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An expense ratio is how much it costs to operate a fund compared to the total value of its assets. The lower expense ratios between 0.5% and 0.75% are ideal.
An expense ratio compares the cost of managing a fund to the total value of a fund’s assets. Mutual funds are like businesses—people actively manage your investment to maximize gains and minimize losses. These management fees and operation costs get passed on to you, the shareholder.
Understanding expense ratios and how they work is vital for anyone looking to add mutual funds to their investment portfolio. We’ll explore how expense ratios can affect your investment returns and share several helpful resources, like our investing guide.
Key Takeaways:
Expense ratios exist because of a fund’s management costs.
The closer an expense ratio is to 0, the more money you’ll save.
A high expense ratio can dramatically reduce your return on investment.
What Is a Good Expense Ratio?
Determining a fund’s expense ratio is relatively simple. Take a fund’s total operating expenses and divide that by the fund’s net asset value (NAV). For example, if a fund has $500,000 in expenses and $50 million in assets, it would have a 1% expense ratio.
Because expense ratios are percentages, even seemingly small numbers can have big impacts. Going back to the previous example, a $50 million fund with a 2% expense ratio would have a total of $1,000,000 in expenses.
Ideally, a good expense ratio would be as close to 0% as possible. We recommend looking for funds that have expense ratios between 0.5% and 0.75%, which would be beneficial to investing beginners and experts alike.
What Is a Bad Expense Ratio?
A bad expense ratio could be any percentage over 1%, according to conventional wisdom. Percentages affect larger numbers at an increasingly noticeable rate. For example, 1% of 100 is 1, but 1% of 10,000 is 100. This effect becomes more drastic as the percentage increases; e.g., 2.5% of 10,000 is 250.
As previously mentioned, we recommend looking for funds with expense ratios between 0.5 to 0.75% at most. Should you commit to an investment with a higher ratio, expect your total gross to be lower.
Why Are Expense Ratios Important?
Knowing the fees associated with anything you’re paying for is essential when investing. A higher expense ratio will reduce your returns, while lower ratios can help you invest in multiple funds easily. Even if you aren’t investing millions of dollars, expense ratios will add up for any investor over the long term.
Below are two examples of investments with different ratios:
$10,000 goes to a fund with a 1% expense ratio.
$10,000 goes to a fund with a 1.25% expense ratio.
If you initially invest $10,000 into a mutual fund and contribute $0 annually over a period of 10 years, your gross ending value would be $19,671.51 with $1,763.03 in fees if you have a 1% expense ratio. With a 1.25% expense ratio, a similar investment would result in a gross ending value of $19,671.51 with a total cost of $2,180.95 in fees.
Although the fees may seem small in the short term, there are always long-term effects to consider. Now, imagine the difference in your investments when you keep contributing! Personal finance courses can also help you understand these seemingly small factors much better.
How Does Expense Ratio Affect My Investment?
A high expense ratio can significantly impact your return on investment (ROI) and potentially offset any gains you might’ve experienced. In the examples above, we explored two investments that didn’t consider future contributions.
This normally isn’t the case—investors are encouraged to invest more money in a fund over time. While these added investments will increase your gross return, they’ll also increase the management costs of your investment.
How Do I Know a Fund’s Expense Ratio?
When looking up any fund, you’ll typically find details about its attributes. It’s easy to overlook a fund’s expense ratio if money-making aspects are top of mind. In these instances, managing expectations is key. Using a brokerage account is an easy way to gain realistic insight into a fund’s expense ratio.
Another way to find the expense ratio is to find the fund’s prospectus. A prospectus is an overview of a fund’s investments. It needs to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and sent to investors each year. Here, you’ll find a section detailing any fees associated with a fund—including its expense ratio.
Investors receive a fund’s prospectus annually, so carefully search through your email if you believe it’s missing. Brokerage firms normally provide the prospectus when you research their website as well. Finally, you can go directly to a funds website, if available, and you’ll also be able to find the prospectus there.
If all else fails, harness the internet. A quick and simple search for a stock ticker plus the words “expense ratio” will quickly uncover the information you need.
Can You Avoid Expense Ratios?
Any fund you invest in will have operating expenses, so expense ratios are part and parcel with mutual funds. However, you can find funds with relatively low fees. It’s also important to consider the type of fund and strategy you want.
Mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and index funds are three of the best investments at your disposal.
Mutual funds and ETFs are actively managed funds, meaning that brokers actively make trades on your behalf. An active fund typically comes with higher expense ratios as it’s more expensive to research and make trades constantly.
Index fund investing is more of a passive investment. Indexes are diversified and aim to track a particular section of the stock market or the whole thing, like the Dow Jones Industrial Average or S&P 500 index. These funds typically have a low portfolio turnover and are rebalanced far less than their actively managed counterparts.
Many firms such as Vanguard Group, Fidelity Investments, or T. Rowe Price will have index funds specific to their brokerage accounts with even lower rates as well.
Which Investment Strategy Should I Use?
A major part of your investment strategy is choosing how active or passive you want to be. According to a financial study from 2022, actively managed funds don’t typically outperform index funds over time (Sommer). With the higher fees and similar returns, passive investing makes sense for most of us. Index investing allows us to put our money in an index fund and forget about it.
However, actively managed mutual funds can outperform index funds in the short term. If you want to take on a more active investing role overall, you can manually review and rebalance your portfolio. But, keep in mind that short-term investing can be risky and result in a large loss of funds. Make sure you are ready to put in effort consistently and be aware of your total expenses.
You can always take on a hybrid investment portfolio. You can invest most of your money with index funds while investing in a few mutual funds for higher gains. Diversification is always an effective way to generate income from a portfolio.
Up Your Personal Finance Knowledge With Credit.com
Expense ratios help us understand the costs of investing in a fund. Before you buy shares, increase your understanding of the fees associated with a fund and general personal finance concepts.
Credit.com offers a wealth of personal finance resources to help you better understand investment concepts and strategies. When deciding which type of investment you want to make, it helps to know all you can about the types of funds within your reach and their true expenses.
Mutual funds and index funds are similar in many ways, but there are some key differences that investors need to understand to effectively implement them into an investment strategy. Those differences might include investing style, associated fees and taxes, and how they work.
The choice between an index fund and an actively managed mutual fund can be a hard one, especially for investors who are unsure of the distinction. The differences between index funds and other mutual funds are actually few — but may be important, depending on the investor.
What’s the Difference between Index Funds and Mutual Funds?
Index funds and mutual funds are similar in many ways, but they do differ in some others, such as how they work, associated costs, and investment style. 💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.
How They Work
Index funds are a type of mutual fund, interestingly enough. Index funds are distinguished by their investing approach: Index funds invest in an index, and only change the securities they hold when the index changes, or to realign their holdings to better match the index they invest in.
Rather than rely on a portfolio manager’s instincts and experience, an index fund tracks a particular index. There are benchmark indexes across all of the different asset classes, including stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities. As an example, the S&P 500® Index tracks the stocks of 500 of the leading companies in the United States.
An index fund aims to mirror the performance of a given benchmark index by investing in the same companies with similar weights. With these funds, it’s not about beating the market, it’s about tracking it, and as such, index funds typically follow a passive investment strategy, known as a buy-and-hold strategy.
A mutual fund is an investment that holds a collection — or portfolio — of securities, such as stocks and bonds. The “mutual” part of the name has to do with the structure of the fund, in that all of its investors mutually combine their funds in this one shared portfolio.
Mutual funds are also called ’40 Act funds, as they were created in 1940 by an act of Congress that was designed to correct some of the investment abuses that led to the Stock Market Crash of 1929. It created a regulatory framework for offering and maintaining mutual funds, including requirements for filings, service charges, financial disclosures, and the fiduciary duties of investment companies.
To get people to invest, the portfolio managers of a given mutual fund offer a unique investment perspective or strategy. That could mean investing in tech stocks, or only investing in the fund manager’s five best ideas, or investing in a few thousand stocks at once, or only in gold-mining stocks, and so on.
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Fees and Taxes
There may be different associated costs with index funds and mutual funds as well.
Mutual-fund managers generally charge investors a management fee, which comes from the assets of the fund. Those fees vary widely, but an active manager will generally charge more, as they have to pay the salaries of analysts, researchers, and the stock pickers themselves. Passive managers of index funds, on the other hand, simply have to pay to license the use of an index.
An actively-managed mutual fund may charge an expense ratio (which includes the management fee) of 0.5% to 0.75%, and sometimes as high as 1.5%. But for index funds, that expense ratio is typically much lower — often around 0.2%, and as low as 0.02% for some funds.
Investing Style
The two also differ on a basic level in that index funds are a passive investing vehicle and mutual funds are typically actively managed. That means that investors who want to take a hands-off approach may find index funds a more suitable choice, whereas investors who want a guiding hand in their portfolio may be more attracted to mutual funds.
Mutual Funds vs. Index Funds: Key Differences
Mutual Funds
Index Funds
Overseen by a fund manager
Track a market index
May have higher associated costs
Typically has lower associated costs
Active investing
Passive investing
Index vs Mutual Fund: Which is Best for You?
There’s no telling whether an index or mutual fund is better for you — it’ll depend on specific factors relevant to your specific situation and goals.
When deciding how to invest, everyone has their own unique approach. If an investor believes in the expertise and human touch of a fund manager or team of professionals, then an actively managed fund like a mutual fund may be the right fit. While no one beats the market every year, some funds can potentially outperform the broader market for long stretches.
But for those individuals who want to invest in the markets and not think about it, then the broad exposure — and lower fees — offered by index funds may make more sense. Investing in index funds tends to work best when you hold your money in the funds for a longer period of time, or use a dollar-cost-average strategy, where you invest consistently over time to take advantage of both high and low points. 💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.
The Takeaway
Index funds and mutual funds are similar investment vehicles, but there are some key differences which include how they’re managed, costs associated with them, and how they function at a granular level.
The choice between index funds and other mutual funds is one with decades of debate behind it. For individuals who prefer the expertise of a hands-on professional or team buying and selling assets within the fund, a mutual fund may be preferred. For investors who’d rather their fund passively track an index — without worrying about “beating the market” — an index fund might be the way to go.
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For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.
FAQ
Do index funds outperform mutual funds?
Actively-managed funds, such as mutual funds, tend to underperform the market as a whole over time. That’s to say that most of the time, a broad index fund may be more likely to outperform a mutual fund.
Do people prefer index funds over mutual funds, or mutual funds over index funds?
The types of funds that investors prefer to invest in depends completely on their own financial situation and investment goals. But some investors may prefer index funds over mutual funds due to their hands-off, passive approach and lower associated costs.
Are mutual funds riskier than index funds?
Mutual funds may be riskier than index funds, but it depends on the specific funds being compared — mutual funds do tend to be more expensive than index funds, and tend to underperform the market at large, too.
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Welcome to NerdWallet’s Smart Money podcast, where we answer your real-world money questions. In this episode:
Learn investment and tax strategies to help you achieve financial security and prepare for a prosperous retirement.
How can you balance saving for emergencies and investing for the future? What strategies can you employ to maximize your tax benefits and build a secure financial future? NerdWallet’s Kim Palmer and Alana Benson discuss investment strategies and tax planning to help you understand how to navigate your financial journey effectively. They begin with a discussion of investment strategies, with tips and tricks on understanding different investment accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs, leveraging compound interest, and the importance of starting investments early. Then, Alana discusses tax planning and filing in-depth, covering the intricacies of different tax forms like W-4s and W-2s, the significance of estimated taxes for freelancers, and strategies for managing capital gains taxes.
Kim and Alana delve into retirement planning and the challenges of active versus passive investing. They provide a framework for prioritizing your finances, emphasizing the creation of an emergency fund, taking advantage of employer 401(k) matches, and understanding the role of asset allocation based on age and risk tolerance. Additionally, they tackle the decision-making process in personal finance, such as choosing between paying off debt and investing, and the pros and cons of having a financial advisor.
Check out this episode on your favorite podcast platform, including:
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Episode transcript
This transcript was generated from podcast audio by an AI tool.
Sean Pyles:
Hey listener, we’ve got a special episode in store for you today. Our investing and tax Nerds recently hosted a webinar going deep into how you can level up your investing and tax strategy. So we packaged that up into a podcast episode for you. The Nerds talk about what you need to know about different investing accounts, how to get help with your taxes and more. So here’s the webinar.
Kim Palmer:
Welcome everyone. I am Kim Palmer. I’m a personal finance writer at NerdWallet where we help people make smart decisions. One important note, we are not financial or investment advisors. This nerdy info is provided for general educational and entertainment purposes and may not apply to your specific circumstances. NerdWallet Inc is not an investment advisor or broker and does not provide personal financial advisory services. Today we are excited to talk to you about the basics of investing and taxes and we think we have some helpful info to share with you. You can always find more at nerdwallet.com or on the NerdWallet app. Our goal today is to kick off a helpful discussion about investing and tax information and tools. Alana Benson writes about investing topics including stocks, funds, and ethical investing. And now I will hand it over to Alana.
Alana Benson:
Thanks Kim. Hi everyone. Thank you for joining us today. So before we start, I just want to say a couple of things that often get forgotten when we’re talking about investing. So first, investing usually comes second to some other goals. If you’re having a hard time paying for necessities or you don’t have an emergency fund, it’s really important to focus on those things before we even start worrying about investing. Second, instead of scrimping, try to increase your income. So I didn’t start investing until I was in my late 20s, and that’s because one, I didn’t work at NerdWallet yet, so I literally didn’t know anything. And two, I was making around $25,000 a year, so I didn’t have much expendable income. And when you don’t have extra income, it’s really hard to prioritize investing and it just might not even be a good idea to do that.
When I started making more money, it was suddenly a lot more possible for me to invest for retirement. So if it’s possible for you and you want to be investing more, look for jobs that will pay you more or look into side hustles, but cutting back on your streaming services probably will not save you enough money for retirement. And finally, if you don’t have the money to invest now, that’s totally fine. Some people have serious money anxieties and others just don’t have the cash. Whatever your reason is, don’t stress too much about it. Just keep learning and when you’re able to, you can start investing. So why do we invest? What is the point of all this? And the answer is that it’s because we like money and that’s okay. There’s no shame in admitting it, I like money, most people like money. It’s because money isn’t just money. It’s not like Scrooge McDuck diving into pools of money and buying Maseratis. It’s not that.
It’s about not being stressed about your money all the time and it’s about being able to buy everything that you need and some stuff that you want comfortably without having money stress take up all of your energy. Money allows us to thrive instead of just survive and investing helps you make more money than you could ever possibly make just by working at a job. So okay, what actually is investing? This whole process is very strange. Okay. Investing is the process of money that you already have making additional money for you. And this works through what’s called compound interest. Compound interest means that your gains get a little bit bigger every year and that’s also why starting when you’re younger gives you a huge advantage and more money in the long run. So for example, you just start at that little number one in the box up there. Say you buy an investment for $100, if it goes up the average stock market return of 10%, it could then be worth $110, meaning that you’ve made $10.
Then that $10 that you earned also starts earning compound interest on top of the $100 you initially invested. That doesn’t sound like much of a profit, but imagine if you were doing it with way larger amounts of money over a way longer period of time. Now that 10% is an annualized rate, which means that you’re not going to get 10% every single year. In all likelihood, some years you’re going to finish up, some years you’ll finish down. But over the course of decades when you average all that out, you tend to get about 10%. The way you actually start investing is through an investing account. And there’s a couple of different types, but the type of investment account you have is actually really, really important because a lot of them have some pretty significant tax benefits that you want to take advantage of. So you’ve got your 401(k)s and these are offered through your employer. You add money to it and sometimes your employer matches it. So it’s basically free money. If you have a 401(k), you’ll likely choose your investments from a pre-selected list or a fund that will automatically adjust itself over time.
So this means 401(k)s are typically very hands off. IRAs on the other hand are investment accounts that you open up yourself. IRAs can be opened online through brokerages and actually at a lot of large banks, they also do that. So it’s likely you can open up an investment account just through your bank. Unlike with a 401(k), IRAs you’ll have to choose your own investments in those accounts. You may have heard about a thing called a Roth IRA or a Roth 401(k) and it’s good if you know the difference. So with a Roth, you pay taxes on your money now just like any other money that you earn and then the money you have invested inside that account grows tax-free and you can take it out tax-free in retirement. With a traditional IRA or 401(k), the money you contribute today is pre-tax.
So that is you get to deduct it from your income taxes this year. So it’s like a nice little treat this year, but then when you cash it out in retirement, you’ll owe income taxes on it. This is really, really important. I’ve seen a lot of people make this mistake. Your investment account is not an investment, so a Roth IRA, a 401(k), not an investment. So if you have a Roth IRA, that’s great, but that doesn’t mean you’re actually invested in anything. So you fund your investment account and then you buy investments from there. But I’ve heard of people opening a Roth IRA, putting in a bunch of money and then wondering why it didn’t grow over the last 10 years. So you have to purchase investments for your money to actually grow and if you don’t do it, you’ll miss out on all of those years of growth, so very important.
And there’s a couple different types of investments that you can choose from once you open and fund your investment account. So you’ve got stocks, I’m sure everyone’s heard of that, these are shares of ownership in companies and the way you make money from them is if they go up in value and some pay you a cut of the company’s profits on a regular basis. Then you’ve got bonds. This is when you loan money to companies or the government and they pay you interest. Funds, now these are very exciting because they’re basically just baskets of stocks and bonds that you buy all at once. So a fund is still a stock or bond based investment depending on the type of fund that you get. And there’s a lot of different kinds such as index funds or exchange traded funds and mutual funds, but they’re all collections of investments that you buy at one time.
And I think funds are pretty awesome because if you own a stock and that company goes out of business, you lose all of your money. But if you invest in a fund that covers 100 stocks and that same stock goes out of business, your investment is buoyed up by the other 99 companies. So again, all of these investments, stocks, bonds and funds, you buy them from your investment account and then you own them in there. All right, so let’s talk about the stock market, it’s this weird nebulous term that’s hard to understand. But the stock market is just where people buy and sell investments, but now people just trade investments online. So the stock market is made up of several what are called market indexes. Now these are basically just predetermined lists of companies and the performance of that overall list can tell us a lot about the health of the US economy.
So for example, the S&P 500, something you probably have all heard of, that’s just the list of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the US and it includes companies like Apple and Amazon. So when we say the stock market is down today, that means that on average most of those companies aren’t doing well. And you can’t invest in the literal stock market, but you can invest in funds that include all the same investments. So these are called index funds because they track a market index. So again, if you have an S&P 500 index fund, it should perform pretty closely to how the S&P 500 itself is actually performing. The S&P 500 goes up 10% a year on average and 6.5% after inflation. And this is just an average, so some years the market goes up more, some years it goes down less, but when done well, investing can potentially mean doubling your money every few years for doing basically nothing, which is my favorite way of earning money, by doing nothing. It’s great.
So let’s talk strategy. This is all about the way that you invest, when you put your money in and when you take your money out. So passive investing is where you buy that S&P 500 index fund and you keep adding money into it until you retire. It’s very boring, but it’s effective. So it can give you that 10% return on average over the long haul, but a lot of people want to make more than that 10%, and they do so by actively buying and selling stocks, crypto options and other high risk investments. They try to predict when they’ll be low, then they buy them and then they turn around and try to sell them when they’re high. So these people are called active traders or day traders. Only 20% of active traders make money over a six-month period. That is not a lot of people.
There have been a lot of studies over the years that show that active investing is a way less lucrative fashion than boring old passive investing with that index fund. Plus active investing is a lot more work, you have to do all kinds of research and you keep an eye on the markets and you can hypothetically earn more by actively trading versus passively earning the same amount as that historical return of 10%. But most people end up making less when they actually try it, and that’s because people are really bad at predicting things. And in order to make money on the overall stock market over the long term, you have to be really good at predicting things all the time. So maybe you make it big on one stock, but the odds of that happening again and again are very low. So let’s put all of this information together, the accounts, the actual investments and the strategy.
Here’s how financial advisors suggest you prioritize your money when you’re starting to invest. So the first thing you want to do is you’re not actually going to invest at all. The first thing is that you’re going to have an emergency fund. So this is money that you won’t actually put in the stock market, and that’s because when your money is invested, its value can change day by day. So say you have $1,000 and you want to use it for an emergency fund, but you invest it, when you have to fix something on your car suddenly, you go to check your money and its value could be $600 instead of $1,000 and that’s not good. If you put it in a high yield savings account, you can access that money at any time without risking its value. Plus right now the interest rates are really high.
So your money could be earning 4 to 5% just by sitting there. So next, you want to get that 401(k) match if it’s available to you because it’s free money. After that, it’s a good idea to look into IRAs. Both IRAs and 401(k)s have what’s called a contribution limit, which is just the maximum amount of money you can put in each of them every year. If you’re able to max out an IRA, then it’s a good call to move back to your 401(k). And the reason you switch around like that is because of the way the tax benefit works. So it’s likely more beneficial to invest in an IRA over a 401(k) if you’ve already gotten your match, if you have to choose between the two. Then if you max out your 401(k), you can move to a standard brokerage account. And this is not a list of everything you have to be doing right now.
You might be thinking, “Whoa, maxing out an IRA is $6,500, I cannot afford that”, and that is totally fine. So I like to picture it as a waterfall. So when you fill up your emergency fund, then you can start working on getting that 401(k) match. Only after that bucket is full should you then move on to investing in an IRA and so on. And wherever you’re at in your bucket filling journey is okay. It’s just nice to know what to do next when you’re ready for it. So we already talked about what accounts to invest from and the investments you can buy, but then do you just start buying a bunch of index funds or stocks or bonds? How do you know how much of each investment to get? And that is all about risk tolerance. And to understand that we have to understand how risk works over time.
If you’re investing for retirement and you’re in your 20s now, that means you have a ton of time for your investments to grow and then drop dramatically and then rise back up. So financial advisors would say you can afford to take on a bit more risk, AKA invest in riskier investments, because you have time for your investments to bounce back. Now, if you’re investing for your retirement and you’re 65, you don’t want to risk all the money you’ve been investing for years and years because you’re going to actually need to use it to pay for stuff in retirement pretty soon, so you want to protect it. And figuring out how much of each investment you should have is a fancy term called asset allocation, but it just means how much of your portfolio is in which of these investments.
And age is just a number, but typically when you’re younger, you may be able to afford to take more risk because you have more time for the stock market highs and lows to even out. So stocks, and okay, remember index funds and mutual funds are often made up of stocks so those count too, but those tend to carry more risk than investments like bonds. And an example of a 20-year-old’s investment portfolio, which includes all of your accounts so your 401(k), your Roth IRA, all of that together, that could be 100% stocks. And that’s fairly risky, but those 20 year olds are not going to retire for a long time. Now, a 65-year-old might have way more bonds because they don’t want to risk all that money they’ve earned over time. And one thing some investors do to mitigate risk is to slowly shift their asset allocation from high risk investments to low risk investments over time.
And again, I’m not a financial advisor and this is not personalized investment advice, but how much of each investment it’s good to have will usually depend on how much risk you are willing to take. And an investment portfolio can be really simple or really complicated. So you could have that one S&P 500 index fund and you purchase it from a Roth IRA, and that’s just all you do. Just if you want to keep it really simple or you can make it more complicated. So maybe you explore several stock-based funds such as international stocks and healthcare stocks and technology stocks, and you could invest in those types through a fund. So instead of buying 30 technology stocks, you just have one technology stock fund, then a small slice in bonds, and then an even smaller slice is crypto or other high risk investments. Though financial advisors have varying opinions on the safety of crypto.
So keep in mind, this is just an example and not necessarily what you should do personally, but it is really helpful to look up asset allocation portfolios through an online brokerage and see what they recommend for your specific age and when you plan on retiring. You can also talk with a financial advisor who can help guide you through those decisions. And investing is great because it can help you earn wealth, which you could spend on a boat, but more than likely one of your biggest investing goals will be retirement. And the sad truth is that in some things like retirement, they just cost so much that you’ll probably never afford them just by putting money in a savings account. And that’s why we say we have to invest for retirement. And the truth is that most people just aren’t saving enough for retirement.
So you’ll probably have a lot of expenses and you have to pay for that in retirement and some of it’s necessary like food or housing or medical care and some of it is travel or bucket list stuff, but you may not be working anymore or at least not as much as you were. And once you factor in inflation, it’s likely that a dollar today will be worth way less when you’re in retirement. And saving for retirement has gotten even more difficult because you can’t necessarily afford to live on social security. Medicare doesn’t always pay for your health needs and pensions aren’t really as common as they used to be. And because of all this, it’s really important to start investing for retirement sooner rather than later.
And if you’re early in your career, it might seem silly to worry about retiring right now, but if you start investing sooner, you actually spend less on retirement than if you start investing later in life overall and that’s because of compound interest. So our retirement calculator shows that if you start putting away $100 per month, that could grow to nearly $400,000 in 35 years. And it’s always good to know how much you should be trying to invest. When you have a long-term goal in mind, you want to know what that number is. So a retirement calculator can be a big help to figure that out, including NerdWallet’s retirement calculator. No shame, I’m going to plug it, but some financial advisors recommend saving 15% of your pre-tax income for retirement. So okay, let’s break that down. What does that look like?
So if you make $100,000 a year, again just because easy math, that would be $15,000 annually that you’re trying to save for retirement. But if you had a 5% match on your 401(k), you’d already be saving $10,000 a year between the $5,000 you make and the $5,000 your employer puts in. And then if you contributed another $5,000 to your Roth IRA, you’d already meet your target goal of saving $15,000 a year for retirement. You should also think about how much you can make during those peak earning years. If you’re younger, what career are you looking to have? You can look up what those wages tend to look like on a site like Glassdoor or ask someone in your life who is in that career path, and maybe do that tactfully because you’re asking about money. But figuring out what you want to be when you grow up may not be something you want to think about right now.
But to be honest, I studied English in college and no one told me about my job prospects. I figured that I would have to write a super famous book or be a teacher and you don’t have to have everything figured out now, but it doesn’t hurt to see how much a potential field could earn and figure out what careers are open to you. And just keep in mind that relationship between your earnings and investing like we talked about in the beginning. And if you’re later in your career, it is harder to take advantage of compound interest, but some of those investment accounts have those catch up contributions that we talked about so you’re able to contribute more after a certain age. Thank you all so much for listening to me talk very fast for a long time, and now I will hand it back over to Kim to talk about taxes. Thanks so much.
Kim Palmer:
Great, thank you so much, Alana. That was great. Someone actually asked in a pre-submitted question, “Why do I have to pay taxes?” Well, here is why. Taxes are used to pay for a lot of different things like clean water, roads, schools, healthcare, and the military. And your tax return is due every year in mid-April to the IRS. We’ll talk a little bit later about what to do if you need an extension, but in general that is the deadline. But first, let’s back up a little bit. When you file taxes, there is so much paperwork. One really important one is the W-4. That is the document that your employer asks you to fill out when you start a new job. And it plays a really big role in telling your employer how much in taxes to take out of each paycheck. It asks you things like your filing status, dependents, how much tax to withhold, and if you get a really big tax bill or a big refund, then you might want to go back and revisit your W-4 just to make sure you’re withholding enough but not too much.
There’s also the W-2, which is a document that your employer sends you to summarize how much in total they took out of your paycheck the previous year, and you’ll need to reference all those numbers when you file your tax return. If you are self-employed or you work a side hustle, then taxes won’t be automatically withheld from your paycheck, and that means you might have to pay something called estimated taxes, which is typically four times a year. In January, you’ll get something called a 1099 form that outlines how much money any company paid you, and then you’ll use that information when you file your return. And then finally, the 1040 is the main form you use when you file taxes, and we’ll drop a link in the chat for more about that. Okay, so you have all of your forms set. How do you actually file your taxes?
You can do it yourself through the IRS. You can use an online tax prep software or you can use a tax professional like an accountant or a tax preparer. If you do it on your own, you can either use paper forms or get access to brand name tax prep software through an IRS service called Free File. But it’s important to know that only people who make below a certain income qualify for the Free File program. If you use tax software like TurboTax, H&R Block or NerdWallet Taxes powered by Column Tax, many of these providers use a Q&A style to help you do your taxes and some even offer paid upgrades that connect you directly to a tax professional. If your finances are really complicated and you want some extra help, then you can also work with a tax preparer such as a certified public accountant.
You do want to make sure to ask them lots of questions and check their credentials before you agree to share your financial information. And you also want to check to see if they have a prepared tax identification number, which is an ID that’s required for anyone who files tax returns for compensation. The US does not have a flat tax system, and that means that portions of your income can be taxed at different rates. There are currently seven tax rates for federal income taxes that run from 10% to 37%. And which tax rate applies to you depends on your income and your filing status. So you might hear people say, “I’m in the 12% bracket” or “I’m in the 22% bracket”, but being in a tax bracket doesn’t mean you pay that tax rate on everything you make. And in reality, people’s income can fall into several different tax brackets depending on how much they make.
Portions or chunks of your income are taxed at different rates and some of those different taxes are then added together. So for example, some of your income could be taxed at a rate of 10%, another chunk could be at 12%. The more you make, the higher the tax rate might be on some of your income. And depending on the state where you pay your income taxes, you might pay a flat rate or a progressive rate similar to the federal structure. A small handful of states have no state income tax. If you want to pay less, you can look for tax breaks. Tax credits and tax deductions are two tools that can help you potentially minimize your tax bill, but they do work in different ways. Tax deductions reduce your taxable income. As a simplified example, a $25,000 tax deduction on $100,000 of taxable income means that only $75,000 of that income will get taxed.
Tax credits directly reduce your tax bill by the value of their credit. So this means if you owe $2,000 in taxes and you’re eligible for a $1,000 tax credit, you’ll end up owing $1,000. Tax credits tend to be more valuable because they have the potential to pack a bigger punch, so you definitely want to try to take all the tax credits you qualify for, and you could even get money back if a credit is refundable. Common tax credits include the earned income tax credit, the child tax credit, the lifetime learning credit, and the American opportunity credit and savers credit.
All right, I alluded to this at the beginning, but what happens if you’re not going to be ready by mid-April? What do you do? If you know you won’t be able to file on time before tax day, you can file for a free extension with the IRS and that gives you until mid-October to file your return. But you want to make sure that at least 90% of what you think you’ll owe in April is covered by an estimated tax payment or your withholdings. Otherwise, the IRS can hit you with a penalty for late payment. The failure to pay penalty is really no joke. It’s 0.5% of your unpaid taxes each month your payment is late plus interest. If you file late and you did not file an extension, you could also get hit with a failure to file penalty, which is 5% of your unpaid taxes each month that your payment is late. There is some good-ish news, if you file late but you don’t owe anything, you won’t get penalized but that doesn’t mean you’re not still obligated to file.
If you don’t, the IRS could file a return on your behalf and you might miss out on a refund if you’re owed one. And if your tax bill is so high that you can’t pay it off, you do have options. You can set up a long-term or short-term payment plan with the IRS.
I know that was a whole lot of information and taxes can seem scary, but we break down lots of popular tax questions and terms on nerdwallet.com. We have some time to address some pre-submitted questions from the audience ranging from about Roth IRAs to the pros and cons of having a financial advisor. And I do want to give a reminder here as we answer these questions that we are not tax or investing advisors. We are writers who focus on these fields and what we say is not investing or tax advice. So with that said, let’s dive into these questions. A question that came to us in an email was: how do you choose between paying off credit card debt and investing in saving for emergencies?
I really love this question because I think it speaks to some of the biggest challenges of personal finance, navigating these choices. And the answer is it’s really up to you. Many financial advisors say that the first step is to create a starter emergency fund, and you can read more in our article that we’ll link to, Should I Pay Off Debt Or Save? And you’ll see most people think about saving $500 to $1,000 first and then after that to consider contributing enough to a workplace retirement plan if they have access to one, and then contributing 3% to 5% of income to an IRA or a Roth IRA. And then financial advisors say people can consider focusing on paying off high interest debt and amp up investing efforts once they have paid that off. And now Alana, I’ll turn over to you. Perhaps you can answer the questions about Roth IRAs.
Alana Benson:
Absolutely. So a couple folks were wondering, before we went over everything, what a Roth IRA is and how does it work and when is it worth it to open one? So we already covered this a little bit, but again, it’s an individual retirement account and it lets you contribute money that you’ve already paid taxes on. So think about when you get your paycheck. That money has already had taxes taken out of it. So once you hit age 59 and a half and you have held the Roth IRA for at least five years, you can withdraw your contributions and any earnings, which is a fancy word for money that you earn from investing, without paying taxes again. And whether it’s worth it is up to you, especially if you’re trying to decide between a Roth IRA and a traditional IRA because it’s about when you pay those taxes and if you have a traditional IRA, you do get that tax break right now.
So that’s a personal decision. But you can also take out money tax-free from your Roth IRA later in life. So if that’s something that you are really trying to parse out, it might be good to talk to a financial advisor because they can help you with that question. We had two other questions. The first one is: how do you calculate how much money to put in your Roth IRA if you make over the maximum amount? So we didn’t actually cover this, so Roth IRAs do have income limits, but there is something called a Backdoor Roth that lets you contribute money first to a traditional IRA, pay taxes on it and then roll that money into a Roth IRA. And then our last question is: what are the pros and cons of having a financial advisor and how do you find one?
This is such a good question. The pros and cons really depend on your situation. The catchall term ‘financial advisor’ is used to describe a wide variety of people and services, including investment managers, financial consultants, financial planners. First and foremost, you always want to verify a financial professional because financial advisor doesn’t require people to be vetted. Certain things like a certified financial planner or a CFP, those actually have a very high level of education and have a certification that you can verify online. So anyone that you are talking about money with, you want to make sure that you are vetting them. And some of these people can just talk to you about your finances and some of them can actually manage your investments for you if you want that. Financial advisors, depending on the kind that you choose, can be pretty expensive. A robo-advisor is like an AI version of a financial advisor.
You just set up an account for one and then they charge you a pretty modest fee. And based on your age and your risk tolerance, it will manage your investments for you. An online financial advisor can offer more services and you can actually talk to a human being, but those do tend to cost a little bit more. And then you could go to an in-person financial advisor, depending on their credentials, that might cost even more, but sometimes it’s really nice to talk to somebody that you know and you can grow that relationship with them over time.
Kim Palmer:
Great. Thank you, Alana. And I think, actually, I can squeeze in one more question that we received. How do taxes work with investment accounts? How much do we set aside so we aren’t surprised by a tax bill? Which is a great question. If you’re selling stocks from a brokerage investment account, then you should be aware of three words, capital gains taxes. Those are the taxes you’ll pay when you sell assets for profit. Assets that you have owned for more than a year are subject to long-term capital gains tax, and the capital gains tax rate is 0%, 15% or 20% on most assets. Capital gains taxes on assets held for a year or less are subject to short-term capital gains. If you regularly trade stocks or other investments, you might be subject to short-term capital gains.
Those profits are taxed as ordinary income based on your tax brackets, which we went over before. Your final tax bill depends on a number of different factors. If you don’t want to be surprised, estimate what you’ll owe using tools such as a tax calculator or IRS worksheets. If needed, consider setting aside enough to cover the tax bill or paying estimated taxes and as always, your specific situation will differ and we are not tax professionals. We hope that you enjoyed this webinar and learned something today. If you’d like to get even more clarity on your finances and continue learning with NerdWallet, consider signing up for an account with us at nerdwallet.com. Thank you so much for joining us.
Sean Pyles: And that’s all we have for this episode. To send the Nerds your money questions, call or text us on the Nerd hotline at 901-730-6373. That’s 901-730-NERD. You can also email us at [email protected]. Here’s our brief disclaimer. We are not financial or investment advisors. This nerdy info is provided for general educational and entertainment purposes and may not apply to your specific circumstances. This webinar episode was produced by Alikay Wood, Sheri Gordon, and me. We had editing help from Liz Weston, Sara Brink mixed our audio, and a big thank you to NerdWallet’s editors for all their help. And with that said, until next time, turn the Nerds.
Investing in real estate is some of the oldest and most reliable financial advice in the books. Few other assets can compete with real estate’s vast array of benefits. These benefits include tax advantages, appreciation, relative impunity to market shifts, and even the potential for passive income.
But even if you have every intention of investing in real estate, it can be challenging to get started. After all, even a modest home usually requires a substantial down payment. And it can take years to save up those five-figure sums. The term “real estate investor” may bring to mind a multi-millionaire who manages several properties, leaving you feeling overwhelmed enough to give up the ghost entirely.
Fortunately, it is possible to invest in real estate with little or no money, even if you aren’t swimming in discretionary income. For instance, with an Opportunity Fund or REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) you can get your foot in the door even if you can’t afford to purchase an entire property. There are also a host of ways to leverage your own home. These include house hacking, renting vacation space on Airbnb, and more.
In this post, we’ll break down everything you need to know about how to invest in real estate. We’ll go over some of the most common types of real estate investing. We’ll also break down how they can help you make money. And we’ll explain how you can begin, no matter how much capital you have in hand.
Why Invest in Real Estate?
Before we dig into the meat of the post, let’s take a moment to backtrack. Why is real estate investing such a well-worn piece of financial advice?
You’ve probably heard that diversifying your portfolio of real estate investments is essential. But your “portfolio” doesn’t just have to live on the stock market! Real estate investing gives you, as the name suggests, a real, tangible asset. And it’s much less vulnerable to the capriciousness of the market.
Real estate investing can help you not only build home equity but also generate passive cash flow. Both through the process of appreciation and the more intentional, hands-on approaches we’ll study further below. And owning your own home can help you reap financial benefits while simultaneously providing for one of your most basic needs.
How to Invest in Real Estate with Little Money
When a down payment might cost as much as $60,000, it’s understandable that many first-time property shoppers feel overwhelmed. They say you have to spend money to make money. Yes, but that’s quite a hefty figure for the average American earner.
To be sure, some real estate investment strategies require a good deal of cash upfront to be workable. But there are other tactics that don’t necessitate such a large lump sum to begin with. This means you don’t have to be a real estate mogul to be a property owner. We’ll break down various strategies at both ends of the spectrum below.
Types of Real Estate Investing
Let’s get into the nitty-gritty. What types of real estate can you invest in?
There are three main types of investment properties available to real estate investors.
Residential properties are probably the ones you’re most familiar with. They are exactly what they sound like: buildings used by individuals and families as residential living spaces. These properties include single-family homes, duplexes, apartments, condominiums, and townhouses, and multi-family homes (so long as they’re being used residentially and don’t exceed four units).
Commercial real estate are properties used to conduct business. They may include offices, storefronts, retail spaces, farmland, and large multi-family houses or apartment buildings.
Industrial real estate are properties that serve industrial business purposes, such as factories, power plants, or storage and shipping warehouses.
Furthermore, there are both active and passive forms of real estate investing.
Active investing is, well, active. It requires a good deal of time, energy, and commitment from the investor. Active investing may become a part- or even full-time job for the investor. They usually share ownership with few (or no) other people and thus bears a lot of responsibility for the success of the investment.
Passive investing, on the other hand, allows the investor to reap the benefits of investing without taking on the pressure and responsibility of full ownership of a tangible property. In most cases, passive investing involves supplying capital to a larger investment pool. You earn capital gains on loan interest through dividends paid to shareholders.
We’ll go into it all of this in more detail, including specific ways you can invest in real estate, both active and passive.
How Real Estate Investing Can Help You Earn
Before we break down the specific ways you can get started investing in real estate, let’s talk about how it can help you make money. (After all, that’s the whole point!)
You can invest in real estate in several ways, depending on what type of investing you’re participating in.
Equity and appreciation
Purchasing real estate equips the owner with a “hard asset”; the tangible property or building. Owning this kind of asset confers equity, or value. It isn’t as vulnerable to the fluctuations of the market as stocks, bonds, and other securities. Furthermore, property has a longstanding history of increasing in value over time, or appreciating.
On the contrary, other types of purchases (like automobiles) depreciate, or lose value. Thus, purchasing a property may allow you to earn income passively simply through the process of appreciation. It more or less ensures that the cash value of your home is a safe and stable part of your overall net worth.
Rental income
Chances are, you’ve had to pay rent to a landlord at some point in your life. Well, if you become the landlord, someone’s paying you the rent. And as long as that rental price eclipses your total expenses, including your mortgage and maintenance costs, the rest is profit!
Aside from managing the investment property, you can also collect rental income by sharing your space on platforms like Airbnb or house hacking, which we’ll explain below.
Sale profit
This happens when you buy a home with the intention to fix it up and sell it down the line (also known as “house flipping”.) It’s the difference between your sale cost and your purchase cost (minus all the expenses put into maintenance and improvements) is pure profit.
Loan interest
The interest charged on home and property loans can increase the value of real estate investments made through REITs, investment platforms, and private equity firms.
Ways to Invest in Real Estate
Now we know a bit about the different types of properties available to investors and how those real estate investments stand to help you earn cash.
So, what are the specific ways to go about real estate investing? There are several in both the “active” and “passive” categories.
Active:
House flipping, or rehabbing, is when an investor purchases a property with the sole intent of fixing it up to sell it later on.
Wholesaling is similar to flipping houses, but less work intensive. Wholesaling occurs when an investor purchases a property they believe is underpriced, so they can quickly sell it to another investor at a profit.
Rental properties give investors a long-term way to draw profit from their investments, though they do require lots of hands-on management and maintenance over time.
Airbnb, Vrbo, and other vacation rentals can often be listed for substantial per-night prices. They can be especially lucrative in high-demand travel destinations.
Passive:
Private equity funds pool the assets of many investors, which creates a larger, more powerful investment fund. These funds are usually overseen and allocated by a dedicated manager. They may have high minimum investment thresholds and requirements to join.
Opportunity funds also pool investors’ assets, but with the specific purpose of making investments in qualified Opportunity Zones. These are low-income, up-and-coming communities that would benefit from private investments and economic development.
REITs are companies that invest in commercial properties. Private investors can purchase shares of the company and earn income on capital gains in the form of dividends.
Online REIT platforms can make real estate investing accessible to beginning investors, often carrying no net worth or accreditation restrictions. They may allow you to invest in specific properties or in pre-built, diversified portfolios of real estate.
We’re going to break down these different investment options in even more detail below. But first, let’s start a bit closer to home—literally.
Starting with Your Own Home
One of the most straightforward ways to invest in real estate is probably already on your financial to-do list, anyway: purchasing your own home.
Purchasing a home of your own allows you to kill two birds with one stone. You’re taking care of the basic need of shelter, while also leveraging the purchase to reap a host of financial benefits.
Here are just a few ways that owning a home can help you save and earn money.
Build equity: As discussed above, property ownership confers relatively immutable equity to the purchaser—that is, your home is a fairly safe, tangible asset to add to your overall investment portfolio.
Receive tax benefits: Certain homeowners’ expenses, including real estate taxes and home mortgage interest, are tax-deductible. And if you sell your home, you may exclude up to $250,000 of capital gains (or $500,000 if filing jointly) from your taxes.
Take advantage of appreciation: Even accounting for the 2008 crisis, the cost of homes and other properties have steadily increased over time for the past 50 years. So, the home you purchase today will likely be worth more than the price you paid for it in the future.
Stop paying rent: Although you’ll likely still have a mortgage payment and other expenses to cover as a homeowner, you won’t be paying rent to live in another person’s property. It’s a cost that is essentially entirely wasted, since you aren’t building home equity in the rental property.
Keep the value of your home improvements: When you own a home of your own, any improvements you make will add to the property’s total value, beefing up your asset as well as beautifying your living space.
House Hacking
Another way to make money by purchasing your own home is known as “house hacking“. It’s a real estate investment strategy wherein you leverage rental income from your primary residence to live there cost-free.
The term was originally coined by entrepreneur and author Brandon Turner, who wrote “The Book on Investing in Real Estate with No (and Low) Money Down” and “The Book on Rental Property Investing.”
House hacking may be done, for example, by purchasing a duplex. The investor rents out one unit at a price that covers the mortgage cost while living in the second unit. Some homeowners have also used space-share platforms like Airbnb to offset their housing costs in the same manner.
Real estate investors can use this strategy to pay off the property and even create a profit margin. This will eventually allow them to invest in more rental properties. Thus, house hacking is a great way to combine the personal financial benefits of homeownership with the long-term earning potential of other types of property investment.
Buying a Home Without a Huge Down Payment
Given the recent trends in the housing market, you may feel daunted by the prospect of becoming a homeowner. In 2023, the U.S. housing market experienced significant challenges, with home prices rising to near-record highs.
But there are many incentives and programs designed to make this large investment more feasible for first-time home buyers.
FHA (Federal Housing Administration) Loans may allow borrowers to purchase a home with a down payment as small as 3.5% of the purchase price and with credit scores as low as 580. (You may also be approved for an FHA loan with a lower credit score, but your minimum down payment may be higher.)
The USDA also offers low-cost loans to low- and moderate-income households purchasing homes in qualified rural areas.
Down Payment Assistance Programs offered by local governments and private firms can provide grants, loans, and educational materials to prospective home buyers
Many other financial institutions and organizations also have special incentives for those purchasing their first homes or low-income families in the housing market. Make sure you check with your local housing authority to learn more about what’s available in your area.
Active Investment Opportunities
Want to get hands-on? Here are the details on some of the most popular and accessible active real estate investment opportunities.
House Flipping
If you’ve ever watched more than thirty minutes of HGTV, chances are you’re at least passingly familiar with the idea of flipping houses. It’s basically where you purchase a home with the express intent of fixing it up and selling it (at a higher cost) later.
House flipping is a great way for investors to earn a significant profit. However, they do need to know how to complete the flip successfully without incurring too many costs. Expenses can quickly eat into the investment’s return.
Finding a Home to Flip
House flippers have to be able to recognize a home that may be slightly undervalued but would be able to sell well given the proper upgrades. This involves both an understanding of the area’s desirability and the types of improvements that generate increased home value.
House flippers are responsible for the entire cost of the home purchase. They must also pay for all the upgrades, which they may either do themselves or hire out to professionals.
Either way, flipping houses incurs a hefty up-front cost, and it does come at a risk. Even after you make all the improvements, it’s possible that the house will languish on the market.
This can mean racking up maintenance, taxes, and other expenses for the real estate investor. However, a properly executed, short-term flip can create a substantial profit margin in a relatively small period of time.
Wholesaling
Like house flippers, wholesalers purchase homes with the intent of selling them quickly. But, they aren’t planning to do any heavy lifting along the way.
Instead, wholesalers find properties that are undervalued for their market. They scoop them up and resell them to other investors at a price closer to their true value. Thus, earning the difference as a profit.
Rental Properties
While managing rental properties may seem like a straightforward and reliable way to earn income, it’s one of the most work-intensive approaches on this list. It does require enough up-front capital to purchase the property (or properties) in the first place. However, landlords do stand to see substantial and steady returns in exchange for the work and effort they put into their properties.
After purchasing a viable property, which needs to be well-maintained, in a desirable location, and well-advertised, landlords are responsible for filling that property with qualified tenants. This can involve a time-consuming and labor-intensive screening process.
After all, as a landlord, you’re giving your renters the keys to your investment—literally! It can be a very risky move if you don’t take the time to ensure your tenants are well-qualified.
Finding & Qualifying Tenants
Along with running a standard background check, landlords may also conduct interviews with and request credit reports from prospective renters, all of which takes time. And don’t forget: every month your rental property is unfilled is a waste of potential income.
Once you do find qualified tenants, you’ll be responsible for a host of obligations unless you hire a property management company. You’ll need to provide maintenance and repairs. You’ll also need to stay on top of rent collection and record-keeping. It can quickly become unwieldy once you have several properties.
You’ll also need to be sure you’re in compliance with all the renters’ rights that exist in your jurisdiction, including laws that regulate the eviction process. Of course, you’ll need to put in the work to find good renters and a well-maintained property in the first place. When done so, managing rentals can provide a smooth and steady source of income for relatively little active work.
Seller Financing
Want to buy an investment property with no money down? Look into seller financing or a land contract. This is where the seller acts as the bank. You make your mortgage payments, including interest, to the seller.
After a few years or so, you will have enough equity in the home to get a bank loan. You can then make a lump sum payment to the seller.
Private & Hard Money Lenders
Private money lenders generally charge between 6% to 12% on the money borrowed. Hard money lenders usually charge 10% to 18%. Hard money loans are not from banks. They are from individuals or businesses aimed at financing real estate investments for a return on their money.
Hard money loans are used by investors who don’t qualify for conventional financing. They are typically used to fund renovations. Once the house is finished or has some equity in it, the borrower then refinances to a conventional mortgage with a lower interest rate.
Airbnb, Vacation Rentals, and Space Sharing
Managing a traditional property, wherein renters sign a multi-month lease, is not the only way to make money from an investment property. Platforms like Airbnb have revolutionized the real estate market. They allow homeowners (and sometimes even renters) to make money by renting out their space on a temporary, per-night basis as a vacation rental.
What’s more, you don’t necessarily have to rent out an entire home or unit to participate. A private room, or even a couch in a shared living room, is acceptable for some travelers using these services.
Airbnb and other vacation rental platforms make it simple for a novice renter. You don’t need to have a huge amount of know-how to start earning money this way. In fact, you don’t even necessarily have to “invest” in any property at all. Some landlords may allow their renters to list their housing on Airbnb as a sublet.
Airbnb Laws
However, as this new form of investment property has expanded, it’s created housing crunches in some cities. It’s resulting in “Airbnb laws,” or short-term rental legislation. These laws may limit your ability to use your housing in this way.
Always check your local regulations before you list your space on Airbnb or another of these types of platforms. If you don’t own the space, ensure that short-term sublets are allowed. Check your lease or ask your landlord directly.
Real Estate Investing Groups and Passive Investing
You may have noticed that many of the active real estate investment opportunities listed above do require substantial upfront capital to get started. You can’t wholesale or flip a house if you can’t purchase the house in the first place!
Furthermore, these active strategies generally involve a high level of skill, effort, and responsibility. It may not be feasible for those committed to other full-time careers.
Fortunately, there are still other ways to get involved with real estate investing, even if you don’t want to own or manage tangible property. (Or if doing so is out of financial reach for you right now). These passive investment tactics can help you glean the benefits of real estate investing without taking on quite as much of a fiscal and physical burden.
Private Equity Funds
A private equity, or PE fund, pools contributions from various investors to make larger investments. They’re often limited liability partnerships. That means there are fixed periods during which investors do not have access to their holdings.
Instead, PE funds allow investors to earn gains on debt and equity assets passively, without putting in much active work or research. Asset allocation and investments are managed by a dedicated individual or group. They earn money through annual fees as well as profit sharing.
PE funds come in various types, including the following:
Core equity funds generally invest in established commercial properties. They don’t carry risks like needing major improvements or experiencing losses for lack of consumer demand. The core strategy is simultaneously the least risky among PE funds and, typically, the least gainful.
Core plus equity funds generally follow the core strategy, but take a few more risks on properties that may require minor upgrades. This leads to a higher risk-return ratio on average.
Value added equity funds may invest in commercial properties that require substantial upgrades or new management to operate at their full potential. They may also seek to sell the property after improvements are made to create an additional profit margin.
Opportunistic equity funds offer the highest potential rewards, along with the highest risk. Investment properties purchased via these funds may need new construction or even land acquisitions. The payoff of such a new business venture is all but guaranteed. Furthermore, these developments take time, which means your investment capital may be tied up for longer. However, when they pay off, opportunistic equity funds see some of the best returns of the bunch.
Although PE funds are powerful real estate investment engines, they do often have high minimum investment requirements, generally not less than $100,000. Some funds may also be limited to accredited or institutional investors who can demonstrate available means.
Opportunity Funds
Opportunity funds operate on a similar model to private equity funds but are specifically used to make investments in qualified Opportunity Zones. These are economically distressed areas designated by the state and certified by the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury. Opportunity funds are legally required to invest 90% of their assets into properties in these Opportunity Zones.
Because these areas tend to be up-and-coming (and because tax benefits can incentivize investors to support them), opportunity funds often see substantial capital gains for their investors. And taxes incurred on those gains can be deferred until December 26, 2026.
That means the longer the investment is held before that date, the lower your overall tax liability will be. And opportunity fund investments held for at least ten years prior can expect their capital returns to be permanently excluded from capital gains taxes.
Of course, this strategy requires parting with your investment capital for a significant period of time. It’s best for those who can afford to put down the money to play the long game. If you can, however, investing in one is a great way to see substantial returns for almost zero effort.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
A real estate investment trust(REIT) is a company that invests in commercial properties. As an investor, you purchase shares of this company just as you would any other. You earn income through its debt and equity assets in the form of shareholder dividends.
REITs operate similarly to mutual funds. They provide an excellent way for the average earner to experience the benefits of real estate investing. You don’t have to have a huge amount of capital to get started, as minimum investment requirements may be quite low.
However, they may carry high investment fees, especially in the case of private REITs (i.e., those not publicly traded on the stock market). Fees at these companies may run as high as 15%. REITs may also be illiquid and keep your money locked up for longer periods of time.
Online Real Estate Investment Platforms
In this digital, all-sharing-all-the-time age, most of us have already heard of crowdfunding. Real estate investments are no exception to the rules of the new millennium.
Online real estate investment platforms have begun springing up. They can make real estate gains achievable for average investors who may not have the towering net worth or accreditation status necessary to buy into more formal funds. Depending on the specific company, you might be able to choose specific investment properties to fund or buy into a diversified portfolio of investments.
Fees and minimum investment requirements are relatively low on real estate crowdfunding platforms. For instance, Fundrise lets you get started with just $500. That is much less than you’d have to pay to get in on most types of active investments! Check out our full review of Fundrise here.
Ready to Get Started Investing in Real Estate?
As you can see, there are several ways to start investing without saving up a five- or six-figure sum. And if you do it right, your investments can actually help you reach those high savings goals. You can then fund other types of investment projects!
However, as with any financial objective, planning and strategizing is key. Saving up as much capital as possible will help you get the best return on your investment once you’re ready.
You can’t allocate your assets without first keeping track of them, and to achieve that, you need to create a budget. If you’re in debt, aggressively paying it off will free you of a weighty financial anchor, so check out these powerful debt relief options.
Finally, if you intend to purchase property either to live in or as an investment opportunity, your credit score matters. It’s as simple as that. If your credit score isn’t quite where you want it to be, take these steps to raise it. Doing so will allow you to get the best interest rate once you’re ready to make the big purchase.
Buying stocks without a broker can be done, typically through the use of a self-administered brokerage service, or one of a couple of different types of investing plans. Buying stocks may help you get started on the path to building wealth. And just like hiring professional movers can help make relocating less stressful, purchasing stocks through a broker can make the process of diversifying your portfolio easier.
That, however, can involve paying commissions and fees to trade stocks and other securities. Potential investors who are trying to curb investment costs might wonder how to buy stocks online without a broker being involved.
How Can I Buy Stocks Without a Broker?
It is possible to buy stocks without a broker. In fact, there are three alternatives to using a full-service broker: opening an online brokerage account, investing in a dividend reinvestment plan, and investing in a direct stock purchase plan. So, the short answer is yes, you can buy stocks without a broker.
But it may be useful to understand why some investors do choose to use a broker when making stock purchases.
💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.
Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new Active Invest account.*
Access stock trading, options, auto investing, IRAs, and more. Get started in just a few minutes.
*Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $10 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.
Benefits of Using a Broker to Buy Stocks
As their name implies, stockbrokers can help broker trades of stocks and other securities on behalf of their clients. In return, they may earn commissions for making those trades. But that’s just one thing a full-service broker can do. A stockbroker’s role may also involve:
• Offering trading advice to clients based on their experience with the stock exchange and education.
• Giving their clients additional tips and suggestions, like what investments they should buy and sell or when it makes sense to do so.
• Building relationships with their clients to better understand and inform individual investment strategies.
A stockbroker’s salary is largely dependent on commissions, which means they’ve got to be pretty good at what they do to make a living. Investors can benefit from the education, training, and experience a stockbroker accumulates over the course of their career.
That being said, for most stockbrokers, their payment comes from your trades, which means a client has to pay their stockbroker every time they buy, sell, and trade. For some, the knowledge of a stockbroker is worth the cost of doing business. For others, the idea of DIY investing is more appealing. It all depends on personal preference.
💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.
How to Buy Stocks Online Without a Broker
DIY investors have several options for buying stocks without brokers online. Here’s a closer look at how each one works.
Direct Stock Purchase Plans
Direct Stock Purchase Plans (DSPPs) allow investors to purchase shares of company stock directly from the company itself. Specifically, trades are completed through a transfer agent.That means you could buy stocks without a broker, full-service or online, to complete the transaction.
DSPPs can be offered by companies that are publicly traded on a stock exchange, though not all publicly traded companies offer DSPPs. Each company can determine what minimum investment to require for initial and subsequent stock purchases.
Pros of Buying DSPPs
Buying DSPPs comes with its own unique set of advantages:
• Passive investing: Many DSPPs plans allow an investor to invest a set amount on some kind of recurring basis — sort of a “set it and forget it” strategy.
• Lower fees: DSPPs often charge little or no commissions or fees, once the account is set up.
• An investor might get a discount: Depending on the company a person invests in, they might be offered a slight discount, between 1% and 10%, for investing directly.
Cons of Buying DSPPs
While DSPPs have benefits, there are some drawbacks as well:
• Higher upfront costs: There is typically a cost associated with starting a DSPP account, and DSPPs typically require a $250 to $500 initial investment, with no option of purchasing fractional shares.
• It’s another account: DSPPs are held with individual corporations. So if an investor has DSPP holdings with multiple companies, each will live on the company’s individual platform.
• They’re typically long-term investments: DSPPs don’t offer the same flexibility and speed of an online broker. For that reason, they’re typically considered more appropriate for a long term investment.
Dividend Reinvestment Plans
Dividend Reinvestment Plans (DRiPs), share many similarities to DSPPs — in fact, some DSPPs offer DRiP programs. With a DRiP, investors can still buy stock directly from the publicly traded company, but they can also reinvest the dividends earned on the stock directly back into the company to purchase additional stock.
Pros of DRiP Programs
In addition to the benefits of DSPPs, DRiPs have a few to offer on their own if you’d like buy stock without a broker:
• Automated, compounded growth: Reinvesting dividends is not dissimilar to compound interest. DRiPs allow investors to continually reinvest and grow, without having to add funds.
• Fee-free reinvestment, even in fractional shares: Investing the dividends comes fee-free. Investors are also usually offered the opportunity to buy fractions of a share.
Cons of DRiP Programs
DRiPs share many of the same drawbacks as DSPPs, but also have a few specific to them:
• Limited selection: Not all companies that offer DSPPs offer DRiPs, which means you’re selecting from a smaller pool.
• Dividends are still taxable: Although the cash is automatically reinvested in a DRiP, investors will still be taxed on the gains. That means they may want to have liquidity elsewhere to pay the tax.
Online Brokerage Account
Online brokerage accounts offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without a traditional full-service broker (and the typical traditional broker fees). Think of it as the difference between dining at a full-service restaurant versus a self-serve buffet.
After opening an account with an online brokerage,an investor can tell their broker what they want to buy, and how much of it. Then the broker completes the order.
Depending on the online broker, there may be low or no fees associated with making a trade.
Pros of Investing with an Online Broker
It might sound pretty easy, but online investing has both pros and cons. Here are a few of the advantages:
• Low fees: When it comes to online investing, people can typically expect to pay lower fees. Many online firms do not charge commissions.
• DIY investing: There’s a lot of freedom that can come with an online brokerage account. An investor gets to choose, creating a customized plan.
• On-demand investing: As long as the markets are open, an investor can ask for trades through their digital brokerage account.
Cons of Investing with an Online Broker
Depending on an investor’s personality and preferences, there may be a few drawbacks to using an online broker:
• It’s all on the investor. Online investing can give investors a lot of choice and freedom, but without the expertise of qualified financial professionals, some investors might be left to research and form a strategy on their own. For some, this might feel stressful.
• It’s for the long term. Since online investing is on-demand, a person can sell whenever they like. That can be a challenge for an investor if patience isn’t their strong suit.
The Takeaway
It’s possible to buy stocks without a full-time broker. For instance, investors can use an online brokerage account to trade stocks on their own, or invest using different types of investment plans. But there can be pros and cons to each.
While there are some advantages to using a traditional full-service broker to purchase stocks, you don’t necessarily need one in order to invest. However, if you don’t feel comfortable doing it yourself, you can speak with a financial professional for guidance.
Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).
For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.
SoFi Invest® The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results. Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below. 1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).
2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $10 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.
Investing in the stock market has never been more accessible than it is today. Thanks to a wide array of online brokers, you can now trade stocks, ETFs, and other securities right from the comfort of your own home or even on the go. But with so many options available, how do you choose the right one?
We’ve broken down the top online brokers for stock trading, considering factors such as cost, user interface, customer service, and the range of available investments.
Whether you’re a seasoned investor or a beginner just looking to dip your toes into the financial markets, our guide will help you navigate this essential decision. Let’s get started!
7 Best Online Brokers
Check out our list of 2023‘s best stock trading platforms. You’ll find all the details you need in this accessible guide so you can get right to the good part: starting your trades.
Robinhood
Robinhood is a trading app that provides commission-free options, ETF, and cryptocurrency trades. For a long time, the company stood out as one of the few online stockbrokers offering commission-free trades, but it has become more common in the past year.
Robinhood is still one of the best online brokers for anyone looking to get started with investing. And it’s still one of the few apps that allows you to trade cryptocurrency.
Many people like Robinhood for its simplicity. There is no account minimum to get started and no annual fees. In addition, the company offers a web-based and mobile app and customer support options.
However, a common complaint about Robinhood is that the company’s offerings are very light on the research. And while the app is easy to use, there is very little offered in customizations.
Learn more by reading our full Robinhood review.
Charles Schwab
Charles Schwab requires you to start with a bit of skin in the game, with a minimum opening deposit of $1,000.
You can, however, check for promotions that often allow you to waive the minimum if you sign up for monthly $100 deposits. It’s an easy entry point for beginning trade enthusiasts.
When you’re ready to start trading with Charles Schwab, you can enjoy lower costs of just $4.95 per trade and $4.95 plus $0.65 per contract for options trading.
ETF lovers will appreciate the 200+ commission-free funds in addition to 3,000+ mutual funds with no transaction fees. In addition, you get to skip any kind of annual or inactivity fee on your account, but it’s $50 if you ever decide to close your account.
While you can choose from two different trading platforms, StreetSmart Edge is the more sophisticated version for frequent stock traders.
Don’t let the easy customization fool you. You can perform in-depth research and monitor your stocks with features like streaming market data and your account buying power.
Additionally, they provide countless reports, from its own equity ratings to third-party data from industry stalwarts like Morningstar, Market Edge, Capital IQ, and more.
For access to all of this at your fingertips anytime, anywhere, the mobile app carries just about all the same features as the web version.
Data-centric traders could definitely gain many insights by choosing Schwab for their online stock trading.
Fidelity
Fidelity may require a rather hefty minimum deposit of $2,500 but makes up for it with its attractive commissions.
It’s just $4.95 for each trade and the same amount for options, plus $0.65 per contract. This is a recent drop, so if you previously discounted Fidelity, it’s time to take a second look.
Do you want extensive NTF mutual funds? You’ll find about 3,600 with Fidelity. There are also about 91 commission-free ETFs, which is certainly encouraging but not the most we’ve seen.
One interesting feature with Fidelity is that you can do forex trading along with more standard securities. Like many of the brokerages we’ve reviewed, there are no account fees or inactivity fees.
Looking for a robust trading platform?
Check out Fidelity’s Active Trader Pro. To get access, you will need to make at least 36 trades in a 12-month period. If you fit the bill, you’ll get a fully customizable account with real-time streaming and market updates.
You can also look at historical trends and use the Strategy Ideas tool. It can even help you craft an exit strategy when the time comes.
In terms of additional research, Fidelity actually gets its research from over 20 firms, such as Recognia, McLean Capital Management, and Ned Davis. You can even get an aggregate picture from all the data available through Fidelity’s Equity Summary Score on each stock quote page.
Merrill Edge
Owned by parent company Bank of America, you can actually access all of your accounts from the same login if you’re a B of A customer.
This can be a huge draw for some, but Merrill Edge comes with both pros and cons, just like any other trading platform.
Let’s take a look.
First, Merrill Edge has excellent customer service and powerful research and trading tools.
Commissions are somewhat high, coming in at $6.95 for stock trades plus an extra $0.75 per contract for options. They offer 2,000+ NTF mutual funds, but unfortunately, don’t have any commission-free ETFs. This may be a deal-breaker for some traders.
You can, however, qualify for 30 commission-free trades on individual stocks or ETFs each month by meeting a balance minimum.
You can qualify if you have at least $25,000 in either a Merrill Edge self-directed account or a Bank of America cash deposit account.
E-Trade
You will need at least $500 to open up an E-Trade account, but many traders agree that the volume discounts and easy-to-use platforms are well worth it.
In fact, each platform appeals to two types of investors: beginners and more seasoned pros. So, it’s a great place to start with a bit of cash, which also allows you to take advantage of more sophisticated tools as needed.
But, there is a catch.
To upgrade from the basic E-Trade Web platform to the E-Trade Pro platform, you’ll need either a large account or an active trade history.
So, you’ll either need a minimum of $250,000 in your account or make 30 or more trades per quarter. If you do make that amount of quarterly trades, you can still qualify for some other benefits as well — including discounted commissions.
Just how much?
For stock trades, your commission per trade will drop from $6.95 to $4.95. For options trading, it’s typically $6.95 plus $0.75 per contract, but for active traders, your fee drops to $0.50.
And while you’ll enjoy 100+ commission-free ETFs and 2,500 no-transaction-fee mutual funds, any others cost $19.99.
Ally Invest
Known for their great customer service that’s available 24/7, Ally Invest is one of the best online brokers providing low barriers to entry in the trading game.
There are no account minimums and low commission fees. Not only are stock and ETF trades just $4.95 each, but you can also receive a discount when trading in volume.
The bottom line for getting cheaper trades?
Make either 30+ trades per quarter or keep a minimum of $100,000 in your brokerage account. That drops the commission fee to just $3.95 per equity trade. The standard options trade of $4.95 plus $0.65 per contract drops to $3.95 plus $0.50 per contract for active traders.
In addition to the traditional securities found at most online brokers, Ally Invest also offers forex and futures trading.
You can take advantage of free data if you make at least one forex trade within a 90-day period. Instead of paying a trade commission, you’ll instead be charged on your forex trades based on the spread markup.
What kind of platform can you expect from Ally?
There’s just one web-based trading platform, so you can log in from any device. Like most other online trading platforms, Ally’s gives you live-streaming of quotes and data plus a dashboard you can completely customize.
You can also access your brokerage account through their iPhone or Android mobile app.
Ally also shines when it comes to investing tools. Options traders, for example, can utilize the pricing calculator to compare current prices to forecasts.
You can also pick your own criteria within the strategy scanner to help identify various options strategies.
Interactive Brokers
Beginners beware: Interactive Brokers is an advanced online broker with a high account minimum to the tune of $10,000, so don’t jump into this one until you’re ready.
But if you’re 25 or younger, you can open an account with just $3,000. Still, you need to know what you’re doing because Interactive Brokers doesn’t house a huge resource pool for beginners.
Unlike most other online stock brokers on this list, Interactive Brokers charges commissions per share rather than per trade. So while you can get a volume discount, the standard stock trade costs are $0.005 per share.
There’s a minimum charge of $1 and a maximum of 0.5% of your trade value. Options trades also carry a $1 minimum and charge $0.70 per contract.
You may also be charged fees for certain situations. For example, if you have an IRA, you’ll be charged a quarterly fee of $7.50. If you’re inactive in your account, you may be charged a fee between $3 and $20.
Interactive Brokers has about 30 ETFs to choose from that you won’t pay commissions on. There are, however, almost 3,000 NTF mutual funds available for trading. They also offer forex trading, but you’ll need at least $10 million in assets to access this feature.
Best Online Stock Trading Platforms FAQ
How much do online brokerage firms charge?
For active traders who want to minimize costs, an online stockbroker can save you a lot compared to a traditional brokerage. When you go with a full-service brokerage, you’re usually charged a percentage of the trade amount. With a discount brokerage account, you pay a low commission on every trade.
But with an online brokerage account, you typically get charged a flat fee for each trade, which can save you a lot over the long run. Depending on the type of transaction, you can expect to pay anywhere between $5 and $20 per trade.
What is the best stockbroker for beginners?
Most beginner traders incur losses because of several factors, including choosing an unsuitable online broker. Consequently, it is advisable to start with a platform designed to make trading easier. Some factors to consider when choosing an ideal platform for beginners may include:
Dedicated advisers to help you make better decisions through comprehensive analysis and one-on-one guidance.
A demo account with which you can practice as you learn and prepare for real-life trading.
A dedicated customer support desk to help you overcome complications with the platform or the markets.
Learning materials to familiarize you with the platform and the markets (fortunately, most offer updated learning materials).
A diverse range of trading options.
An easy-to-use trading interface.
Affordable fees and account minimums.
This guide includes excellent online brokers for beginners, such as Robinhood and Charles Schwab. However, don’t be afraid to cast your net further as you look for the ideal platform for your needs.
Which online trading platform is best?
All online trading platforms advertise themselves as the best. However, some offer better trading options and overall superior quality of services than others. Additionally, you will find that some platforms suit your investment needs and preferences better than others.
Consequently, it is advisable to consider what each platform offers based on your needs. Some questions to ponder when choosing an ideal online brokerage platform may include:
What do I know about online trading?
Will I need someone to guide me through some (or all) of my trades?
How much money do I need to invest?
Can I trust the platform with my money?
For example, you will need a beginner-friendly online broker if you are new to trading. Additionally, a platform that requires a high account minimum may not be right for you if you don’t have a lot of money to start with. You will also benefit from our guide on choosing a suitable online broker as you continue reading.
What is the most profitable trading platform?
It is true that some trading platforms offer better investment options and terms than others. However, it is a common misconception that some platforms can make you more money than others. While some platforms can save you money, but they will not automatically make you more money.
How much money you make on any trading platform depends on your overall trading strategy and accuracy. Online brokers don’t influence market directions—the markets do!
Here are some tips on how to develop a winning and profitable trading strategy:
Take classes about stock trading (and investment in general) before diving in with the sharks. You want to continue to learn throughout your trading career.
Always have a trading plan, including comprehensive money management criteria for every trade. It is also a general rule of thumb never to trade more than you can afford to lose.
Leave emotions out of trading and treat it like a business (one that can change your life if managed well).
Take advantage of trading tools and other technologies to improve your accuracy and timing.
Know when to stop trading and always use a stop loss.
This FAQ includes a comprehensive guide on choosing an ideal online trading platform. Fortunately, there are hundreds of high-quality online brokerage platforms.
Which online broker has the lowest fees?
Some online brokers charge exorbitant fees, while others charge pennies. To this end, you can save thousands of dollars per year by choosing an online broker that offers affordable fees.
With such variation, it is critical to identify your broker’s fees for different services and do the math. Most people focus on commissions. However, it’s also important to consider charges such as margin rates, finance rates, spreads, and conversion fees.
Traders looking to work with online brokers charging minimum fees may be interested in discount brokers. This is because a discount broker executes orders at a fraction of what other stockbrokers charge. As a result, discount brokers are wildly popular and constitute a considerable portion of the fintech industry.
However, it is worth noting that discount brokers don’t offer a full range of services. Most notably, they don’t provide investment advice, unlike full-service brokers. Consequently, the cost savings may not be worth it unless you are an excellent trader with a winning strategy.
What does a stockbroker do?
A stockbroker executes orders in the stock market on behalf of clients like yourself. Stockbrokers also offer their clients sound financial advice, but they are obligated to follow their clients’ directions. They are also commonly called investment advisors or registered representatives.
You must be fully qualified and licensed to work as a stockbroker. Additionally, you must be a member of a stock exchange (such as the New York Stock Exchange) to buy or sell on their platforms. Consequently, not everyone can buy or sell directly from the platform. Stockbrokers function as the go-between as their license automatically qualifies them as members.
Interestingly, many stockbrokers today mainly specialize in financial advisory and planning, thanks mostly to the rise of online stockbrokerage platforms. These platforms have eased access to the stock markets. Essentially, anyone with access to the internet and genuine interest in the markets (and some capital) can start trading in minutes.
Should I hire a stockbroker?
Trading stocks and other securities has never been easier, thanks mainly to the rise of online brokerage platforms. To this end, it is common for many people to view stockbrokers as redundant. However, they are not. Even experienced traders ensure that they always have a stockbroker on speed dial.
So, why should you hire a stockbroker? Here is an overview of three irrefutable reasons why a stockbroker could be invaluable:
First, stockbrokers can read the markets with accuracy. They can also give you tips on profitable trades before the rest of the market can dilute the trend.
Second, stockbrokers can manage all of your investments if you don’t have the time to do it yourself. This allows you to facilitate a passive investing strategy and potentially lucrative passive income.
Finally, stockbrokers can give you deep financial advice that extends beyond investing. This can help you better manage your personal and business finances.
Ultimately, a stockbroker’s services pay their fees several times over if you put their advice to good use. However, it is prudent to pick a competent and intelligent stockbroker to ensure that you get sound investment and financial advice.
How do I choose an online brokerage?
Online brokerage platforms make it easy and affordable for anyone to trade stocks and other securities. There are hundreds of online brokers, and some offer better terms and services than others. Hence, it is advisable to choose your online brokerage platform wisely. Here is an overview of three factors to consider when choosing one:
Account Fees & Minimums
All online brokers charge fees to use their platforms, just like you would pay a stockbroker. Additionally, many online brokerage firms require their clients to maintain a minimum amount of money in their accounts. Therefore, it is advisable to ensure that the amounts in both cases are low and affordable.
Investment Options
It is always advisable to diversify your investments across multiple securities and other investment options to spread (and minimize) risks. Consequently, it is vital to ensure that your chosen online broker provides access to as many securities as you need. Some of the main investment options include stocks, mutual funds, ETFs, bonds, and cryptocurrencies.
Support
Trading stocks can prove complicated, and most people find themselves wishing that they had a professional to guide them. Fortunately, many online stockbrokers offer access to individual stockbrokers for one-on-one investment and financial advice.
Stock Trading Fees Explained
You have to pay to play in the stock market, metaphorically speaking. You pay for the services provided by online brokers or brokerage platforms when you trade stocks. Stock trading fees come in varying types, and some of the most notable ones include:
Commission
Most brokerage platforms charge a commission for every trade, which is usually a dismal fraction of the trade’s cost. The commission can be charged as a flat fee or based on the volume of your trades. However, it is worth noting that more and more online brokers are eliminating commissions.
Spread
The spread is the difference between the bid and ask prices. Ideally, you would incur a loss if you bought and sold a trade simultaneously. This loss depends on the difference between the sell and buy prices.
Finance Rate
A finance rate refers to the cost incurred when you hold a leveraged position for longer than 24 hours. A leveraged position essentially is borrowed money, and your broker will charge you interest for this loan in the form of a finance rate.
Margin Rate
Trading on margin entails trading using money borrowed from the broker. The broker will also charge interest on this money in the form of a margin rate.
Conversion Fee
Do you need to convert your money to another currency to start trading? The broker will charge you a small conversion fee every time you convert currency for deposits or withdrawals.
How much money do you need to start investing?
It is easier than ever for folks to start investing, and often you can start with as little as $500. Some online stock brokers don’t require any account minimums at all. Where they do, the minimum investment amount will depend on your broker and the type of investment.
For example, most mutual funds have minimum investments of around $1,000, so if mutual fund trades are a priority for you, keep that in mind.
Is Stock Trading Safe?
While it is generally safe to trade stocks, that doesn’t mean there aren’t risks involved. The best trading platforms will work hard to keep you informed and minimize those risks.
As an online trader, it is also your responsibility to practice good security habits. Use the same security steps with a brokerage account that you would with your bank account. Additionally, always use common sense when trading.
What Are the Risks of Online Trading Platforms?
By virtue of being an online activity, there are several risks involved when you trade with online stock brokers. Let’s take a look at the most common risks:
Identity theft: As is the case for any online account you use, it is possible for your brokerage account to be hacked by scammers who obtain your personal identifying information. This is why it’s always vital to keep your passwords secure. You should also use two-factor authentication wherever possible to protect your accounts.
Computer viruses and malware: It’s important to ensure that the computer you use to access your brokerage account is always clean, secure, and free of malware. Hackers can use spyware to gain access to your passwords and personal information. So, protecting yourself means using a quality anti-virus program and performing routine checks.
Data breaches: Data breaches are a major risk for companies and customers alike, and unfortunately, they seem to be on the increase. As a customer, the most critical step you can take to protect yourself here is to only do business with reputable companies. Ideally, you want to choose one that has never had a previous data leak.
Phishing schemes: This often comes in the form of an email or text message which claims to be from your brokerage firm, but is actually an elaborate scam. Always pay close attention to the details in any communication you receive from your online stock broker. Never click on any links until you are certain the sender is legitimate.
Bottom Line
Your online stock broker is your gateway to investing, so it’s not a decision to take lightly. When searching for an online stock broker, it’s important to consider your unique investment needs.
You’ll need to compare costs, available investment options, account types, and how well the stock broker works for your investment style. Any of the online stock brokers above could be a great fit for your investing and trading goals.
In your search for online brokers for stock trading, make sure you take the time to figure out your priorities. Then, you can find a brokerage account that truly serves you. There are a lot of great online stock brokers out there, but being clear about your goals will make it easier to choose.
In recent years, the largely exclusive world of investing has been blown wide open by the rise of fintech platforms. These support brand new ways for retail investors to participate in the buying and selling of stocks on global markets. Accelerated by the conditions presented by the Covid-19 pandemic, the retail investor boom has been supported by the emergence of passive trading.
The accessibility of Wall Street today may be hard to fathom. This is especially true when looking back a little more than a decade to the costs and hurdles that retail investors had to overcome to simply buy their favorite stocks. As recently as 2009, brokerages were charging anywhere from $9.99 to $19.95 per transaction for the buying and selling of stocks online.
‘Zero-commission’ trading was one of the early revolutionary changes brought by emerging fintech firms as more investing platforms like Robinhood began to enter the market in the months prior to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Although controversial, zero-commission trading generally works on a payment-for-order-flow (PFOF) model. Brokerages receive payments from market makers in return for the flow of customer stock purchases and sales being run exclusively through their firm. This enables investment platforms to make their money without customers having to cough up directly. However, it also means that chosen market makers may not be required to charge the most competitive price for stocks.
As the Covid-19 pandemic heavily impacted the lives of individuals all around the world, the implementation of lockdown measures coupled with the arrival of government stimulus packages saw more retail investors taking to the stock market in a bid to buy into recovering stocks. The data above shows that investors had been quick to take on technology stocks, with a net investment flow of $40 billion arriving in the sector by early 2022.
Investors are now having to adapt to the age of the ‘new normal’ today. This means that there may be less time available to conduct the required research to discover new prospects, fintechs are actively working to take initiative in making key investing decisions for customers.
Thanks largely to the rise of fintech, it’s never been easier, or more cost-effective, to invest passively. In some cases, it’s not even necessary to make any investment decisions whatsoever. Let’s take a deeper look at how fintechs have turned retail investing passive.
The Rise of the Robo-Advisor
The past decade has belonged to the robo-advisor. Built on a foundation of artificial intelligence, these automated investment services are generally low-cost, and it’s extremely easy for users to get started with very little money. Many platforms even offer spare change ‘roundup’ investment options.
Robo-advisors have enjoyed a rise in popularity that’s been strong even in the years prior to the Covid-19 pandemic. Between 2017 and 2019, the volume of money under management through robo-advisors tripled from around $240 billion to $980 billion, according to Statista data. Furthermore, the industry has been forecast to reach a value of $2 trillion by the end of 2022.
The beauty of this automated approach to investments is that it enables fintech platforms to do all of the work, in a very literal sense. Roundup platforms like Moneybox has become renowned for its approach to spare change investing, whereby users specify the amount of money they wish to invest each month, whether they would like to have their spare change from bank card purchases automatically rounded up and invested, and the level of risk they would like to take on through their ISAs, and the app will take care of the rest.
This enables users to build a sizable nest egg for their specific goals without having to do anything at all – besides occasionally logging into their account to refresh their bank card permissions.
Passive Portfolios via Copy Trading
Although copy trading is nothing new, fintech platforms have helped to make them far more accessible and customizable to boot.
Whilst many stock trading platforms now offer some form of copy trading capabilities, the leading brokerage to offer the feature is eToro.
Through eToro, it’s possible for traders to view the platform’s leading traders over a given period of time, and choose their favorites to essentially trace, trade by trade.
All trades are proportional to the amount of money that a user is willing to invest, and in eToro’s case, it’s possible to copy up to 100 traders at a time – provided a minimum of $200 is invested per trader.
Furthermore, it’s also possible to copy stop losses when trading to ensure that there’s some form of protection against portfolios suffering a downturn.
There’s sufficient evidence that copy trading can work as an option for investors who may lack the time necessary to make informed market decisions. According to eToro’s statistics, the platform’s 50 most copied traders made an average yearly profit of 30.4% in 2021.
Although the Covid-19 pandemic has subsided to the extent where many of the retail investors of 2020 have found that their free time has become more limited, the rise of passive investing has ensured that nobody needs to slow their trading activity. With fintech platforms offering a varied range of passive investment options, it’s possible to maintain a strong portfolio long into the future.
ETFs are tradable funds that investors can buy and sell on stock exchanges all day. They typically hold a basket of assets, such as stocks or bonds, and mirror the moves of another underlying index. Since its start almost three decades ago, the ETF industry has taken the financial world by storm, and there are thousands of different ETFs on the market that investors can choose from.
But each investor is different, and some ETFs likely won’t be a good fit for their portfolio or strategy. Learning to choose or pick ETFs that do fit your strategy can take some practice, but it’s good to have some guidelines in mind.
How Do I Pick an ETF?
There’s no right or wrong way to pick an exchange-traded fund (ETF), but you can follow a process to help you determine which securities may be the best fit for you. It starts with picking an asset class.
Step 1: Pick the Asset Class
Because the performance of an ETF is so closely tied to an underlying index, investors need to first decide which underlying asset class they want exposure to. The main asset classes are stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities.
Risk is generally inversely correlated to return. So riskier assets have the potential to deliver greater returns, while safer assets tend to deliver reliable, albeit smaller, returns. Stocks are considered to be a riskier, more volatile asset class. Commodities even more so. Meanwhile, bonds tend to be safer but also deliver more muted returns.
Keep in mind, just because an investor buys an ETF that gives them exposure to one asset class, that doesn’t preclude them from buying another that invests in another market. In fact, it’s a healthy portfolio diversification strategy to allocate one’s money into different asset classes, a practice known as asset allocation.
Step 2: Narrow the Focus
Once an investor has chosen their asset class, they can dive deeper within that market. When it comes to stock ETFs, this usually involves picking an industry – like technology or financial – that they’d like to get greater exposure to. Equity ETFs may also focus on a specific attribute a stock can have. Or dividend ETFs, which hold shares of companies with regular payouts.
For bond ETFs, investors can decide between funds that invest in U.S. government-bond versus bonds issued by countries abroad, as well as investment-grade (higher quality) company debt versus high-yield (junk) bonds.
More recently, thematic ETFs have taken off. These are stock funds that tend to be much narrower than the traditional sector ETF. They can focus on a niche subsector, like robotics, electric cars or blockchain, or even modern trends, like the gig economy or working from home.
There are pros and cons to thematic ETFs: while they’re often marketed as a convenient way to wager on an investment story, they also tend to underperform the broader market. Thematic ETFs have also been criticized for being too narrow and not offering the wide breadth that ETFs were originally designed to offer.
Step 3: Explore Different ETF Strategies
ETFs began as a way to provide investors access to broad markets with a single investment. Since then however, the popularity of the industry has led to the creation of numerous different kinds of ETFs, some of which employ complex strategies.
Here are some of the different ETF types:
• Leveraged ETFs allow investors to make magnified bets on different assets or markets. So instead of replicating the move of the underlying index exactly, leveraged ETFs will produce a move that’s 2x or 3x.
• Inverse ETFs let investors wager against an asset, so shorting or betting that the price of a market will go down. So if on a given day, the underlying market goes down, the inverse ETF’s price will go up.
• Actively Managed ETFs invest in assets without following an index. While ETFs are usually a form of passive investing–the strategy of tracking another index–actively managed ETFs are like stock-picking strategies packaged into a tradable fund.
• Smart-Beta & Factor ETFs use a rules-based system — such as stock weightings, valuations, or volatility trends — to choose the investments in a fund. These funds are often considered a hybrid between passive and actively managed ETFs.
• Currency-Hedged ETFs are funds that let investors wager on a basket of overseas stocks, while mitigating the risk that stems from currency fluctuations.
Step 4: Look at ETF Costs
A fundamental reason why ETFs have become so influential is their low cost. Low ETF fees have compressed costs across the board in asset management. The average expense ratio of most ETFs has fallen over time. Expense ratios are a percentage of assets subtracted each year. So, an expense ratio of 0.45% means that the charge is $4.50 for every $1,000 invested each year.
Because the vast majority of ETFs tend to be passive, they tend to be much cheaper than mutual funds, many of which are still actively managed. More complex ETFs like leveraged funds, or actively managed ones, tend to have higher expense ratios. But some passive ETF fees have hit rock-bottom levels.
Step 5: Other Ways to Analyze ETFs
What about how well an ETF has done? Should that matter? While profitability can make an investment look more attractive, it shouldn’t be the only factor investors use when determining which ETF to buy. That’s because in investing, past performance is not indicative of future results.
For ETFs, another key measure of performance is how well it tracks the underlying index. Tracking errors, when a move in the ETF veers from one by the market it’s designed to track, can come up from time to time, particularly in leveraged funds or ones that invest in stocks overseas.
Looking at the assets under management (AUM) can be a helpful way to pick an ETF. A larger AUM can signal an ETF’s popularity, which in turn makes it more likely that it’s liquid, or easy to trade without impacting prices.
How to Find an ETF’s Holdings, Prospectus, and Fact Sheet
Another touted perk of ETFs is their transparency. Investors can look up what’s exactly in a fund by going to the ETF provider’s website and searching for the fund. Contacting the ETF provider directly for this information is also possible. ETF providers are required to update this information regularly.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation also requires that ETF providers make easily available an ETF’s prospectus. The prospectus has information about the ETF including its investment objective, the risks, fees, as well as expenses. For investors interested in an ETF, one of the most important things they can do is research the fund by carefully reading the prospectus.
Similarly, ETF fact sheets act like quick summaries of the fund, giving key information like performance, the top holdings, and other portfolio characteristics. ETF providers typically produce fact sheets every quarter and make them available on their website.
The Takeaway
Choosing an ETF from the thousands out there can seem daunting, but taking a step-by-step approach can help individuals sort through the multitude of options. A key step investors can take in researching ETFs is reading the fund’s prospectus, where they’ll find vital information on the investment objectives as well as potential risks.
Considerations include which asset class an investor wants to invest in; how broad or narrow of an exposure they want; costs — which are usually shown as expense ratios; and lastly, an ETF’s size can give clues on the popularity and liquidity of the fund. One ETF, on its own, can provide some diversification. However, some people choose to use a number of ETFs as building blocks to assembling a well-balanced portfolio.
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This is a guest post from ABCs of Investing, a new site for novice investors. ABCs of Investing offers two short and simple investing posts each week.
Personal finance bloggers are vocal proponents of passive investing in index funds and exchange-traded funds. But not everyone knows much about these, and not a lot of bloggers do a good job of explaining the basics of passive investing. This post is intended to explain the basics — along with the basics of the basics!
I was inspired to write this article because of two separate but identical conversations I recently had with friends. They went something like this:
Friend: What do you invest in? Me: I do passive investing. You know — investing in index funds and ETFs. ETFs are kind of like index funds. Friend: I see… [Blank stare.]
Me: Do you know what an index fund is? Friend: Nope. Me: It’s a fund that invests in all or most of the stocks of a stock market index and gets a return which is equal to the index return minus a small fee. Friend: I see… [Blank stare.]
Me: Do you know what a stock market index is? Friend: Nope. Me: I see….
With active investing, an investor tries to pick stocks that will outperform other stocks. With passive investing (also known as index investing or “investing in index funds”) an investor simply uses mutual funds to buy all of the stocks in the market. The basic idea is that with greater diversification and lower costs, a passive investor will generally do better than someone who buys actively-managed mutual funds.
Let’s cover some of the basic facts that my friends need to learn in order to understand passive investing.
What is a Stock Market Index?
A stock market index (or just “index”) is a number that refers to the relative value of a group of stocks. As the stocks in this group change value, the index also changes value.
For example, an index might have a value of 1000 points at the beginning of the day. If the stocks in that index rise in value by 1% during the day then the index will be at 1010 points at the end of the day. Does this sounds familiar?
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (commonly just called “the Dow”) and the S&P 500 are two examples of stock market indexes. Most people (including my friends) who think they don’t know what an index is, in fact probably have a reasonably good idea.
What are Index Funds?
An index fund is a mutual fund that invests in the same stocks that are contained in a stock index, in the same proportion as in the stock index.
Imagine a stock index — let’s call it the ABC Index — that contains two stocks: IBM and Google. Let’s say that the ABC Index is currently made up of 60% Google and 40% IBM. If an index fund is based on the ABC Index, then it too will also invest in Google and IBM — 60% of the index fund will be Google and 40% will be IBM.
These percentages will change as the values of Google and IBM change. If the price of Google stock increases and the price of IBM stock decreases then the index will change so that maybe 65% will be Google and only 35% will be IBM.
The two main arguments in favor of index funds (and passive investing) are:
Most managed mutual funds can’t beat their index over any length of time, and it is impossible to predict which ones will beat the index in any given time period.
The significantly lower costs of index funds will ensure that, on average, index fund investors will have better returns than their managed mutual fund counterparts.
If you assume that the average mutual fund will earn the same return as the stock market index minus fees, then an index fund will outperform the average mutual fund because it has lower fees.
As an example, if a managed fund XYZ earns the same 8% return as the S&P 500 in 2009 but it charges a 1% fee, then the XYZ return will be 7%. If the ABC Index fund is based on the S&P 500 and only charges a 0.25% fee then the ABC Index fund return will be 7.75% which is three-quarters of a percent higher than the average managed mutual fund.
Over time, that difference is significant. After 25 years, the investor with the lower fees will have 19% more money invested than the investor paying the higher fees.
Passive Investing is Easy
If you want to get into passive investing, then I suggest doing some more reading on the topic, as well on possible asset allocations. Some books you might consider include:
Regardless of whether you believe that index funds are better than managed funds, it’s certain that passive investing is much easier. You don’t have to analyze mutual funds or stocks — just pick some basic index funds and away you go!
This is a guest post from ABCs of Investing, a new site for novice investors. ABCs of Investing offers one short and simple investing post each week. Understanding asset allocation is a key piece of financial literacy.
In my last post at Get Rich Slowly, I explained the basics of passive investing and why it’s a good strategy. I explored the differences between index funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and showed how they’re great tools for passive investors. My article ended with a breezy “just pick some basic index funds and away you go”. But in reality there are a few more steps before you actually make any investments.
One of the keys to investing is deciding your asset allocation. “But what is asset allocation?” you ask. Asset allocation is the relative amount of each asset class in your portfolio, and it determines how much risk your portfolio has. Still confused? Let’s take a closer look.
Asset Classes
An asset class is simply a group of similar investments whose prices tend to move together. In other words, their price movements are at least partially correlated.
Asset classes can be defined on a very general level (“stocks”, “bonds”) or on a more specific level (“oil companies”, “municipal bonds”). Since most oil companies make money based on similar variables, such as the price of oil, most oil company stock prices tend to move up together or down together.
The concept of asset classes is important. One of your goals when building an investment portfolio is to practice diversification, to use asset classes that are not correlated to each other. That is, you want a portfolio in which not every investment moves the same direction at the same time.
When your assets are not correlated, if one of your asset classes performs poorly (such as stocks in 2008), then your other asset classes (such as cash) will help make up for it. This works the other way too — if stocks do well, then your other asset classes will probably lower the overall return.
Diversification lowers the volatility of your portfolio. If you only own stocks, then you could have years where you have -40% returns — or +40% returns. If you own a mix of stocks, bonds, and cash, then your best and worst years will be a lot less dramatic than with an all-stock portfolio.
General asset classes include:
Stocks. This could be individual company stocks or shares of a stock mutual fund, ETF, or index fund.
Fixed income. Any type of bond, bond mutual fund, or certificate of deposit.
Cash. Usually money in a high-interest savings account, but could also include money carefully hidden under your mattress.
There are many different asset classes. It’s important to be familiar with the general asset classes (stocks, bonds, cash, real estate, precious metals, etc.) and then learn about more specific classes only if they’re applicable to your situation.
Asset Allocation
Asset allocation refers to how much of the various asset classes you have in your portfolio. An older, more conservative investor might have a retirement asset allocation containing mostly fixed-income investments (80% bonds and 20% stocks, for example). A younger, more aggressive investor might have most of their investments in stocks.
Many people make the mistake of thinking you need to choose between all risky assets (stocks) or all safe investments (cash). In reality, you should pick a happy medium. Riskier assets like stocks have a higher expected rate of return. If your investment time horizon is long enough, don’t avoid stocks completely just because they’re more volatile than fixed income or cash.
A retirement account with a long investment time horizon might have 80% of the portfolio invested in stocks and 20% invested in bonds. If this is too volatile for your stomach and you are have a hard time sleeping at night, consider switching some of the stocks to bonds or cash so that your asset allocation has a less risky profile, such as 60% stocks and 40% bonds.
Investment Time Horizon
The investment time horizon is the length of time until you need the money in your investment account. Simple, right?
Some asset classes, such as cash, are very safe. If you have $5,000 in a savings account, you can sleep very well knowing that in 6 months you will still have at least $5,000 in that account. If you put your $5,000 into a riskier asset class, such as stocks (or a stock mutual fund), then in 6 months your investment might be worth more than $5,000 — or it might be worth less. (Perhaps a lot less.)
If you’re investing money you don’t need for a long time (20 years, for example), then you might consider investing it in riskier investments such as a stock mutual fund. If you need the money in a shorter time period (like 6 months), then you should invest it in a safe asset class, such as cash. The idea is to maximize the chance that your money will be there when you need it. If you are saving for a house down payment that you need next year, the return you get in that year is not as important as the need for that down payment to retain its value.
There are other factors to consider. For example, somebody approaching retirement might want to start withdrawals from their investments in a few years, but most of the money won’t be needed for many years after they start retirement. Going to a 100% bond portfolio in that situation is probably too conservative.
Rebalancing
Rebalancing your portfolio is an important part of investing. Portfolio rebalancing is accomplished by occasionally resetting the proportions of each asset class back to their original percentage.
For example, assume that Susan has just won $50,000 by playing the lottery. After doing some reading, she decides that her portfolio asset allocation will be 60% stocks and 40% bonds.
One year later, Susan checks the value of her portfolio and notices that stocks have declined. They now only make up 50% of her portfolio instead of the 60% she considers ideal. The bonds are also now 50% of her portfolio instead of the original 40%. To return to the original proportions, Susan decides to rebalance her portfolio so the asset allocation is the same as when she started.
To do this, she sells some of the bonds and uses the money to buy some stocks. Another option would be for her to make any new contributions only to stocks (and none to bonds) in order to return to the original allocation.
There are a couple of reasons to rebalance. First, by selling asset classes that have risen in value, and by buying other asset classes that have dropped, you are selling high and buying low. Second, if you don’t rebalance, it’s possible for your asset allocation (and investment risk) to become radically different from your intended levels.
Summary
Determining the best asset allocation for your portfolio involves a combination of:
Investment time horizon — When do you need the money?
Risk profile — Can you handle the ups and downs of the stock market?
Rebalancing — This is something you should do once a year or so.
It is difficult for the average investor to watch her portfolio value take wild swings every time the markets jump up and down. With proper asset allocation, it’s possible to lower the amount of risk in your portfolio while still maintaining a decent return, which should help you get better sleep at night!
Previously at Get Rich Slowly, this author shared an introduction to index funds and passive investing. Catch more great articles for beginning investors at ABCs of Investing.