to make a deposit of money into the account, which you can use to buy investments.
Once you have a brokerage account, you can place orders to buy or sell investments online, over the phone, or through a broker. The brokerage firm will execute the trades on your behalf and will typically charge a commission or fee for the service.
Brokerage accounts offer a convenient way to manage your investments and to buy and sell assets easily and quickly. They also provide a range of tools and resources to help you make informed investment decisions, such as market research, news and analysis, and educational materials.
Can I invest in stocks with just $100?
Yes, it is possible to invest in stocks with a relatively small amount of money, such as $100. Many brokerage firms have no minimum initial deposit requirement and allow you to start investing with whatever amount of money you have available.
How do I diversify my investment portfolio?
Diversification is the process of investing in various assets to spread risk and potentially maximize returns. This can be achieved by investing in different types of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, or by investing in different sectors or industries within a particular asset class. To maintain a diversified portfolio, review and adjust it periodically.
What is a financial advisor and do I need one?
A financial advisor is a professional who provides advice on financial matters, such as investing and saving for retirement. Whether you need a financial advisor will depend on your financial goals, risk tolerance, and investment experience. Some people may prefer to handle their own investments, while others may benefit from the guidance of an investment advisor.
How do I determine my risk tolerance?
Risk tolerance is an individual’s willingness to accept financial risk in pursuit of potential returns. Factors that may affect how much risk you’re willing to take include age, financial goals, and personal comfort level with risk.
Can I lose money by investing?
Investing always carries some level of risk, as the value of your investments can fluctuate and be impacted by various market conditions and economic events. It’s crucial to understand the risks associated with any investment and to consider your risk tolerance and investment objectives before making any investment decisions.
Diversifying your portfolio and not investing more money than you can afford to lose can help mitigate potential losses. Always be sure to do your research and consider seeking investment advice from a financial advisor before making any decisions.