This is a guest post from ABCs of Investing, a new site for novice investors. ABCs of Investing offers one short and simple investing post each week. Understanding asset allocation is a key piece of financial literacy.
In my last post at Get Rich Slowly, I explained the basics of passive investing and why it’s a good strategy. I explored the differences between index funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and showed how they’re great tools for passive investors. My article ended with a breezy “just pick some basic index funds and away you go”. But in reality there are a few more steps before you actually make any investments.
One of the keys to investing is deciding your asset allocation. “But what is asset allocation?” you ask. Asset allocation is the relative amount of each asset class in your portfolio, and it determines how much risk your portfolio has. Still confused? Let’s take a closer look.
Asset Classes
An asset class is simply a group of similar investments whose prices tend to move together. In other words, their price movements are at least partially correlated.
Asset classes can be defined on a very general level (“stocks”, “bonds”) or on a more specific level (“oil companies”, “municipal bonds”). Since most oil companies make money based on similar variables, such as the price of oil, most oil company stock prices tend to move up together or down together.
The concept of asset classes is important. One of your goals when building an investment portfolio is to practice diversification, to use asset classes that are not correlated to each other. That is, you want a portfolio in which not every investment moves the same direction at the same time.
When your assets are not correlated, if one of your asset classes performs poorly (such as stocks in 2008), then your other asset classes (such as cash) will help make up for it. This works the other way too — if stocks do well, then your other asset classes will probably lower the overall return.
Diversification lowers the volatility of your portfolio. If you only own stocks, then you could have years where you have -40% returns — or +40% returns. If you own a mix of stocks, bonds, and cash, then your best and worst years will be a lot less dramatic than with an all-stock portfolio.
General asset classes include:
Stocks. This could be individual company stocks or shares of a stock mutual fund, ETF, or index fund.
Fixed income. Any type of bond, bond mutual fund, or certificate of deposit.
Cash. Usually money in a high-interest savings account, but could also include money carefully hidden under your mattress.
There are many different asset classes. It’s important to be familiar with the general asset classes (stocks, bonds, cash, real estate, precious metals, etc.) and then learn about more specific classes only if they’re applicable to your situation.
Asset Allocation
Asset allocation refers to how much of the various asset classes you have in your portfolio. An older, more conservative investor might have a retirement asset allocation containing mostly fixed-income investments (80% bonds and 20% stocks, for example). A younger, more aggressive investor might have most of their investments in stocks.
Many people make the mistake of thinking you need to choose between all risky assets (stocks) or all safe investments (cash). In reality, you should pick a happy medium. Riskier assets like stocks have a higher expected rate of return. If your investment time horizon is long enough, don’t avoid stocks completely just because they’re more volatile than fixed income or cash.
A retirement account with a long investment time horizon might have 80% of the portfolio invested in stocks and 20% invested in bonds. If this is too volatile for your stomach and you are have a hard time sleeping at night, consider switching some of the stocks to bonds or cash so that your asset allocation has a less risky profile, such as 60% stocks and 40% bonds.
Investment Time Horizon
The investment time horizon is the length of time until you need the money in your investment account. Simple, right?
Some asset classes, such as cash, are very safe. If you have $5,000 in a savings account, you can sleep very well knowing that in 6 months you will still have at least $5,000 in that account. If you put your $5,000 into a riskier asset class, such as stocks (or a stock mutual fund), then in 6 months your investment might be worth more than $5,000 — or it might be worth less. (Perhaps a lot less.)
If you’re investing money you don’t need for a long time (20 years, for example), then you might consider investing it in riskier investments such as a stock mutual fund. If you need the money in a shorter time period (like 6 months), then you should invest it in a safe asset class, such as cash. The idea is to maximize the chance that your money will be there when you need it. If you are saving for a house down payment that you need next year, the return you get in that year is not as important as the need for that down payment to retain its value.
There are other factors to consider. For example, somebody approaching retirement might want to start withdrawals from their investments in a few years, but most of the money won’t be needed for many years after they start retirement. Going to a 100% bond portfolio in that situation is probably too conservative.
Rebalancing
Rebalancing your portfolio is an important part of investing. Portfolio rebalancing is accomplished by occasionally resetting the proportions of each asset class back to their original percentage.
For example, assume that Susan has just won $50,000 by playing the lottery. After doing some reading, she decides that her portfolio asset allocation will be 60% stocks and 40% bonds.
One year later, Susan checks the value of her portfolio and notices that stocks have declined. They now only make up 50% of her portfolio instead of the 60% she considers ideal. The bonds are also now 50% of her portfolio instead of the original 40%. To return to the original proportions, Susan decides to rebalance her portfolio so the asset allocation is the same as when she started.
To do this, she sells some of the bonds and uses the money to buy some stocks. Another option would be for her to make any new contributions only to stocks (and none to bonds) in order to return to the original allocation.
There are a couple of reasons to rebalance. First, by selling asset classes that have risen in value, and by buying other asset classes that have dropped, you are selling high and buying low. Second, if you don’t rebalance, it’s possible for your asset allocation (and investment risk) to become radically different from your intended levels.
Summary
Determining the best asset allocation for your portfolio involves a combination of:
Investment time horizon — When do you need the money?
Risk profile — Can you handle the ups and downs of the stock market?
Rebalancing — This is something you should do once a year or so.
It is difficult for the average investor to watch her portfolio value take wild swings every time the markets jump up and down. With proper asset allocation, it’s possible to lower the amount of risk in your portfolio while still maintaining a decent return, which should help you get better sleep at night!
Previously at Get Rich Slowly, this author shared an introduction to index funds and passive investing. Catch more great articles for beginning investors at ABCs of Investing.
Over the years, I’ve done some foolish things with my finances. I’ve squandered money on comic books. I’ve speculated on risky stocks, hoping to make a quick fortune. I’ve paid a gazillion dollars — or something close to it — in credit-card interest and bank fees. I spent large windfalls on the latest technological gadgets.
No, I’m by no means perfect with money.
One trap I’ve managed to avoid, though, is the lottery. Playing the lottery has never tempted me. Maybe it’s because I know the odds are always overwhelmingly stacked against the player — I know I can’t win the lottery, so why bother?
Caveat: That’s not to say I’ve never played the lottery. I used to play Sports Action, Oregon’s NFL-based betting game, once in a while. And I’ve bought an occasional scratch-off ticket. But when I do these things, I consider them one-time entertainment expenses, not paths to riches.
A Fool and His Money…
Not everyone is so lucky. For some, gambling is an addiction. It may start as innocent fun, but it grows beyond that, becomes a financial funnel, draining dollars from their daily lives. And some in dire financial straits may actually view the lottery as an investment strategy!
According to this Wired magazine article:
While approximately half of Americans buy at least one lottery ticket at some point, the vast majority of tickets are purchased by about 20 percent of the population. These high-frequency players tend to be poor and uneducated, which is why critics refer to lotteries as a regressive tax. (In a 2006 survey, 30 percent of people without a high school degree said that playing the lottery was a wealth-building strategy.) On average, households that make less than $12,400 a year spend 5 percent of their income on lotteries — a source of hope for just a few bucks a throw.
Just how foolish is it to play the lottery? It depends on the game you play, of course. I once calculated that for every buck my brother spent on a scratch-off game, he could expect to get roughly fifty cents in return. (That’s if he bought a bunch of tickets, of course. If you only buy a few, anything can happen.)
It’s even more depressing to take a look at the odds for lottery drawings. Here, for instance, are the odds of winning the Mega Millions lottery. They’re not good. You have about a one in forty chance of winning something. Your odds of winning the big jackpot (by matching the five main numbers and the bonus number) are roughly 1 in 175,000,000.
But that’s pretty tough to visualize, right? I mean, 175 million is a big number. No worries! Rob Cockerham at Cockeyed.com whipped up a little widget that lets you simulate the Mega Millions lottery. This is a great way to see just how fruitless the lottery is.
I liked Cockerham’s widget so much that I asked the GRS technical elves (who live next door to the GRS social media elves) to build one for me. Here, inspired by Cockerham’s original, is the Get Rich Lottery simulator. How much can you win? (Note that this widget is a little fussy in Internet Explorer. It seems to work fine in every other browser, though. Go figure.)
I’ve spent more time than I care to admit playing with this widget. I’ve never come out ahead.
In fact, because I’m just that geeky, I wrote down my results for 100 consecutive plays. (I used “quick pick” and “play these numbers 1040” times.) In other words, that’s the equivalent of playing Mega Millions twice a week for one thousand years. In a millenium of playing the lottery twice a week, I never once won big. My biggest prize was $500. Other stats:
I “invested” $104,000 in the lottery simulator.
I “won” $11,554.
Thus, my total return was -88.89%.
After 100 virtual ten-year periods, the average I had left after putting $1040 into the lottery was $115.54.
My best result? After one virtual ten-year period, I had $386 remaining. I’d love to know how well you do playing with this lottery simulator; post your results to the comments below! Surely somebody out there in the GRS audience can win big!
Note: I’m not a complete stick-in-the-mud. I recognize that for many, the appeal of the lottery is that it’s fun. The Mega Millions jackpot reached over $300 million last week, for instance. Kris and her co-workers each pitched in a buck to buy a ticket. This is cheap, harmless entertainment. My beef is with folks who view the lottery as a legitimate path to wealth. Sadly, there are many such people…
Better Bets
Almost anything is a better “investment” than flushing your money down the lottery toilet. In his book Stocks for the Long Run, Jeremy Siegel crunched the numbers to find the historical performance of several common investments. The results? Since 1926:
Gold has a real return (meaning: “after-inflation return”) of about 1%.
By my calculations (not Siegel’s), real estate also has a real return of about 1%.
Bonds have returned about 5%, or about 2.4% after inflation.
Stocks have returned an average of about 10% per year, and a real return (or inflation adjusted-return) of about 6.8%.
These options are volatile, of course, meaning the returns one year can be negative (though not nearly as bad as playing the lottery), and the returns the next can be positive. If you’re looking for a “sure thing”, you’re left with so-called safe investments, such as savings accounts and certificates of deposit.
Savings accounts and CDs have paltry returns right now, but they’re sure to rise as the economy improves. And even a 1% interest rate crushes an ongoing 88.89% loss on your money. (Not to mention that the lottery numbers I calculated above don’t factor in inflation!)
Note: I can’t find any data on the relationship between savings-account interest and inflation. If I had to make an educated guess, I’d say that savings accounts return about 1% more than inflation every year, meaning that they’re on a par with gold or real estate in the long term. But this is just a guess!
Let’s assume you inherit $100,000 and want to invest it. Let’s also assume that you’re going to put it one investment vehicle and leave it there for thirty years. (And that your returns on this investment will compound monthly.)
If you invested in gold or real estate (or a savings account), you might expect to have about $135,000 after inflation.
If you invested in bonds, you’d probably have about $200,000 after inflation.
If you invested in stocks, your could have over $750,000.
But if you “invested” in the lottery, you’d have nothing. After ten years, you’d have just ten bucks left. After 17 years, you’d have a penny — which you’d promptly lose. And again, the numbers for the lottery don’t factor in inflation.
So, if you really want to strike it rich, don’t play the lottery. Do something boring with your money. Take advantage of the extraordinary power of compound interest to get rich slowly. If you don’t have a Roth IRA, start one. Use it to buy indexed mutual funds. If that sounds too complicated for you, then open a savings account.
There’s no question: Playing the lottery as a strategy to gain money is a fool’s game. Play the lottery for fun if you want, but don’t do it because you think it’s going to help your financial situation.
Bitter Irony
Many folks win big jackpots, only to lose the money — or their happiness. People are fools to play the lottery, and they often remain fools after winning. Some examples:
A 2001 article in The American Economic Review found that after receiving half their jackpots, the typical lottery winner had only put about 16% of that money into savings. It’s estimated that over a quarter of lottery winners go bankrupt. Take Bud Post: He won $16.2 million in 1988. When he died in 2006, Post was living on a $450 monthly disability check. “I was much happier when I was broke,” he’s reported to have said. Even when they win, lottery winners often lose.
Long, long ago, in a mystical forest with good Wi-Fi, Goldilocks opened an investing account with $3,000 to invest.
At first, she considered pouring more money into her retirement accounts (which only holds mutual fund investments). But her Roth IRA was already maxed out for the year. Moreover, she knew that she would need this money sooner than age 65.
“Too cold!” she said.
Next, she considered investing in individual stocks. But even though she’d done her due diligence, she knew that investing in individual securities can be very risky. She didn’t need to become a millionaire overnight – she just wanted to make enough money to buy a cottage in a few years.
“Too hot!” she said.
Finally, she began browsing ETFs. ETFs are generally more stable, diverse, and safe investments than individual stocks, but they’re also more accessible than your retirement account.
“Juuuuust right!” she said aloud.
10 years later, Goldilocks’ investment had paid off – thanks to a steady 10% APY, her $3,000 investment had become nearly $8,000, so she was finally able to pay restitution and legal fees to the family of bears down the way.
Thanks to inherent diversity and steady returns, ETFs are a great place to stash a few grand to help you save for a big expense years or decades down the line.
What’s Ahead:
Large-cap stock ETFs
Large-cap ETFs typically bundle together blue-chip stocks or even an entire index, providing steady, sizeable returns. Warren Buffet once famously said:
“I just think that the best thing to do is buy 90% in S&P 500 index fund.”
So I’ve included two such options on the list.
You’ll also see a lot of Vanguard funds on this list because, well, they’re just awesome all the way around. Vanguard funds are extremely popular among investors because they combine industry-leading returns with incredibly low expense ratios.
ETF
Symbol
Fund info
Expense ratio
Schwab US Large-Cap Growth ETF™
SCHG
The fund’s goal is to track as closely as possible, before fees and expenses, the total return of the Dow Jones U.S. Large-Cap Growth Total Stock Market Index.
0.04%
SPDR S&P 500 ETF
SPY
The SPDR® S&P 500® ETF Trust seeks to provide investment results that, before expenses, correspond generally to the price and yield performance of the S&P 500® Index (the “Index”).
0.0945%
Vanguard S&P 500 ETF
VOO
The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF invests in stocks in the S&P 500 Index, representing 500 of the largest U.S. companies.
0.03%
Vanguard Russell 1000 Growth ETF
VONG
The investment seeks to track the performance of the Russell 1000® Growth Index. The index is designed to measure the performance of large-capitalization growth stocks in the United States.
0.08%
Mid-cap stock ETFs
Goldilocks’ choice – mid-cap ETFs – bundle together companies that have an exciting growth curve before them, but are established enough not to fold overnight.
If you can tolerate a little more risk in exchange for higher potential returns than an index fund, consider these top picks:
ETF
Symbol
Fund info
Expense ratio
Vanguard Mid-Cap Growth ETF
VOT
VOT seeks to track the performance of the CRSP US Mid Cap Growth Index, which measures the investment return of mid-capitalization growth stocks.
0.07%
iShares Core S&P Mid-Cap ETF
IJF
IJF seeks to track the investment results of an index composed of mid-capitalization U.S. equities.
0.05%
Vanguard Mid-Cap ETF
VO
VO seeks to track the performance of the CRSP US Mid Cap Index, which measures the investment return of mid-capitalization stocks.
0.04%
Schwab U.S. Mid-Cap ETF
SCHM
SCHM’s goal is to track as closely as possible, before fees and expenses, the total return of the Dow Jones U.S. Mid-Cap Total Stock Market Index.
0.04%
Small-cap stock ETFs
If you’ve looked at your asset portfolio recently and thought “hmm… needs a little more spice,” then a small-cap ETF might add just the right amount of kick.
These ETFs track small companies with big potential, so they present higher risk but higher potential reward than large- or mid-cap ETFs.
ETF
Symbol
Fund info
Expense ratio
Vanguard S&P Small-Cap 600 Growth ETF
VIOG
VIOG employs an indexing investment approach designed to track the performance of the S&P SmallCap 600® Growth Index, which represents the growth companies, as determined by the index sponsor, of the S&P SmallCap 600 Index.
0.15%
Vanguard Small-Cap ETF
VB
VB seeks to track the performance of the CRSP US Small Cap Index, which measures the investment return of small-capitalization stocks.
0.05%
iShares Core S&P Small-Cap ETF
IJR
IJR seeks to track the investment results of an index composed of small-capitalization U.S. equities.
0.06%
Schwab U.S. Small-Cap ETF
SCHA
SCHA’s goal is to track as closely as possible, before fees and expenses, the total return of the Dow Jones U.S. Small-Cap Total Stock Market Index.
0.04%
International stock ETFs
ETF
Symbol
Fund info
Expense ratio
Vanguard Emerging Markets ETF
VWO
VWO invests in stocks of companies located in emerging markets around the world, such as China, Brazil, Taiwan, and South Africa.
0.10%
Vanguard Total International Stock ETF
VXUS
VXUS seeks to track the performance of the FTSE Global All Cap ex US Index, which measures the investment return of stocks issued by companies located outside the United States.
0.08%
SPDR® MSCI EAFE Fossil Fuel Free ETF
EFAX
EFAX seeks to offer climate-conscious investors exposure to international equities while limiting exposure to companies owning fossil fuel reserves.
0.20%
Vanguard FTSE Developed Markets ETF
VEA
VEA provides a convenient way to match the performance of a diversified group of stocks of large-, mid-, and small-cap companies located in Canada and the major markets of Europe and the Pacific region.
0.05%
Fixed income ETFs
ETF
Symbol
Fund info
Expense ratio
iShares Core U.S. Aggregate Bond ETF
AGG
AGG seeks to track the investment results of an index composed of the total U.S. investment-grade bond market.
0.05%
Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF
BND
BND’s investment objective is to seek to track the performance of a broad, market-weighted bond index.
0.035%
Vanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETF
VCIT
VCIT seeks to provide a moderate and sustainable level of current income by investing primarily in high-quality (investment-grade) corporate bonds.
0.05%
Schwab 1-5 Year Corporate Bond ETF
SCHJ
SCHJ’s goal is to track as closely as possible, before fees and expenses, the total return of an index that measures the performance of the short-term U.S. corporate bond market.
0.05%
What does large-cap, mid-cap, etc. mean?
To start, “cap” refers to market capitalization, or the total value of a company’s shares on the market. For example, if a company has 1 million shares on the market valued at $10 a pop, their market cap would be $10 million.
Large-cap ETFs are comprised of companies each with a market cap of $10 billion or higher. The Vanguard Mega Cap ETF (MGC), for example, contains around 250 of the biggest companies in the USA, from Amazon to Apple. Since they’re often full of blue-chip stocks that provide slow-but-steady returns, large-cap ETFs are considered a safe, long-term investment.
Mid-cap ETFsare comprised of companies each with a market cap in the $2 to $10 billion range. All ETFs are designed to succeed and make money, so mid-cap ETFs are filled with midsized companies that are in the middle of their “growth curve,” so to speak – they’re high-performing, high-potential companies that may become the next blue-chip, so mid-cap ETFs balance risk and reward.
Small-cap ETFsare comprised of companies each with a market cap of “just” $300 million to $2 billion. Fund managers who design small-cap ETFs cast a wide net, aiming to scoop up “the next big thing.” As a result, these ETFs have higher growth potential than most ETFs, but also steeper downside if the smaller companies within end up folding.
International ETFsare, as the name so subtly hints, full of non-U.S. stocks and securities. There are country-specific ETFs, foreign industry ETFs (think non-U.S. automotive stocks), and even ETFs representing emerging markets like sub-Saharan Africa and Brazil.
Fixed income ETFs, aka bond ETFs, give you access to diverse bond investments. For the uninitiated, bonds are like loans you make to companies or governments that they pay back with interest. You can read more about bonds here, but the bottom line is this: fixed-income ETFs provide steady income in the form of dividends, so they’re a good choice if you want a safe investment that gives you a paycheck!
Read more:How To Invest In ETFs
Which type of ETF is right for you?
Well, it depends on both your goals and your risk tolerance.
If you can tolerate some risk in your portfolio, and want your ETF investment to pay off sooner than later (within five years), you may want to consider small-cap and mid-cap ETFs. They’re riskier, but have higher upside potential.
If you’re looking for a safer investment that will multiply your money over a longer horizon (5+ years), a large-cap ETF is probably a fit.
If you’d like your ETF investment to provide a trickle of cashback each month, fixed income ETFs are probably your best bet.
And finally, if you don’t mind doing a little research or believe strongly in the economic performance of a foreign market, you’ll be a fan of international ETFs.
Read more: How To Determine Your Investing Risk Tolerance
About our criteria
With hundreds of commission-free ETFs available, how did these become the winners?
To make this list, ETFs had to impress in all of the following categories:
Earnings potential.Naturally, the first thing looked at was the ETF’s performance over the past five years. A good sign of a healthy ETF is how quickly it bounced back in Q3 2020 after the market panic surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. Springboarding back and surpassing Q1 levels are a sign of investor confidence, and helped solidify the ETF’s place on this list.
Expense ratio.Next, I looked at the ETF’s expense ratio. Your expense ratio is the percentage of your investment you pay to the fund manager for having shares of the ETF. Although measured in fractions of a percent, expense ratios make a difference – 0.80% of $10,000 is $80 and 0.04% is just $4, so ETFs with an expense ratio below 0.20% were favored.
Fund reputation. You’ll see a lot of repeated names on this list because funds like Schwab, BlackRock (iShares), and especially Vanguard have a proven track record of building well-crafted, reliable ETFs with low expense ratios. Fund reputation matters in the long run because big funds attract big money, which helps to generate higher returns for you!
Solid fundamentals.ETFs aren’t just random grab bags of stock and securities – each one is a carefully curated list, with selection criteria driven by both AI and human logic. There are some wacky and unique ETFs out there – such as Millennial ETFs and Space ETFs – and I’ll cover more of them in an upcoming piece. But this list isn’t for the experimental, exciting stuff – it’s for safe, dare I say boring, places to stash and multiply your savings.
Conscious investing.Finally, this was more of a small thing in the back of my mind, but I wanted each ETF on this list to score average or above average for “conscious capitalism.” No fossil fuels, no sin stocks (learn more about sin stocks here) – and not just because it’s not the way of the future, but because investments in conscious capitalism generally outperform “sinful” investments in the long term.
Commission-free ETFs solve a big problem for young investors
Commission-free ETFs aren’t just great because they’re cheap – they actually solve a pretty serious problem plaguing young ETF investors.
You see, ETFs have heftier commissions and trade fees than stocks because ETFs can be resource-intensive to create. Let’s say you’re a fund manager and you have an idea for an ETF. The process to get your ETF approved by the SEC isn’t unlike getting your new drug approved by the FDA; you have to research a ton, understand the risks, and propose your ETF to the government.
Once your ETF is approved and available, you probably want some additional compensation for your work beyond just capital gains from your ETF.
You don’t want to charge a high percentage trade fee, because big-ticket investors will be turned off. So, instead, you charge a $10 to $20 fee per trade of your ETF.
Big-ticket investors who drop $50,000 on a trade couldn’t care less about a $20 fee, since that represents just 0.04% of their investment. But if you’re a young investor, investing maybe $50 to $100 out of each monthly paycheck, a $20 per-trade fee is way too high – basically pricing us out of ETF investing. 🙁
Thankfully, many brokerages have realized that their per-trade fees are too high for young investors and have eliminated commissions on trades of certain ETFs. At first, funds like Vanguard and Fidelity only let you trade commission-free on their own platforms, but now, they’ve expanded their commission-free goodness to wide platforms like J. P. Morgan Self-Directed Investing.
And it’s not just the junk ETFs that get traded commission-free – in fact, it’s often quite the opposite. Firms like Vanguard and Fidelity will let you trade their most successful ETFs for free – presumably because they don’t really need the commission.
Disclosure – INVESTMENT AND INSURANCE PRODUCTS ARE: NOT A DEPOSIT • NOT FDIC INSURED • NO BANK GUARANTEE • MAY LOSE VALUE
Summary
If you’re looking for an investment vehicle falling somewhere between your boring retirement account and your exciting individual stock purchases, ETFs are an excellent choice. And now that the big funds are waiving commissions on their top-performing ETFs, there’s never been a better time to dive into the world of ETFs and inject some low- to mid-risk into your portfolio.
ETFs are also an excellent investment if you’re looking to multiply your money and cash out within 2 to 10 years. You can even leave your ETF investment until retirement, if you want, so it has plenty of time to multiply under compound interest.
Not all ETFs are made the same, however – and the SEC has approved some stinkers over the years, for sure. These ETFs, on the other hand, are universally considered top-ranked and well-supported within the investor community – and are a superb place to start.
Confession time: Despite a financial and business education more comprehensive than most, I never invested. I grew up poor and just couldn’t wait for my first “serious” job and those big bucks. It was so bad, I decided to drop out of college in my senior year. “None of this ivory-tower crap is going to make me any more money,” I told everyone who would listen. Fortunately, both of them were able to talk me off the ledge. One of them was my future wife, bless her little gizzard.
After graduation, my illusions were shattered: There are no high-paying jobs in a recession for someone with just a bachelor’s degree. There are hardly any jobs at all. Carol Burnett came up with the formula: Comedy = Tragedy + Time. That explains why I’ve been able to entertain so many guests after dinner with the now-humorous details of my early career. Bottom line: It took several years to set up a household on entry-level wages. My big break came when, in the final year of my MBA, I landed a job that tripled my income. (No matter what all the critics say, no single degree makes you as much money as an MBA.)
Finally, we were rolling in it. The top restaurateurs in town knew us by name. You would think that someone with such a solid education (in accounting and finance, no less) would realize the time had come to start investing. You would be wrong. We had accumulated us some Joneses along the way, up with which we had to keep, and we did some serious “keeping” for the next few years.
Of course, we told ourselves we were “investing.” (All big spenders do that.) You could call that spectacular wooded plot in the Cape (Town, not Cod) for our next dream custom-built home an investment. We did. You can call anything you spend money on “an investment” — nice cars (they will be collectible one day, you know), good wines (more valuable when aged), jewelry, and any number of other wanna-haves — investments, one and all.
Deluding yourself that what you’re doing is smart is not hard. Wise readers know where that journey ended: Our debt tripped us up in our 40s, and we got wiped out in yet another recession.
That’s when I got mad.
And that’s when I got smart. I discovered the more you make, the more you spend. And it’s true what they say: Money can’t buy you happiness. Lack of money, though, doesn’t bring you barrels of fun, either. I haven’t heard too many people say that, because it sounds materialistic; but take it from someone who’s lived on both sides of that railroad track. There is more peace in the house when the finances are in order.
This post was started in response to a question from a reader, who asked: How do you get started investing? Penny stocks, maybe? In response, I wrote a nice, sterile post with the five-point plan to get started. But after reading it over, I did the electronic equivalent of crumpling it up and tossing it in the wastepaper basket.
Why? Because I’ve heard that all before and it never got me to start when I should have started. Why, then, would it help the non-investing reader?
Everybody has heard the message that you’ve got to invest. And if I have a dollar for every “get-started” plan written, I’d be one of the sharks on “Shark Tank.” And yet, it is equally well documented how Americans are headed for retirement disaster because they don’t invest.
Why not?
1. Passion
Because none of those articles, lectures, books, posts, speeches, or admonitions addresses the starting point: passion.
Until you get mad, you’re not going to change. That’s true for any lifestyle improvement: losing weight, quitting smoking, getting fit… or investing.
So, Step One is making a passionate decision. It doesn’t matter if it’s fear, anger, humiliation, or even (dare I say it?) greed. Investing is a long, long grind. Along the way, you’ll face thousands of temptations to derail you, and very few to keep you on track. In the face of that barrage, you’ll only stay the course if you have a steely resolve, and we human beings are wired in such a way that pretty much the only way to maintain that steely resolve is to have it fueled with a long-term fire in your belly. Nothing but that passion will neutralize the onslaught of temptations coming at you day after day… after day.
Once you’ve made that resolve, pretty much anything you invest in can work. My father-in-law only invested in a savings account. You could argue with him all you want (“C’mon, Dad, you can double your earnings with any other investment!”) but a savings account was the only investment he felt passionate about. He made it work. With passion, you can make anything work.
2. Foreground
I started (late, to be sure) with a savings account. I wanted to open a brokerage account, but back then you needed a couple thousand or some huge number like that to open a new account. Along the way, I discovered a nice thing about a savings account: there’s no minimum to start, or to deposit. When we got a $15 refund for something, I could deposit that into the savings account and nobody would frown. It became a game: how high can we make it grow this month? Saving became a foreground activity, not a background activity as so many people think it ought to be.
And that, I think, is Step Two: Make your investing an intentional, “foreground” part of your life. Facing my mid-40s with nothing forced me to admit that my lifestyle was proof that I’m not a natural saver/investor. And so, just like a recovering alcoholic, I need to be very deliberate in staying off the spending wagon. No more fancy cars, no more fancy nothing… and no more Joneses.
I began measuring my worth in things other people couldn’t see.
We were surprised to see how quickly our savings grew when it became an endeavor of passion. So we signed up for 401(k) plans where we worked, and went for the maximum deductions, matching or no matching.
Mechanically, I think it’s important to start with safe investments, like a savings account, a 401(k) plan at work, stock market index funds — stuff like that. For the first four or five years, the lion’s share of your investment value will be your contributions, not your returns. You can always change your investments along the way.
The important thing is picking a safe investment you’ll feel the most passion for. Then learn as much as you can. You’ll find out soon enough what generates the most passion. Then study that for a few years and you’ll be good.
3. Opportunities
There’s something else very few people talk about, and that’s opportunity. J.D. wrote about it recently, but he’s one of very few. I discovered this a few short years into my now-passionate investing career: Once you make investing a foreground part of your life (i.e., you think about it a lot) it’s natural to want to learn more. As you do that, you become aware of things that passed over your head before. And one of those things is… opportunities.
Life brings everyone a string of opportunities. Until I became conscious of investing and made it a priority, I was totally oblivious to them. When someone would mention something that sounded like an investment opportunity, I’d cut them off with a put-down like, “Oh, that’s just a scam. Nothing could be that good. What a waste of time. Wall Street’s just a casino!” And then I’d continue debating whether this great chef’s new restaurant would be as good as his previous one.
When you’re thinking of buying a Honda, what do you see? Hondas all around you. Same with investment opportunities. It’s a well-known trait of the human brain that once you’re conscious of something, you notice much more of it. Every person has a few outstanding investment opportunities that come their way. So I’d say Step Three is to keep your eyes open for all investment opportunities that come along. Be prepared to pass on 90 percent of them, but be ready to pounce on a good one when it comes along. Being prepared comes naturally with anything you’re passionate about because you love to read about it, talk about it, and think about it.
The nutshell
As I said, it doesn’t really matter which particular investment vehicle you pick to get started, as long as it’s not too risky. Success in the long run will come from:
Passion
Putting investing in the foreground of your mind
Preparing yourself to take advantage of unique opportunities which will, almost inevitably, cross your path. Preparing includes learning how to distinguish between get-rich scams and real opportunities.
No two of the people I know who succeeded in their investing followed the same path to success, or invested in the same things. But all of them were passionate about it, thought about it a lot and took advantage of at least one good opportunity which gave them that boost you can never plan for.
It’s easy to talk yourself out of anything and find fault with any option. Those who succeeded didn’t talk; they acted. To misquote my good friend Vern: thinkers think and doers do. Until thinkers do and doers think, investing is just another word in the overburdened vocabulary of broke Americans.
In Best Low-Risk Investments for 2023, I provided a comprehensive list of low-risk investments with predictable returns. But it’s precisely because those returns are low-risk that they also provide relatively low returns.
In this article, we’re going to look at high-yield investments, many of which involve a higher degree of risk but are also likely to provide higher returns.
True enough, low-risk investments are the right investment solution for anyone who’s looking to preserve capital and still earn some income.
But if you’re more interested in the income side of an investment, accepting a bit of risk can produce significantly higher returns. And at the same time, these investments will generally be less risky than growth stocks and other high-risk/high-reward investments.
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Determine How Much Risk You’re Willing to Take On
The risk we’re talking about with these high-yield investments is the potential for you to lose money. As is true when investing in any asset, you need to begin by determining how much you’re willing to risk in the pursuit of higher returns.
Chasing “high-yield returns” will make you broke if you don’t have clear financial goals you’re working towards.
I’m going to present a large number of high-yield investments, each with its own degree of risk. The purpose is to help you evaluate the risk/reward potential of these investments when selecting the ones that will be right for you.
If you’re looking for investments that are completely safe, you should favor one or more of the highly liquid, low-yield vehicles covered in Best Low-Risk Investments for 2023. In this article, we’re going to be going for something a little bit different. As such, please note that this is not in any way a blanket recommendation of any particular investment.
Best High-Yield Investments for 2023
Table of Contents
Below is my list of the 18 best high-yield investments for 2023. They’re not ranked or listed in order of importance. That’s because each is a unique investment class that you will need to carefully evaluate for suitability within your own portfolio.
Be sure that any investment you do choose will be likely to provide the return you expect at an acceptable risk level for your own personal risk tolerance.
1. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)
Let’s start with this one, if only because it’s on just about every list of high-yield investments, especially in the current environment of rising inflation. It may not actually be the best high-yield investment, but it does have its virtues and shouldn’t be overlooked.
Basically, TIPS are securities issued by the U.S. Treasury that are designed to accommodate inflation. They do pay regular interest, though it’s typically lower than the rate paid on ordinary Treasury securities of similar terms. The bonds are available with a minimum investment of $100, in terms of five, 10, and 30 years. And since they’re fully backed by the U.S. government, you are assured of receiving the full principal value if you hold a security until maturity.
But the real benefit—and the primary advantage—of these securities is the inflation principal additions. Each year, the Treasury will add an amount to the bond principal that’s commensurate with changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Fortunately, while the principal will be added when the CPI rises (as it nearly always does), none will be deducted if the index goes negative.
You can purchase TIPS through the U.S. Treasury’s investment portal, Treasury Direct. You can also hold the securities as well as redeem them on the same platform. There are no commissions or fees when buying securities.
On the downside, TIPS are purely a play on inflation since the base rates are fairly low. And while the principal additions will keep you even with inflation, you should know that they are taxable in the year received.
Still, TIPS are an excellent low-risk, high-yield investment during times of rising inflation—like now.
2. I Bonds
If you’re looking for a true low-risk, high-yield investment, look no further than Series I bonds. With the current surge in inflation, these bonds have become incredibly popular, though they are limited.
I bonds are currently paying 6.89%. They can be purchased electronically in denominations as little as $25. However, you are limited to purchasing no more than $10,000 in I bonds per calendar year. Since they are issued by the U.S. Treasury, they’re fully protected by the U.S. government. You can purchase them through the Treasury Department’s investment portal, TreasuryDirect.gov.
“The cash in my savings account is on fire,” groans Scott Lieberman, Founder of Touchdown Money. “Inflation has my money in flames, each month incinerating more and more. To defend against this, I purchased an I bond. When I decide to get my money back, the I bond will have been protected against inflation by being worth more than what I bought it for. I highly recommend getting yourself a super safe Series I bond with money you can stash away for at least one year.”
You may not be able to put your entire bond portfolio into Series I bonds. But just a small investment, at nearly 10%, can increase the overall return on your bond allocation.
3. Corporate Bonds
The average rate of return on a bank savings account is 0.33%. The average rate on a money market account is 0.09%, and 0.25% on a 12-month CD.
Now, there are some banks paying higher rates, but generally only in the 1%-plus range.
If you want higher returns on your fixed income portfolio, and you’re willing to accept a moderate level of risk, you can invest in corporate bonds. Not only do they pay higher rates than banks, but you can lock in those higher rates for many years.
For example, the average current yield on a AAA-rated corporate bond is 4.55%. Now that’s the rate for AAA bonds, which are the highest-rated securities. You can get even higher rates on bonds with lower ratings, which we will cover in the next section.
Corporate bonds sell in face amounts of $1,000, though the price may be higher or lower depending on where interest rates are. If you choose to buy individual corporate bonds, expect to buy them in lots of ten. That means you’ll likely need to invest $10,000 in a single issue. Brokers will typically charge a small per-bond fee on purchase and sale.
An alternative may be to take advantage of corporate bond funds. That will give you an opportunity to invest in a portfolio of bonds for as little as the price of one share of an ETF. And because they are ETFs, they can usually be bought and sold commission free.
You can typically purchase corporate bonds and bond funds through popular stock brokers, like Zacks Trade, TD Ameritrade.
Corporate Bond Risk
Be aware that the value of corporate bonds, particularly those with maturities greater than 10 years, can fall if interest rates rise. Conversely, the value of the bonds can rise if interest rates fall.
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4. High-Yield Bonds
In the previous section we talked about how interest rates on corporate bonds vary based on each bond issue’s rating. A AAA bond, being the safest, has the lowest yield. But a riskier bond, such as one rated BBB, will provide a higher rate of return.
If you’re looking to earn higher interest than you can with investment-grade corporate bonds, you can get those returns with so-called high-yield bonds. Because they have a lower rating, they pay higher interest, sometimes much higher.
The average yield on high-yield bonds is 8.29%. But that’s just an average. The yield on a bond rated B will be higher than one rated BB.
You should also be aware that, in addition to potential market value declines due to rising interest rates, high-yield bonds are more likely to default than investment-grade bonds. That’s why they pay higher interest rates. (They used to call these bonds “junk bonds,” but that kind of description is a marketing disaster.) Because of those twin risks, junk bonds should occupy only a small corner of your fixed-income portfolio.
High Yield Bond Risk
In a rapidly rising interest rate environment, high-yield bonds are more likely to default.
High-yield bonds can be purchased under similar terms and in the same places where you can trade corporate bonds. There are also ETFs that specialize in high-yield bonds and will be a better choice for most investors, since they will include diversification across many different bond issues.
5. Municipal Bonds
Just as corporations and the U.S. Treasury issue bonds, so do state and local governments. These are referred to as municipal bonds. They work much like other bond types, particularly corporates. They can be purchased in similar denominations through online brokers.
The main advantage enjoyed by municipal bonds is their tax-exempt status for federal income tax purposes. And if you purchase a municipal bond issued by your home state, or a municipality within that state, the interest will also be tax-exempt for state income tax purposes.
That makes municipal bonds an excellent source of tax-exempt income in a nonretirement account. (Because retirement accounts are tax-sheltered, it makes little sense to include municipal bonds in those accounts.)
Municipal bond rates are currently hovering just above 3% for AAA-rated bonds. And while that’s an impressive return by itself, it masks an even higher yield.
Because of their tax-exempt status, the effective yield on municipal bonds will be higher than the note rate. For example, if your combined federal and state marginal income tax rates are 25%, the effective yield on a municipal bond paying 3% will be 4%. That gives an effective rate comparable with AAA-rated corporate bonds.
Municipal bonds, like other bonds, are subject to market value fluctuations due to interest rate changes. And while it’s rare, there have been occasional defaults on these bonds.
Like corporate bonds, municipal bonds carry ratings that affect the interest rates they pay. You can investigate bond ratings through sources like Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch.
Fund
Symbol
Type
Current Yield
5 Average Annual Return
Vanguard Inflation-Protected Securities Fund
VIPSX
TIPS
0.06%
3.02%
SPDR® Portfolio Interm Term Corp Bond ETF
SPIB
Corporate
4.38%
1.44%
iShares Interest Rate Hedged High Yield Bond ETF
HYGH
High-Yield
5.19%
2.02%
Invesco VRDO Tax-Free ETF (PVI)
PVI
Municipal
0.53%
0.56%
6. Longer Term Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
This is another investment that falls under the low risk/relatively high return classification. As interest rates have risen in recent months, rates have crept up on certificates of deposit. Unlike just one year ago, CDs now merit consideration.
But the key is to invest in certificates with longer terms.
“Another lower-risk option is to consider a Certificate of Deposit (CD),” advises Lance C. Steiner, CFP at Buckingham Advisors. “Banks, credit unions, and many other financial institutions offer CDs with maturities ranging from 6 months to 60 months. Currently, a 6-month CD may pay between 0.75% and 1.25% where a 24-month CD may pay between 2.20% and 3.00%. We suggest considering a short-term ladder since interest rates are expected to continue rising.” (Stated interest rates for the high-yield savings and CDs were obtained at bankrate.com.)
Most banks offer certificates of deposit with terms as long as five years. Those typically have the highest yields.
But the longer term does involve at least a moderate level of risk. If you invest in a CD for five years that’s currently paying 3%, the risk is that interest rates will continue rising. If they do, you’ll miss out on the higher returns available on newer certificates. But the risk is still low overall since the bank guarantees to repay 100% of your principle upon certificate maturity.
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7. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending
Do you know how banks borrow from you—at 1% interest—then loan the same money to your neighbor at rates sometimes as high as 20%? It’s quite a racket, and a profitable one at that.
But do you also know that you have the same opportunity as a bank? It’s an investing process known as peer-to-peer lending, or P2P for short.
P2P lending essentially eliminates the bank. As an investor, you’ll provide the funds for borrowers on a P2P platform. Most of these loans will be in the form of personal loans for a variety of purposes. But some can also be business loans, medical loans, and for other more specific purposes.
As an investor/lender, you get to keep more of the interest rate return on those loans. You can invest easily through online P2P platforms.
One popular example is Prosper. They offer primarily personal loans in amounts ranging between $2,000 and $40,000. You can invest in small slivers of these loans, referred to as “notes.” Notes can be purchased for as little as $25.
That small denomination will make it possible to diversify your investment across many different loans. You can even choose the loans you will invest in based on borrower credit scores, income, loan terms, and purposes.
Prosper, which has managed $20 billion in P2P loans since 2005, claims a historical average return of 5.7%. That’s a high rate of return on what is essentially a fixed-income investment. But that’s because there exists the possibility of loss due to borrower default.
However, you can minimize the likelihood of default by carefully choosing borrower loan quality. That means focusing on borrowers with higher credit scores, incomes, and more conservative loan purposes (like debt consolidation).
8. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
REITs are an excellent way to participate in real estate investment, and the return it provides, without large amounts of capital or the need to manage properties. They’re publicly traded, closed-end investment funds that can be bought and sold on major stock exchanges. They invest primarily in commercial real estate, like office buildings, retail space, and large apartment complexes.
If you’re planning to invest in a REIT, you should be aware that there are three different types.
“Equity REITs purchase commercial, industrial, or residential real estate properties,” reports Robert R. Johnson, PhD, CFA, CAIA, Professor of Finance, Heider College of Business, Creighton University and co-author of several books, including The Tools and Techniques Of Investment Planning, Strategic Value Investing and Investment Banking for Dummies. “Income is derived primarily from the rental on the properties, as well as from the sale of properties that have increased in value. Mortgage REITs invest in property mortgages. The income is primarily from the interest they earn on the mortgage loans. Hybrid REITs invest both directly in property and in mortgages on properties.”
Johnson also cautions:
“Investors should understand that equity REITs are more like stocks and mortgage REITs are more like bonds. Hybrid REITs are like a mix of stocks and bonds.”
Mortgage REITs, in particular, are an excellent way to earn steady dividend income without being closely tied to the stock market.
Examples of specific REITs are listed in the table below (source: Kiplinger):
REIT
Equity or Mortgage
Property Type
Dividend Yield
12 Month Return
Rexford Industrial Realty
REXR
Industrial warehouse space
2.02%
2.21%
Sun Communities
SUI
Manufactured housing, RVs, resorts, marinas
2.19%
-14.71%
American Tower
AMT
Multi-tenant cell towers
2.13%
-9.00%
Prologis
PLD
Industrial real estate
2.49%
-0.77%
Camden Property Trust
CPT
Apartment complexes
2.77%
-7.74%
Alexandria Real Estate Equities
ARE
Research Properties
3.14%
-23.72%
Digital Realty Trust
DLR
Data centers
3.83%
-17.72%
9. Real Estate Crowdfunding
If you prefer direct investment in a property of your choice, rather than a portfolio, you can invest in real estate crowdfunding. You invest your money, but management of the property will be handled by professionals. With real estate crowdfunding, you can pick out individual properties, or invest in nonpublic REITs that invest in very specific portfolios.
One of the best examples of real estate crowdfunding is Fundrise. That’s because you can invest with as little as $500 or create a customized portfolio with no more than $1,000. Not only does Fundrise charge low fees, but they also have multiple investment options. You can start small in managed investments, and eventually trade up to investing in individual deals.
One thing to be aware of with real estate crowdfunding is that many require accredited investor status. That means being high income, high net worth, or both. If you are an accredited investor, you’ll have many more choices in the real estate crowdfunding space.
If you are not an accredited investor, that doesn’t mean you’ll be prevented from investing in this asset class. Part of the reason why Fundrise is so popular is that they don’t require accredited investor status. There are other real estate crowdfunding platforms that do the same.
Just be careful if you want to invest in real estate through real estate crowdfunding platforms. You will be expected to tie your money up for several years, and early redemption is often not possible. And like most investments, there is the possibility of losing some or all your investment principal.
Low minimum investment – $10
Diversified real estate portfolio
Portfolio Transparency
10. Physical Real Estate
We’ve talked about investing in real estate through REITs and real estate crowdfunding. But you can also invest directly in physical property, including residential property or even commercial.
Owning real estate outright means you have complete control over the investment. And since real estate is a large-dollar investment, the potential returns are also large.
For starters, average annual returns on real estate are impressive. They’re even comparable to stocks. Residential real estate has generated average returns of 10.6%, while commercial property has returned an average of 9.5%.
Next, real estate has the potential to generate income from two directions, from rental income and capital gains. But because of high property values in many markets around the country, it will be difficult to purchase real estate that will produce a positive cash flow, at least in the first few years.
Generally speaking, capital gains are where the richest returns come from. Property purchased today could double or even triple in 20 years, creating a huge windfall. And this will be a long-term capital gain, to get the benefit of a lower tax bite.
Finally, there’s the leverage factor. You can typically purchase an investment property with a 20% down payment. That means you can purchase a $500,000 property with $100,000 out-of-pocket.
By calculating your capital gains on your upfront investment, the returns are truly staggering. If the $500,000 property doubles to $1 million in 20 years, the $500,000 profit generated will produce a 500% gain on your $100,000 investment.
On the negative side, real estate is certainly a very long-term investment. It also comes with high transaction fees, often as high as 10% of the sale price. And not only will it require a large down payment up front, but also substantial investment of time managing the property.
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11. High Dividend Stocks
“The best high-yield investment is dividend stocks,” declares Harry Turner, Founder at The Sovereign Investor. “While there is no guaranteed return with stocks, over the long term stocks have outperformed other investments such as bonds and real estate. Among stocks, dividend-paying stocks have outperformed non-dividend paying stocks by more than 2 percentage points per year on average over the last century. In addition, dividend stocks tend to be less volatile than non-dividend paying stocks, meaning they are less likely to lose value in downturns.”
You can certainly invest in individual stocks that pay high dividends. But a less risky way to do it, and one that will avoid individual stock selection, is to invest through a fund.
One of the most popular is the ProShares S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrat ETF (NOBL). It has provided a return of 1.67% in the 12 months ending May 31, and an average of 12.33% per year since the fund began in October 2013. The fund currently has a 1.92% dividend yield.
The so-called Dividend Aristocrats are popular because they represent 60+ S&P 500 companies, with a history of increasing their dividends for at least the past 25 years.
“Dividend Stocks are an excellent way to earn some quality yield on your investments while simultaneously keeping inflation at bay,” advises Lyle Solomon, Principal Attorney at Oak View Law Group, one of the largest law firms in America. “Dividends are usually paid out by well-established and successful companies that no longer need to reinvest all of the profits back into the business.”
It gets better. “These companies and their stocks are safer to invest in owing to their stature, large customer base, and hold over the markets,” adds Solomon. “The best part about dividend stocks is that many of these companies increase dividends year on year.”
The table below shows some popular dividend-paying stocks. Each is a so-called “Dividend Aristocrat”, which means it’s part of the S&P 500 and has increased its dividend in each of at least the past 25 years.
Company
Symbol
Dividend
Dividend Yield
AbbVie
ABBV
$5.64
3.80%
Armcor PLC
AMCR
$0.48
3.81%
Chevron
CVX
$5.68
3.94%
ExxonMobil
XOM
$3.52
4.04%
IBM
IBM
$6.60
5.15%
Realty Income Corp
O
$2.97
4.16%
Walgreen Boots Alliance
WBA
$1.92
4.97%
12. Preferred Stocks
Preferred stocks are a very specific type of dividend stock. Just like common stock, preferred stock represents an interest in a publicly traded company. They’re often thought of as something of a hybrid between stocks and bonds because they contain elements of both.
Though common stocks can pay dividends, they don’t always. Preferred stocks on the other hand, always pay dividends. Those dividends can be either a fixed amount or based on a variable dividend formula. For example, a company can base the dividend payout on a recognized index, like the LIBOR (London Inter-Bank Offered Rate). The percentage of dividend payout will then change as the index rate does.
Preferred stocks have two major advantages over common stock. First, as “preferred” securities, they have a priority on dividend payments. A company is required to pay their preferred shareholders dividends ahead of common stockholders. Second, preferred stocks have higher dividend yields than common stocks in the same company.
You can purchase preferred stock through online brokers, some of which are listed under “Growth Stocks” below.
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Preferred Stock Caveats
The disadvantage of preferred stocks is that they don’t entitle the holder to vote in corporate elections. But some preferred stocks offer a conversion option. You can exchange your preferred shares for a specific number of common stock shares in the company. Since the conversion will likely be exercised when the price of the common shares takes a big jump, there’s the potential for large capital gains—in addition to the higher dividend.
Be aware that preferred stocks can also be callable. That means the company can authorize the repurchase of the stock at its discretion. Most will likely do that at a time when interest rates are falling, and they no longer want to pay a higher dividend on the preferred stock.
Preferred stock may also have a maturity date, which is typically 30–40 years after its original issuance. The company will typically redeem the shares at the original issue price, eliminating the possibility of capital gains.
Not all companies issue preferred stock. If you choose this investment, be sure it’s with a company that’s well-established and has strong financials. You should also pay close attention to the details of the issuance, including and especially any callability provisions, dividend formulas, and maturity dates.
13. Growth Stocks
This sector is likely the highest risk investment on this list. But it also may be the one with the highest yield, at least over the long term. That’s why we’re including it on this list.
Based on the S&P 500 index, stocks have returned an average of 10% per year for the past 50 years. But it is important to realize that’s only an average. The market may rise 40% one year, then fall 20% the next. To be successful with this investment, you must be committed for the long haul, up to and including several decades.
And because of the potential wide swings, growth stocks are not recommended for funds that will be needed within the next few years. In general, growth stocks work best for retirement plans. That’s where they’ll have the necessary decades to build and compound.
Since most of the return on growth stocks is from capital gains, you’ll get the benefit of lower long-term capital gains tax rates, at least with securities held in a taxable account. (The better news is capital gains on investments held in retirement accounts are tax-deferred until retirement.)
You can choose to invest in individual stocks, but that’s a fairly high-maintenance undertaking. A better way may be to simply invest in ETFs tied to popular indexes. For example, ETFs based on the S&P 500 are very popular among investors.
You can purchase growth stocks and growth stock ETFs commission free with brokers like M1 Finance, Zacks Trade, Wealthsimple.
14. Annuities
Annuities are something like creating your own private pension. It’s an investment contract you take with an insurance company, in which you invest a certain amount of money in exchange for a specific income stream. They can be an excellent source of high yields because the return is locked in by the contract.
Annuities come in many different varieties. Two major classifications are immediate and deferred annuities. As the name implies, immediate annuities begin paying an income stream shortly after the contract begins.
Deferred annuities work something like retirement plans. You may deposit a fixed amount of money with the insurance company upfront or make regular installments. In either case, income payments will begin at a specified point in the future.
With deferred annuities, the income earned within the plan is tax-deferred and paid upon withdrawal. But unlike retirement accounts, annuity contributions are not tax-deductible. Investment returns can either be fixed-rate or variable-rate, depending on the specific annuity setup.
While annuities are an excellent idea and concept, the wide variety of plans as well as the many insurance companies and agents offering them, make them a potential minefield. For example, many annuities are riddled with high fees and are subject to limited withdrawal options.
Because they contain so many moving parts, any annuity contracts you plan to enter into should be carefully reviewed. Pay close attention to all the details, including the small ones. It is, after all, a contract, and therefore legally binding. For that reason, you may want to have a potential annuity reviewed by an attorney before finalizing the deal.
15. Alternative Investments
Alternative investments cover a lot of territory. Examples include precious metals, commodities, private equity, art and collectibles, and digital assets. These fall more in the category of high risk/potential high reward, and you should proceed very carefully and with only the smallest slice of your portfolio.
To simplify the process of selecting alternative assets, you can invest through platforms such as Yieldstreet. With a single cash investment, you can invest in multiple alternatives.
“Investors can purchase real estate directly on Yieldstreet, through fractionalized investments in single deals,” offers Milind Mehere, Founder & Chief Executive Officer at Yieldstreet. “Investors can access private equity and private credit at high minimums by investing in a private market fund (think Blackstone or KKR, for instance). On Yieldstreet, they can have access to third-party funds at a fraction of the previously required minimums. Yieldstreet also offers venture capital (fractionalized) exposure directly. Buying a piece of blue-chip art can be expensive, and prohibitive for most investors, which is why Yieldstreet offers fractionalized assets to diversified art portfolios.”
Yieldstreet also provides access to digital asset investments, with the benefit of allocating to established professional funds, such as Pantera or Osprey Fund. The platform does not currently offer commodities but plans to do so in the future.
Access to wide array of alternative asset classes
Access to ultra-wealthy investments
Can invest for income or growth
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Alternative investments largely require thinking out-of-the-box. Some of the best investment opportunities are also the most unusual.
“The price of meat continues to rise, while agriculture remains a recession-proof investment as consumer demand for food is largely inelastic,” reports Chris Rawley, CEO of Harvest Returns, a platform for investing in private agriculture companies. “Consequently, investors are seeing solid returns from high-yield, grass-fed cattle notes.”
16. Interest Bearing Crypto Accounts
Though the primary appeal of investing in cryptocurrency has been the meteoric rises in price, now that the trend seems to be in reverse, the better play may be in interest-bearing crypto accounts. A select group of crypto exchanges pays high interest on your crypto balance.
One example is Gemini. Not only do they provide an opportunity to buy, sell, and store more than 100 cryptocurrencies—plus non-fungible tokens (NFTs)—but they are currently paying 8.05% APY on your crypto balance through Gemini Earn.
In another variation of being able to earn money on crypto, Crypto.com pays rewards of up to 14.5% on crypto held on the platform. That’s the maximum rate, as rewards vary by crypto. For example, rewards on Bitcoin and Ethereum are paid at 6%, while stablecoins can earn 8.5%.
It’s important to be aware that when investing in cryptocurrency, you will not enjoy the benefit of FDIC insurance. That means you can lose money on your investment. But that’s why crypto exchanges pay such high rates of return, whether it’s in the form of interest or rewards.
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17. Crypto Staking
Another way to play cryptocurrency is a process known as crypto staking. This is where the crypto exchange pays you a certain percentage as compensation or rewards for monitoring a specific cryptocurrency. This is not like crypto mining, which brings crypto into existence. Instead, you’ll participate in writing that particular blockchain and monitoring its security.
“Crypto staking is a concept wherein you can buy and lock a cryptocurrency in a protocol, and you will earn rewards for the amount and time you have locked the cryptocurrency,” reports Oak View Law Group’s Lyle Solomon.
“The big downside to staking crypto is the value of cryptocurrencies, in general, is extremely volatile, and the value of your staked crypto may reduce drastically,” Solomon continues, “However, you can stake stable currencies like USDC, which have their value pegged to the U.S. dollar, and would imply you earn staked rewards without a massive decrease in the value of your investment.”
Much like earning interest and rewards on crypto, staking takes place on crypto exchanges. Two exchanges that feature staking include Coinbase and Kraken. These are two of the largest crypto exchanges in the industry, and they provide a wide range of crypto opportunities, in addition to staking.
Invest in Startup Businesses and Companies
Have you ever heard the term “angel investor”? That’s a private investor, usually, a high net worth individual, who provides capital to small businesses, often startups. That capital is in the form of equity. The angel investor invests money in a small business, becomes a part owner of the company, and is entitled to a share of the company’s earnings.
In most cases, the angel investor acts as a silent partner. That means he or she receives dividend distributions on the equity invested but doesn’t actually get involved in the management of the company.
It’s a potentially lucrative investment opportunity because small businesses have a way of becoming big businesses. As they grow, both your equity and your income from the business also grow. And if the business ever goes public, you could be looking at a life-changing windfall!
Easy Ways to Invest in Startup Businesses
Mainvest is a simple, easy way to invest in small businesses. It’s an online investment platform where you can get access to returns as high as 25%, with an investment of just $100. Mainvest offers vetted businesses (the acceptance rate is just 5% of business that apply) for you to invest in.
It collects revenue, which will be paid to you quarterly. And because the minimum required investment is so small, you can invest in several small businesses at the same time. One of the big advantages with Mainvest is that you are not required to be an accredited investor.
Still another opportunity is through Fundrise Innovation Fund. I’ve already covered how Fundrise is an excellent real estate crowdfunding platform. But through their recently launched Innovaton Fund, you’ll have opportunity to invest in high-growth private technology companies. As a fund, you’ll invest in a portfolio of late-stage tech companies, as well as some public equities.
The purpose of the fund is to provide high growth, and the fund is currently offering shares with a net asset value of $10. These are long-term investments, so you should expect to remain invested for at least five years. But you may receive dividends in the meantime.
Like Mainvest, the Fundrise Innovation Fund does not require you to be an accredited investor.
Low minimum investment – $10
Diversified real estate portfolio
Portfolio Transparency
Final Thoughts on High Yield Investing
Notice that I’ve included a mix of investments based on a combination of risk and return. The greater the risk associated with the investment, the higher the stated or expected return will be.
It’s important when choosing any of these investments that you thoroughly assess the risk involved with each, and not focus primarily on return. These are not 100% safe investments, like short-term CDs, short-term Treasury securities, savings accounts, or bank money market accounts.
Because there is risk associated with each, most are not suitable as short-term investments. They make most sense for long-term investment accounts, particularly retirement accounts.
For example, growth stocks—and most stocks, for that matter—should generally be in a retirement account. While there will be years when you will suffer losses in your position, you’ll have enough years to offset those losses between now and retirement.
Also, if you don’t understand any of the above investments, it will be best to avoid making them. And for more complicated investments, like annuities, you should consult with a professional to evaluate the suitability and all the provisions it contains.
FAQ’s on High Yield Investment Options
What investment has the highest yield?
The investment with the highest yield will vary depending on a number of factors, including current market conditions and the amount of risk an investor is willing to take on. Generally speaking, investments with the potential for high yields also come with a higher level of risk, so it’s important for investors to carefully consider their options and choose investments that align with their financial goals and risk tolerance.
Some examples of high-yield investments include:
1. Stocks: Some stocks may offer high dividend yields, which is the annual dividend payment a company makes to its shareholders, expressed as a percentage of the stock’s current market price.
2. Real estate: Investing in real estate, either directly by purchasing property or indirectly through a real estate investment trust (REIT), can potentially generate high returns in the form of rental income and appreciation of the property value.
3. High-yield bonds: High-yield bonds, also known as junk bonds, are bonds that are issued by companies with lower credit ratings and thus offer higher yields to compensate for the added risk.
4. Private lending: Investing in private loans, such as through peer-to-peer lending platforms, can potentially offer high yields, but it also carries a higher level of risk.
5. Commodities: Investing in commodities, such as precious metals or oil, can potentially generate high returns if the prices of those commodities rise. However, the prices of commodities can also be volatile and subject to market fluctuations.
It’s important to note that these are just examples and not recommendations. As with any investment, it’s crucial to carefully research and consider all the potential risks and rewards before making a decision.
Where can I invest my money to get high returns?
There are a number of places you can invest your money to get high returns. One option is to invest in stocks, which typically offer higher returns than other investment options. Another option is to invest in bonds, which are considered a relatively safe investment option.
You could also invest in real estate, which has the potential to provide high returns if done correctly. Finally, you could also invest in commodities, such as gold or silver, which can be a risky investment but can also offer high returns.
What investments can I make a 10% return?
It’s difficult to predict exactly what investments will generate a 10% return, as investment returns can vary depending on a number of factors, including market conditions and the performance of the specific investment. Some investments, such as stocks and real estate, have the potential to generate returns in excess of 10%, but they also come with a higher level of risk. It’s important to remember that past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results, and that all investments carry some degree of risk
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A foundational religious parable tells of two servants who invested their money in the marketplace and one who buried it in the ground. This story gives Christians lessons about serving God with their money and abilities. More broadly, faith-based investing means applying religious principles to investing. This approach makes it possible to accomplish good in the world and receive excellent investment returns. Here are the details.
SmartAsset can help you find a financial advisor to create a financial plan for your needs and goals.
What Is Faith-Based Investing?
Faith-based investing means investing according to the moral, ethical and social sensibilities that arise from your religious beliefs. As a result, faith-based investors – whether Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu or any other faith – will steer clear of specific investments, even if they are lucrative. And they search for returns with companies aligning with their values.
For example, Catholic investors won’t put money into companies that produce nuclear weapons, firearms or landmines or that profit off embryonic stem cell research or abortifacients. Instead, they invest in companies that practice social responsibility and provide excellent conditions for workers.
How Faith-Based Investing Works?
Faith-based investing seeks high returns, just like other investment approaches. However, it balances this priority with following religious convictions. For instance, companies promoting fair, accessible housing and environmental health will attract faith-based investors. On the other hand, their dollars won’t go towards companies profiting from tobacco or gambling.
Generally, faith-based investing values caring for people and the planet. As a result, religious investors often prefer companies demonstrating concern about economic justice, corporate responsibility and environmental protection. That said, many religious sects have specific way of investing, examples of which are outlined below.
Type of Faith-Based Investing
Catholicism
The Roman Catholic church has a robust history of faith-based investing, starting with social and financial activism against South African apartheid in the 1960s. In addition, leadership developed the Catholic Framework for Economic Life, which consists of ten faith-based principles. For example, the framework promotes all people’s right to life essentials, such as food and shelter, and prioritizes the welfare of vulnerable populations.
In addition, Catholic investors won’t put money into companies that practice discrimination or stem-cell research. Furthermore, they avoid companies that profit from abortion, contraception, weapons sales or adult entertainment. To that end, Catholic Investment Services manages over $1 billion on behalf of the church.
Protestantism
Benjamin Franklin once said, “Remember that time is money.” Protestants have the reputation, at least historically, of taking this message to heart by working hard and living frugally. They see their accumulated wealth as a way to create good in the world. Like Catholics, Protestant investors generally value the environment, justice and human well-being.
For example, GuideStone Funds bases its values on the Bible and manages over $15 billion in assets. The company supports “the sanctity of life, family, stewardship and health and safety.”
Judaism
Jewish values vary widely, from the ultra-Orthodox to the Reform and Reconstructionist. However, there are a number of common elements to Jewish investing. For example, the Talmud emphasizes giving and diversifying assets. These practices are foundational in the Jewish way of life, including investing.
Although there is no formal guidance for socially responsible investing in Judaism, the faith encourages caring for the poor and being wise with money. As a result, Jewish investors usually put money into environmental health, social justice and the country of Israel. There are also mutual funds that follow Jewish investment strategies, such as theiShares MSCI Israel ETF, which invests in Israeli equities.
Islam
Specific rules in Sharia law, also known as halal, govern the Islamic way of life and investing practices. Sharia law prohibits participation in specific industries, including alcohol, gambling, tobacco, pork products and pornography.
In addition, the religion doesn’t allow speculation, interest and debt. Muslim investors who want to invest according to their faith avoid companies that don’t adhere to these principles, as well as those with high levels of debt.
Sukuk bonds, which represent ownership in future or current assets but do not pay interest, are a popular investment option for Muslim investors. Amana mutual funds, offered by Saturna Capital, avoid interest-bearing securities and prioritize long-term equity investments to safeguard against inflation. The Iman Fund, established by Allied Asset Advisors in 2000, is another mutual fund that follows Sharia principles and invests only in halal investments.
How to Build a Successful Investment Strategy That Aligns with Your Faith
As the examples above demonstrate, it’s possible to follow your religious convictions and invest profitably. Here are the strategies to build a successful investment strategy with your faith as the foundation:
Identify Your Priorities
First, ask yourself what about your faith drives your investment approach. For example, you might be passionate about gun violence, gender equality or affordable housing. Once you know your values, you can tell what kind of assets are appealing.
Determine Your Investment Style
Next, your investment style is crucial to understand. Specifically, you might have a low-risk tolerance. In this case, it’s best to seek safe investments that fit your approach. In addition, you might prefer to manage your investments yourself or hire a trusted professional.
Consider Your Goals
Your investment goals will also shape your approach. For instance, starting a faith-based retirement portfolio at 25 means you’ll be investing for decades. On the other hand, starting a college fund for your 10-year-old means you’ll need to cash out in less than a decade. Therefore, your objectives are critical to remember as you choose investments.
Find a Fund That Fits
As mentioned above, numerous faith-based funds are available for religious investors. From Saturna Capital for Muslims to the Global S&P 500 Catholic Values ETF, a range of investment products can fit your faith preferences. A fund specific to your denomination is an excellent place to start.
Consult With a Financial Advisor
If you’re unsure how to start, a financial advisor can help you clarify your priorities and choose funds that fit your beliefs. For example, their knowledge of the stock market can lead you to a company with environmentally friendly practices or a faith-based stock portfolio.
Bottom Line
Faith-based investing is similar to conventional investing in that it seeks low costs and high yields. However, it also filters out specific investments that violate religious values. Your religious beliefs will drive your individual style of faith-based investing, so understanding your values is key to investing in a way that gives you peace and improves the world.
Tips for Faith-Based Investing
Faith-based investors face the same challenges as conventional investors: diversification, tax implications, management costs, etc. Fortunately, a financial advisor can offer valuable insight and guidance. Finding one doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can interview your advisor matches at no cost to decide which one is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now
If you’re a Christian who wants to apply your faith to finances, you can learn about biblically responsible investing.
Ashley Kilroy
Ashley Chorpenning is an experienced financial writer currently serving as an investment and insurance expert at SmartAsset. In addition to being a contributing writer at SmartAsset, she writes for solo entrepreneurs as well as for Fortune 500 companies. Ashley is a finance graduate of the University of Cincinnati. When she isn’t helping people understand their finances, you may find Ashley cage diving with great whites or on safari in South Africa.
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MintLife is continuing their contribution to Financial Literacy Month by tacking another personal finance topic: mutual funds. You can catch up on this ongoing series, by reading the first installment, “What are Equities?”
What is a Mutual Fund?
Investing can be pretty scary stuff. Financial fraud, volatile markets, crooked brokers, macroeconomic headwinds – we are constantly bombarded with news of investors losing their shirts after dipping their toes in the nebulous investment universe. But investing doesn’t have to be such a daunting task. There are a number of ways the average investor can distribute risk across their portfolio so that they can sleep easy at night. One of the most popular ways to do that is to invest in a mutual fund.
The mutual fund is the quintessential collective investing scheme. It is basically a variety of securities (stocks, bonds, etc), which are owned collectively by a large number of investors. The securities make up a single fund and shares are sold to investors based on their collective value. It is managed by a group of financial professionals who make all the investment decisions on the fund’s behalf. If the securities in the fund increase in value, then the value of your shares also rise, equating to a positive return on your initial investment.
The aim of a mutual fund is to yield a greater return for their investors than they would have normally received by investing their money alongside an index of some sort, known as a benchmark. For example, if a mutual fund is invested primarily in equities, which are stocks (see last week’s piece), then the fund managers will try to beat the performance of the Standard and Poor’s 500 index, which is a stock index that tracks the rise and fall of 500 stocks that trade in the US.
Which Mutual Funds Should I Invest In?
There are over 10,000 mutual funds available in the US for you to invest in. There are massive, multi-billion dollar funds and there are small boutique funds. There are funds that invest in higher-risk securities and some that invest in securities that have a very low risk profile. But for the most part, mutual funds tend to be divided into three main types: equity funds, fixed income funds and money market funds. Equity funds invest in stocks; fixed income funds invest in debt, like bonds; and money market funds invest in super safe short-term debt securities, like bonds issued by the US government.
Money market funds yield the lowest return for investors out of the three because it is very low risk. The equity and fixed income funds have varying levels of risk and returns based on what they are holding. When you go to invest in a fund, you will be able to see the risk level of the portfolio and can invest accordingly. Funds that are labeled as “growth” funds tend to be riskier than those that are “value” funds. Your risk tolerance is based on your comfort level and on how close you are to retirement.
Why Invest in a Mutual Fund?
Mutual funds are a solid option for people who don’t want to get their hands dirty investing, but who also aren’t keen on seeing their cash locked away in some low to no yield checking or savings accounts, either. There was a time that you could park your cash in a bank savings account or a bank certificate of deposit and receive a relatively decent return on your money. But with the Federal Reserve keeping interest rates so low due to the sluggish economy, chances are you would be better off just stuffing your cash under your mattress than locking it away in a bank.
By pooling your money with others in a mutual fund, you not only get to spread out the risk, but you also are able to take a lot of the guesswork out of investing. You don’t have to spend hours researching a particular stock or a bond – that work has been done for you (hopefully) by the fund managers. And you don’t have to pay the high brokerage fees to buy and sell a security – the fund manager can do that at a much cheaper rate. All you have to do is hand over your cash and go on your daily business. You’ll receive a statement in the mail every few months or every year updating you on how the fund has performed.
The Disadvantages of Investing in a Mutual Fund
But while there are many advantages in investing in a mutual fund, there are also several disadvantages as well. The one that always miffs investors is the fees. Generally, investors have to pay a fee to buy and/or sell their shares in the mutual fund. This fee is known as a “load” and it covers the sales and marketing expenses to the broker who sold you the fund.
When you are invested in a fund you need to pay a few other fees to maintain it. First, there is the management fee, which covers the salaries and personal expenses of the managers running the fund. This fee is usually worth 1% to 2% of the assets you have invested in your portfolio. The fee is paid daily, but is calculated on an annual basis. Some funds also have a marketing fee, known as a 12b-1 fee, which can cost investors around 0.5% to 1% annually. These two fees make up the firm’s management expense ratio. The lower the fees as a percentage of its assets, the more efficient the fund is at managing your money. Separate from those fees is another fee to cover all the trading expenses associated with the portfolio. This fee fluctuates based on the strategy of the fund. For example, if the fund buys and sells securities often, the fee will be higher than if the fund tends to buy and sit on securities for a while.
Beyond fees there is performance. Mutual fund managers aim to beat an index, not make you money. This means that if the S&P 500 index was down 20% last year, a mutual fund manager would be considered successful if the fund was only down 19%. An absolute return, which is making your money grow regardless of how the broader market performs, is not in a mutual fund manager’s mandate. Sure, the fund manager would like to make you money if they can, but they feel like they have done you a service, and earned their fee, if they were able to mitigate your losses compared to that of the broader market.
There have been many studies conducted over the years that try to track the long-term performance of mutual funds. The results mostly show that, net of fees, the mutual fund industry as a whole has not returned a lot of money to investors. Some blame the high fees, while others say that fund managers aren’t doing a good job. But it is sort of unfair to lump the entire industry together. There are, after all, thousands of funds invested in vastly different securities.
The Bottom Line
The key is to put your money in funds where you think have the best chance of growing over a set time. While you can invest and forget for a while with a mutual fund, you still need to rebalance your portfolio – at least yearly. So if there is a recession, in say, Asia, forecasted for the coming year, you might want to pull your money out of the mutual fund that owns a lot of Asian stocks and put it in one that invests in something else safe, like US debt. So while mutual funds are a great alternative for people who don’t want to follow the day-to-day drama of the market, it still doesn’t mean you can check out completely.
Cyrus Sanati is a frelance financial journalist whose work has appeared in dozens of leading publications, including The New York Times, BreakingViews.com, and WSJ.com. Follow Cyrus on Twitter @csanati
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