There are many uncertainties on the road to financial independence. You can’t know what rate of return your investments will earn over the coming decades. And you certainly don’t know exactly how long you’ll live.
That old cliché is true: the only certainties in life are death and taxes.
So, we control what we can. And we try not to worry about the things we can’t control. From experience, this is easier said than done.
Tax is one variable over which we have a modicum of control. No, we cannot control how the government changes the tax code. But we can plan our lives and investments in ways that will affect how much tax we owe – both now, and in the future.
Strategic tax planning isn’t just for the wealthy. Unfortunately, it’s true that billionaires seem to benefit most from it. But, in fact, there are some simple things nearly everyone can do that may end up saving you tens of thousands of dollars in taxes – or more – over your lifetime.
Here, I’m going to show you what they are. I’ll begin with tax moves that will be available to most people. Some of the strategies that come later will only be relevant once you’ve taken advantage of the basics or earn a certain amount of income.
What’s Ahead:
Take advantage of retirement accounts
Are you tired of hearing about the importance of saving for retirement using a 401(k) or IRA? Well, there’s a reason that guys like me go on and on about them. These accounts represent a huge gift from Uncle Sam to taxpayers including you and me.
In a traditional IRA or 401(k), contributions are tax-free. Then, your earnings grow tax-deferred until retirement.
Every year, investments generate dividends, interest, and – if you sell investments at a profit – capital gains. In a traditional taxable investment account, you pay taxes on that investment income every year.
With a traditional 401(k) or IRA, you can invest pre-tax dollars now and you don’t pay taxes on any of that investment income until you begin withdrawing money in retirement. With a Roth IRA, you must invest after-tax dollars now, but all of the investment income you earn over the years is tax-free. With either type of account, the money you save by not paying taxes on investment income each year can continue compound growth. The earlier you start putting money in these accounts, the more you’ll save.
A modest example – consider the following situation
A 29-year-old in the 25% tax bracket contributes $5,000 every year to an IRA for 30 years and retires at age 65. She earns an average of 6% annual interest. At retirement, her IRA is worth $631,341 before taxes. If the money had been invested in a taxable account, it would be worth only $337,655. That’s a significant difference! But, since this is a traditional IRA, she still has to pay taxes on withdrawals.
After paying taxes on the IRA, she’s left with $473,505. That’s still a savings of $135,850 over investing in a taxable account!
Everybody needs to put as much money as they can afford into these kinds of retirement accounts. Not only is it smart planning for your future; it’ll save you a bundle on your taxes.
If you need help managing your 401(k) or IRA, I’d highly recommend checking out blooom. They can manage your account for you, taking into consideration your retirement goals, and rebalance your portfolio as needed.
Get an HSA or FSA
Flexible spending arrangements (FSAs) and health savings accounts (HSAs) are accounts that allow you to use tax-free dollars for medical expenses. The largest difference between them is that FSAs are owned by employers while HSAs are controlled by individuals.
HSAs are the better option, in my opinion. But to qualify for an HSA, you need to be enrolled in a qualifying high-deductible health plan.
What are health savings accounts (HSAs)?
You can contribute up to $3,450 pre-tax dollars per year ($7,750 per household) to an HSA. These funds can be withdrawn at any time to pay for qualifying medical expenses tax-free. There’s no need to “use or lose” HSA dollars, as unused funds roll over every year.
Like traditional IRAs and 401(k)s, early withdrawals that aren’t used for medical expenses are subject to a 20% penalty and income taxes. After you turn 65, however, you can withdraw HSA funds for any purpose (not just medical expenses) penalty-free. (You will owe income taxes on withdrawals not used for medical expenses).
HSAs are great for saving on medical expenses now. But they’re even better if you invest dollars in HSAs and let them grow to pay for medical expenses later in life. If you invest the funds in your HSA, the money will grow tax-free (just like an IRA.)
But when you withdraw money later in life to pay for medical expenses, you pay no taxes at all on both the dollars you contributed and your earnings. No IRA is truly tax-free. With a traditional IRA, you pay taxes on withdrawals but not deposits. With a Roth IRA, you pay taxes on deposits but not withdrawals. When used for medical expenses, you don’t have to pay any taxes on the money you put into or take out of an HSA.
Whare are flexible spending arrangements (FSAs)?
Flexible spending arrangements are another type of account that provides tax-free dollars for medical expenses. FSAs are set up by your employer and go away when you change jobs unless you contribute your health insurance through COBRA.
FSAs have lower contribution maximums ($3,050 for individuals and $5,000 for households).
The trickiest part of FSAs is that they are “use it or lose it” accounts. You can roll over up to $550 every year, but all other funds in an FSA expire at the end of the year (with a two-and-a-half-month grace period). This can lead employees to scramble at year-end to line up routine doctor appointments and even stock up on prescriptions or qualifying OTC pharmacy purchases!
Since you can’t usually have access to both an HSA and an FSA at the same time, take advantage of either if you can. If you find yourself in the unusual position of having the option between the two, choose the HSA.
Avoid tax penalties and interest
It should go without saying, but I’ve seen enough to know that it needs to be said: pay your taxes! Equally as important, do not ignore or procrastinate on any tax problems that arise.
The IRS charges penalties and interest any time you don’t pay enough tax by the relevant deadline. This can occur for lots of reasons, but most commonly it happens when:
You don’t have enough taxes withheld from your paycheck (W4 error).
You earn money through a business or self-employment and do not make or underpay quarterly estimated payments.
You file a tax return extension and fail to pay any estimated amount due. (An extension to file is not an extension to pay).
You simply pay late!
The longer you go with a balance due to the IRS, the more interest accrues. And a tax debt is the worst kind of debt to have. The IRS has the power to garnish your wages, seize future tax refunds, attach your assets, and even reduce Social Security benefits when you retire.
Donate to charity smartly
You probably know that donations to qualified charities are tax-deductible.
But you can only claim the tax benefits of charitable donations if it makes sense for you to itemize your deductions. With the standard deduction standing at $13,850 for individuals and $27,700 for couples, a minority of taxpayers itemize.
Does this mean charitable donations can’t help you if you don’t itemize? No! Keep reading…
If you do itemize deductions, charitable donations made in cash can reduce your taxable income dollar-for-dollar by up to 60%. Go ahead and make them every year.
You can also donate appreciated stock to charity can be a win-win. The charity gets its donation and you get a tax deduction equal to the stock’s fair market value (not its cost basis). You can deduct up to 30% of your income this way.
If you don’t regularly exceed the itemized deduction amounts, you can still make charitable donations work for you by either grouping your deductions in certain years or, better yet, making occasional large gifts to a donor-advised fund.
Donor-advised funds
A donor-advised fund is an investment account to which contributions are tax-deductible in the year you make them. You can contribute cash, appreciated assets, or investments held for more than a year. Then, you can make donations from the fund whenever you want. Donor-advised funds are a great way to give because you can give your money a chance to grow and yourself years to choose the best way (and time) to allocate your charitable funds.
To give you an example of how this might work, let’s say you give $1,000 to charity a year, on average. Your total tax deductions, not including your donations, total about $10,000. Even adding the donation will keep you under the standard deduction.
So, rather than donating $1,000 every year, you set $1,000 aside in a savings account every year for five years. In the fifth year, you put that money into a donor-advised fund and add $5,000 to your itemized deductions. This gets you a $1,150 additional deduction ($15,0000 itemized – $13,850 standard) in your taxes that year.
Be tax-savvy about where you live
If you’re serious about paying fewer taxes, you’ll want to consider living in a low-tax state.
When it comes to state and local taxes, not all states are created equal. Far from it. According to data from the Tax Policy Center, the difference in tax burden between the state with the highest burden (New York) and the state with the lowest burden (Alaska) is 7.12%. If you’re a New Yorker, you might be thinking about what you could do with an extra 7% of your income right now!
A handful of states attract an outsized share of entrepreneurs and other wealthy residents because of their 0% income tax rate. Although I personally can’t imagine moving across the country solely for tax purposes, I do know people who’ve done it. There is an argument to be made that a lifetime of state tax payments invested is an amount of money too significant to ignore.
For example, let’s say you will earn an average of $100,000 a year over 50 years (not that you have to work 50 years…income can include other sources like dividends). Over those years, you pay an average state income tax rate of 5%. If you could skip the tax payments and instead invest that money in the stock market at an average annual return of 7%, you would be sitting on just over $2 million ($2,032,660 to be precise).
And, now, seeing those numbers, I’m about to call my realtor.
Be a tax-efficient investor
When you own stocks and bonds outside of a retirement account like a 401(k) or IRA, you will owe taxes on the interest, dividends, and capital gains earned from those investments.
Although you do not need to not pay capital gains taxes until you sell an investment at a profit, most investments will pay you interest and dividends each year. Whether you spend that money or reinvest it, you will owe taxes on it.
There are two schools of thought when it comes to taxes and investing. Most investors try to minimize the tax consequences of their investments whenever possible. Some, however, argue that taxes should take the backseat to whatever investing strategy will get the best return. I think the answer lies somewhere in between.
Whatever your view, some of these ways to reduce taxes on your investments just make sense.
Take credit investment losses
If you own investments (stocks and bonds or even real estate) and sell them at a loss, you can write-off your losses.This can be an incentive to exit a losing investment if you suspect it’s never going to recover its value. But this tactic can also be used strategically as a part of routine portfolio re-allocation. When used in this way it is called “tax-loss harvesting”.
You can deduct up to $3,000 per year for stock investment losses, but you can carry-forward losses to future tax years. For example, if you had a $9,000 capital loss, you could deduct $3,000 a year for three years.
You may also be able to deduct up to $25,000 of rental real estate losses if your adjusted gross income is $100,000 or less (or a portion of that amount if your AGI is up to $150,000).
Hold bonds and dividend-paying stocks in retirement accounts
Bonds and dividend stocks will generate taxable investment income every year. Growth stocks that do not pay dividends, however, do not. If you have a taxable investment account and want to own both kinds of investments in your portfolio, put the income-generating investments in your IRA or 401(k) and buy non-dividend stocks with your taxable account.
Use ETFs instead of mutual funds
Exchange-traded funds can be more tax-efficient than traditional mutual funds. Both can generate capital gains and dividends, but ETFs are structured in a way that minimizes tax liability for the investor.
Invest in municipal bonds
If want to pay even fewer taxes on your investment income, consider tax-exempt municipal bonds. Municipal bond earnings are exempt from federal income taxes. The government makes interest on these bonds tax-free to encourage investment in local and state projects.
These bonds (called munis) yield less than corporate bonds before taxes but are competitive, and sometimes better when you compare after-tax returns.
Use a business to reduce your tax bill
Starting a business takes you to the next level of tax breaks. You don’t even need to create an entity like an LLC. If you earn money outside of a salary (W-2), you can call yourself a sole proprietor.
To deduct business expenses and take advantage of other business tax breaks, you’ll need to do two things:
Keep an accounting of your business income and expenses separate from your personal accounting.
File a Schedule C with your tax return.
In addition to deducting business expenses and, potentially, the use of part of your home as an office, you can also take advantage of some special retirement savings accounts.
The Solo 401(k) and SEP-IRA both allow much higher contributions than traditional 401(k)s and IRAs. For 2023, you can contribute up to the lesser of $66,000 or 25% of operating profits to a SEP-IRA. Otherwise, the SEP works like a traditional IRA: money in is tax-deductible and your money grows tax-deferred until retirement.
Summary
Nobody wants to pay more taxes than they have to. Everybody should take their taxes seriously and seek professional advice when they need it.
If you’re intent on achieving financial independence as quickly as possible, reducing taxes will likely be a large part of your plan. The methods described above will be invaluable.
As you begin implementing them, just remember not to let your life be dictated by paying as little tax as possible. At a certain point, the law of diminishing terms will apply. There are probably uses of time that will be more profitable in the long run!
In a remarkable feat of financial prowess, a 28-year-old individual has shattered traditional notions of wealth accumulation. By strategically harnessing the power of multiple income streams, this trailblazer has managed to generate an astounding $189,000 a year while working fewer than 4 days a week.
As the rest of us marvel at their achievements, it’s time to unravel the secrets behind their incredible success and explore the seven streams of income that have become the cornerstone of their financial empire.
In today’s dynamic world, traditional employment is no longer the sole means to financial prosperity. Creating multiple streams of income allows you to diversify your earnings, reduce risk, and unlock the potential for wealth accumulation.
By understanding and leveraging these seven streams of income, you can take significant steps towards achieving financial freedom.
Understanding Multiple Streams of Income
Multiple streams of income refer to having multiple sources from which money flows into your life. These streams can vary in terms of their origin, nature, and the effort required to maintain them.
By creating multiple streams of income, you can enjoy a more stable financial situation and gain the freedom to pursue your passions without worrying about money.
Diversifying your income through multiple streams is not only about mitigating risk, but it also allows you to tap into different income opportunities and maximize your earning potential.
Stream 1: Earned Income
Earned income is the most common and widely known stream of income. It refers to the money you earn by providing your skills, knowledge, or expertise in exchange for a salary or wages. This can come from your primary job, freelancing, or running a business. While earned income is essential, relying solely on it limits your earning potential and leaves little room for growth.
Financial expert Sarah Johnson advises, “While earned income provides a stable foundation, it’s important to consider expanding your earning potential by exploring other income streams. This can help you achieve your financial goals faster.”
Stream 2: Profit Income
Profit income involves making money by buying and selling goods or services at a higher price than the cost of production. It includes businesses, entrepreneurship, and investments where you can generate profits through successful ventures. Profit income allows you to leverage your skills, creativity, and market knowledge to create additional wealth.
Profit Income Examples:
E-commerce business: Starting an online store and selling products or services can be a profitable venture. You can source products at a wholesale price, set your own retail prices, and reach a wide customer base through online platforms. Profit is generated by selling products at a higher price than the cost of acquisition and fulfillment.
Investing in stocks: Buying stocks of promising companies at a lower price and selling them when their value appreciates can generate profit income. Successful stock investments rely on careful research, analysis, and timing to capitalize on market opportunities.
Flipping real estate properties: Buying properties below market value, renovating or improving them, and selling them at a higher price can be a profitable venture. Real estate investors aim to create value through property upgrades or by capitalizing on favorable market conditions.
Dropshipping business: Running a dropshipping business involves selling products online without holding inventory. You partner with suppliers who fulfill orders directly to customers. The difference between the price at which you sell the product and the cost of the product from the supplier generates profit income.
Profit income offers the potential for financial independence and wealth creation. However, it requires careful planning, market knowledge, and risk management to succeed in various profit-generating ventures. By evaluating market trends, identifying profitable niches, and delivering value to customers, you can maximize your profit potential in this income stream.
Certified Financial Planner Mark Davis suggests, “For those with an entrepreneurial spirit, starting a business or investing in profitable ventures can be a great way to generate substantial income. It’s important to conduct thorough market research and develop a solid business plan to maximize your chances of success.”
Stream 3: Rental Income
Rental income involves owning and leasing out assets such as real estate properties, apartments, or vehicles. By collecting rent from tenants, you can generate a steady cash flow that can supplement your primary income. Rental income offers the advantage of passive earning, as the properties can appreciate in value while providing you with regular income.
According to Susan Thompson, a real estate expert, “Investing in rental properties can provide a reliable source of income over time. However, it’s important to carefully consider location, property management, and tenant screening to ensure a positive rental experience and maximize your returns.”
To learn more about the tax implications of rental income, you can refer to the IRS publication IRS Publication 925: Passive Activity and At-Risk Rules.
Stream 4: Dividend Income
Dividend income is earned by investing in stocks or mutual funds that pay regular dividends to their shareholders. Companies distribute a portion of their profits to shareholders as dividends, providing you with a passive income stream.
Dividend income can be a valuable source of long-term wealth accumulation, especially when reinvested over time.
Certified Financial Planner Emily Carter highlights the benefits of dividend income, stating, “Dividend-paying stocks can provide a steady income stream and potential capital appreciation. It’s important to diversify your portfolio and carefully evaluate the dividend history and financial health of the companies you invest in.”
Stream 5: Interest Income
Interest income is derived from lending money to individuals, businesses, or financial institutions, who repay the borrowed amount with interest. This can be in the form of savings accounts, certificates of deposit, bonds, or other fixed-income investments. Interest income allows you to earn a passive return on your capital while preserving the principal amount.
Interest Income Examples:
Savings accounts: Banks and credit unions offer savings accounts where you can deposit your money and earn interest on the balance. These accounts provide liquidity and are suitable for short-term financial goals or emergency funds. The interest rates offered can vary depending on the institution and prevailing market conditions.
Certificates of deposit (CDs): CDs are time deposits that offer a fixed interest rate for a specific period. They often provide higher interest rates compared to regular savings accounts. CDs are suitable for individuals who have a specific savings goal and are willing to lock their money for a predetermined time.
Government bonds: Governments issue bonds as a way to borrow money from investors. These bonds pay periodic interest to bondholders until the bond matures. Government bonds are considered low-risk investments, and their interest rates are influenced by market factors and the creditworthiness of the issuing government.
Corporate bonds: Companies issue bonds to raise capital. Investors who purchase these bonds receive periodic interest payments and the return of principal upon maturity. Corporate bonds carry varying levels of risk depending on the financial health of the issuing company and prevailing market conditions.
Interest income plays a vital role in a diversified investment portfolio by providing stability and preserving the principal amount. While it may not offer high growth potential, it serves as a reliable income source, particularly for conservative investors seeking steady earnings and capital preservation. It’s important to consider your financial goals, risk tolerance, and market conditions when incorporating interest-based investments into your overall financial strategy.
Stream 6: Royalty Income
Royalty income is earned by granting the rights to use intellectual property, such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, or creative works. Authors, musicians, inventors, and artists can earn royalties from their creations. Once established, royalty income can provide a steady stream of passive income for years to come.
John Stevens, a successful author, emphasizes the significance of royalty income, stating, “For creators, leveraging intellectual property can be a powerful income stream. By protecting your work and exploring licensing and royalty agreements, you can generate ongoing income from your creations.”
Stream 7: Capital Gains
Capital gains occur when you sell an asset, such as stocks, real estate, or collectibles, at a higher price than its purchase price. The difference between the buying and selling price represents the capital gain. By investing in appreciating assets and selling them at the right time, you can earn substantial profits and increase your overall wealth.
Certified Financial Planner Jennifer Adams advises, “Capital gains can significantly boost your wealth if you invest strategically and take advantage of market opportunities. It’s important to develop an investment strategy aligned with your risk tolerance and long-term financial goals.”
For a comprehensive understanding of capital gains taxation, you can refer to the IRS publication Over the Top for the Bournes and the Merkels.
The Bottom Line – 7 Income Streams
Diversifying your income through multiple streams of income is a powerful strategy for achieving financial prosperity. By incorporating various income sources, such as earned income, profit income, rental income, dividend income, interest income, royalty income, and capital gains, you can create a robust and resilient financial foundation.
Remember, building multiple streams of income requires time, effort, and a strategic approach. Stay committed, invest wisely, and continually explore new opportunities to secure your financial future.
A few weeks ago, I attended the Morningstar Investment Conference and took in the insights and predictions of all kinds of mutual fund managers and financial experts. On the whole, these folks weren’t too optimistic about earning exceptional returns on any kind of investment. Bonds and cash have paltry yields, and stocks aren’t as cheap as they were a couple of years ago. I think the collective investment advice of the event could be summed up by a line from Tom Hancock of money-management firm GMO, who said, “The only thing I like about stocks is they’re not bonds.”
During the opening session, Pimco co-chief investment officer and bond fund manager Bill Gross bemoaned the low rates on Treasuries. He also argued that investors shouldn’t expect 10% returns from stocks. But at the end of his talk, Gross suggested investors look for a solid, inflation-beating return from companies that pay steady dividends — companies such as Coca-Cola, Proctor & Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, Southern Company, and Duke Energy. (Full disclosure: I own shares of Johnson & Johnson, and when children pass me in the street they scream, “Gross!”)
Bill Gross was singing a tune similar to what has been wafting from the pages my Rule Your Retirement newsletter over the past few months: Stocks are not priced for exceptional returns over the next decade, and in a sideways market, dividends play an even bigger role in your portfolio.
As I listened to Gross, I wondered what would happen at the extreme: What if stocks didn’t gain a penny and all we received was dividends? I fired up Excel and found some fascinating figures.
Benefits of Stock Dividends
First off, let’s recap the benefits of stock dividends.
Unlike the interest from bonds, dividends tend to grow over time, historically at a rate that exceeds inflation. For most investors, the smart strategy is to use those dividends to buy more shares of stock, so that they’ll receive even more dividends, so they can buy even more stocks, and so on. In a previous post, I likened dividend-paying stocks to money-growing trees that produce a little more financial fruit each year. If you buy more trees with that cash crop, you reap even more fiscal flora. Given long enough time, you could have a whole greenhouse producing the green stuff.
To illustrate how this can pay off over the long term, let’s move from stalks to stocks and assume you own 1,000 shares of a stock that trades for $100, for a total investment of $100,000. (Note that this is just a hypothetical illustration; very, very few people should have so much money in one stock; also, the same principles apply to a mutual fund that pays dividends, even if you invest just $100.) The stock has a 3% dividend yield, so over the past year you received $3 per share, or a total of $3,000 in dividends.
Unfortunately, the price of this stock doesn’t move much over the next decade. In fact, it doesn’t move at all. Here’s what such an investment would look like after 10 and 20 years, if the dividend increases 6% a year but the stock price doesn’t budge.
Now
After 10 Years
After 20 Years
Value of Investment
$100,000
$151,726
$319,120
Number of Shares Owned
1,000
1,517
3,191
Dividends Received During the Last Year
$3,000
$7,885
$28,943
Annualized Return
N/A
4.3%
6.0%
While ten or twenty years of no price movement in a stock is disappointing, all is not lost. By reinvesting the dividends, you still earned money, thanks to owning more shares that each pay higher dividends.
Slowly Get Rich with Dividends
Like all illustrations of compound interest — i.e., earning interest on interest, or, in this case, dividends on dividends — it’s not something that will make you wealthy overnight — but it could help you get rich slowly. (Hey, that would be a great name for a website!). Also, like all illustrations of compounding growth, it looks better the more time you give it.
If you can stretch your investing horizon even further — or if you’re trying to convince a young investor to get started early — 30 years of reinvested dividends, growing 6% a year, will turn that $100,000 starting sum into $1.2 million, for an 8.6% annualized gain.
Earning 4% or even 8% on your long-term money may not sound exciting to some people. But that’s not tragic considering it’s based on a dire scenario: a stock that doesn’t increase in value for 10, 20, or 30 years. Of course, I hope that any stock or mutual fund you buy does increase in value. And when that happens, dividend reinvestment pays off even more, because you’re accumulating more shares to benefit from that capital appreciation.
An Uncertain Future with Stock Investments
This article isn’t intended to persuade you to buy stocks. Stocks are volatile and risky and often stinky and all that. I am not offering boilerplate legalese when I say that I’m not 100% confident stock investments will be worth more in 20 years than they are today.
At the Morningstar Investment Conference, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink said, “Anyone who plans to be around in 10 years should be in equities.” It’s not hard to see his point when you look at the alternatives. On the other hand, if you read the aforementioned link to Doug Short’s site, you won’t feel so sanguine about stocks.
As for me, I continue to own stocks in all forms — index funds, some actively managed funds, a handful of individual companies — but I don’t expect exceptional returns; I’m basing my retirement on my ability to save, not on the return I earn on the savings. And I expect that dividend reinvestment will be a large source of any returns I receive.
Bonds may seem boring, but you need to know about them!
It was more than a year ago that Wharton business school professor Jeremy Siegel, author of the classic Stocks for the Long Run, co-wrote an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal called “The Great American Bond Bubble.” Siegel and Jeremy Schwartz caused a stir with their claim that the “possibility of substantial capital losses on bonds looms large.” If 10-year interest rates rose from 2.8% to 3.15%, bondholders would lose capital equal to the current yield. That’s because as rates rise, the value of existing bonds fall.
In an interview with IndexUniverse.com from last July, Siegel brought up the article, saying, “That happened to be a nice call.” Well, not really. Yes, stocks have outperformed bonds since the article’s publication in August 2010, but the average bond fund still made money. As for this year so far, stocks are down and bonds are up.
Yes, with rates so low, there are risks to owning bonds. But I find that there’s a good deal of misunderstanding out there. So before you sell all your bonds (if you own any), let’s take a look at how the market works and what could happen if rates rise.
Note: And before we even do that, it might be useful to review how bonds work or read about the basics of bonds. For many investors, bonds are a mystery. It doesn’t have to be that way!
Price Doesn’t Necessarily Matter First and foremost, remember that a bond is not like a stock. Over the long term, the returns from bonds do not come from rising and falling prices.
For instance, consider a share of Coca-Cola stock, which traded for a split-adjusted $13.56 in January 1991. More than 20 years later, it trades for $67.04. Stock investors expect this type of price growth.
However, let’s say you bought a $1,000 20-year Coca-Cola bond in January 1991. How much was it worth when it matured in January 2011? Just $1,000 — the amount of principal that Coke returned to you. From a price perspective, you didn’t make any money for two decades. But you did rake in some cash by earning interest and reinvesting that interest; in other words, interest on interest. That’s known as compounding, and it’s crucial to understanding the long-term returns from bonds.
Compounding returns make your money grow — like a group of guinea pigs!
Compounding Matters Consider an example based on an illustration from The Bond Book by Annette Thau. Let’s say you invest $10,000 in 30-year bonds with a 7% coupon (that’s the interest rate on a bond when it is issued). Like most bonds, these pay interest semi-annually, so you receive $350 every six months. You reinvest that money in an investment that also earns 7%.
During the first year, you receive two payments for a total of $700. However, reinvesting those payments gets you an additional $12.25. No big deal, right? Well, look at how interest on interest compounds over time:
Time
Number of Payments
Coupon Interest (Cumulative)
Interest on Interest (Cumulative)
Total Interest (Cumulative)
Year 1
2
$700
$12.25
$712.25
Year 5
10
$3,500
$605.99
$4,105.99
Year 10
20
$7,000
$2,897.89
$9,897.89
Year 20
40
$14,000
$15,592.60
$29,592.60
Year 30
60
$21,000
$47,780.91
$68,780.91
As you can see, the interest on interest of $47,780.91 is more than twice the amount of interest you actually received from the bond ($21,000) and almost five times more than your original investment ($10,000). This is all because you used the interest payments from your bonds to buy more bonds, which also paid you interest that allowed you to buy more bonds, and so on.
Now, you may be saying to yourself, “Sounds good, but that $350 I received as the first coupon — or even the $700 in the first year — wouldn’t have been enough to buy another bond, since most trade around $1,000. Plus, buying a single bond has relatively high transaction costs.” You’re right (goodness, you’re smart!). This demonstrates one of the values of bond mutual funds: The interest — even small amounts — is automatically and easily reinvested, commission-free. Furthermore, while most bonds pay interest semi-annually, most bond funds pay interest quarterly or monthly, which allows for faster and more efficient reinvestment.
As the table demonstrates, the dramatic payoff from compounding comes after two or three decades. But you can still see the benefits over shorter time frames. Consider someone who invested $10,000 in the Vanguard Total Bond Market Index Fund on Dec. 31, 1999. According to numbers provided to me by Vanguard, $10,000 would have purchased 1,046 shares of the fund.
Fast-forward to Dec. 31, 2010. Thanks to interest reinvestment, this person now owns 1,704 shares of the fund. The $10,000 investment has grown to $18,061 as of Dec. 31, 2010, mostly because the investor owns 658 more shares. Plus, even though rates have fallen since 1999, the total amount of interest this investor receives is more today than it was back then, because she has 63% more shares making distributions.
Patience is a virtue — in the long run, bonds pay off
What If Rates Go Up? So far, we’ve looked at a scenario in which rates stay the same and a scenario in which they drop. Now, let’s look at what might happen if and when rates go up — in fact, let’s assume they skyrocket by four percentage points. In a research report [PDF] published in 2010, Vanguard did just that, estimating the future returns on intermediate-term bonds if rates were to increase from 2.9% t o 6.9% — a 140% increase, steeper than any the U.S. has yet seen. Here are their projections:
Today
+1 Year
+2 Years
+3 Years
+4 Years
+5 Years
Yield (%)
2.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
Price change (%)
0
(18.4)
0
0
0
0
Total return (%)
2.9
(13.5)
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
Cumulative total return (%)
—
(13.5)
(7.5)
(1.2)
5.7
13
Annualized total return (%)
—
(13.5)
(3.8)
(0.4)
1.4
2.5
As you can see, the price of the bonds would drop an estimated 18.4% in the year rates begin to rise, but the decline would be offset by the interest payments, so the total one-year loss would be just 13.5%. Historically, the overall bond market has never suffered such a decline; the actual worst 12-month return for the Barclay’s Capital U.S. Aggregate Bond Index was a loss of 9.2% from April 1979 to March 1980.
Importantly, bonds now have a much higher yield, which helps the investment recover. As stated in the Vanguard report, “[T]wo years following the hypothetically worst bond market return ever, the diversified bond investor would be close to breaking even, simply by reinvesting interest distributions.”
Still, the 2.5% annualized return is lower than the 2.9% a year the bonds would have earned had rates not changed. It would be just grand if we could time the bond market, getting out before rates rise and getting back in when rates are about to fall. But that’s pretty hard to do. As legendary mutual fund manager Peter Lynch wrote, “Nobody can predict interest rates, the future direction of the economy, or the stock market.”
Also, had the folks at Vanguard extended their analysis beyond five years, the annualized return would have exceeded 2.9% as several years of higher interest payments made up for the initial decline. In other words, higher interest rates eventually lead to higher returns. This is demonstrated in a table based on research from fund company Pimco:
Change in Interest Rates
Return After 1 Year
Return After 3 Years
Return After 5 Years
Return After 7 Years
Return After 10 Years
Return After 30 Years
+2%
-1.7%
3.8%
4.8%
5.2%
5.5%
6.2%
+1%
1.6%
4.3%
4.7%
4.8%
5.0%
5.2%
No change
4.3%
4.3%
4.3%
4.3%
4.3%
4.3%
-1%
8.3%
5.2%
4.4%
4.1%
3.9%
3.4%
In this analysis, the starting yield on the bonds was 4.3%, and future returns are estimated based on a few scenarios. The scenario that produces the highest longer-term returns is the one with the highest spike in interest rates. As you know by now, this is partially thanks to the reinvestment of interest. But there’s one last point we must understand about how bonds perform after interest rates rise.
Bonds can help safeguard your portfolio
Rising Prices, Guaranteed Let’s return to how bonds differ from stocks. When the stock market is down, the right move may be to buy more shares in the hope that the market will eventually recover. But the stock investor doesn’t know when the recovery will occur. What will the stock market be worth five years after, say, a 10% drop? Who knows?
However, when an existing bond drops because of a rise in interest rates, the belief that its prices will rise again is more than a hope; it’s a certainty, as long as the issuer doesn’t default. For example, let’s say one of the bonds in your bond fund drops from $1,000 to $900 because of a rise in rates. Unless that bond defaults, it will definitely recoup that loss, gradually growing back to $1,000 as it nears maturity. Meanwhile, you’re reinvesting the distributions from your bond fund to buy more of these lower-priced, higher-yielding bonds.
The Bottom Line on Bonds I don’t mean to downplay the risk of bonds right now. There is a real possibility — some say a likelihood — that rates will rise and the values of existing bonds will drop. And I agree with Siegel and Schwartz that, for the long-term investor, high-quality, dividend-paying stocks are a better bet than bonds at current rates.
But my concern is that all this talk of a “bond bubble” is scaring people into thinking that declines of 30% are on the way, causing investors to flee to non-yielding cash or buy stocks when they shouldn’t be taking on that much risk.
For money you absolutely need in the next three to five years, stick to short-term bond funds or a ladder of CDs. But for longer-term investments that aim to reduce the risk and volatility of your stock portfolio, a low-cost, high-quality, intermediate-term bond fund is still a good option.
In general, bonds protection against stormy weather in the stock market
Is it time to play defense? Economists have a fairly simple story to tell about the 2023 economy: things are weird. Inflation raged out of control in 2022, but has been falling in 2023. A volatile stock market remains below its 2021 highs, but still trended positive since the start of the year and may have entered a new bull market. Mortgage rates have tripled, but try telling that to the housing market. Economists and investors alike have issued steady warnings about a coming recession, but it feels like each month’s labor statistics beat the last.
A financial advisor can help you prepare your portfolio for a potential recession. Find a financial advisor today.
In other words, nobody really has a handle on what’s happening out there. That said, there are some potentially troubling signs ahead, especially for the third quarter of 2023. Several long-term factors may come to a head in late summer, ranging from top-level issues such as banking instability and delayed-impact Federal Reserve rate hikes to bottom-up issues such as resumed student loan payments. Together, it might all be enough to finally tip the economy into a long-awaited recession.
The right approach to this, as Morgan Stanley argued in a recent brief, might be to start thinking defensively.
“The stock market has managed to stay positive for much of this year. However with interest rates at their highest level in more than a decade and economic growth slowing, not to mention recent turmoil in the banking sector, uncertainty looms large,” writes Daniel Skelly, managing director and head of Morgan Stanley’s wealth management market research and strategy team.
“Additionally, equity valuations are already high relative to earnings – and current earnings estimates may be inflated. As a result, investors may see another drop in the stock market before they can truly declare the bear market over,” Skelly also writes.
In the face of this uncertainty, Skelly says investors may want to consider playing defense in the back half of 2023. In particular, he recommends seeking out dividend stocks. The reason is volatility, as dividend stocks tend to be an excellent buffer against unpredictable markets for four key reasons.
Price Supports
Dividend stocks tend to have built-in support against price volatility. In the short term, when companies issue a dividend to their shareholders, the price of a stock tends to drop. This has to do with a number of factors, most often the fact that new investors don’t want to invest if they’re being left out of the upcoming payments.
That’s not a bad thing, though, because when the share price drops for a dividend-paying stock the asset’s overall yield rises. For example, say you pay $10 per share for a stock that pays $1 in dividends. That’s a 10% yield on your investment ($1 dividend payment / the $10 you paid to receive it). If the share price drops to $8, but the company maintains its $1 per share dividend, that yield floats up to 12.5%.
That builds in a counter-cyclical pressure on the stock. As the share price falls, the yield increases. As the yield increases, more investors will get interested in the stock. That new interest will presumably drive new investment, boosting the share price back up. It’s not a guaranteed cycle, there’s much more going on here, but it can help smooth out volatility relative to stocks that generate their value entirely based on returns.
Stronger Returns
Historically, dividends have played a much larger role in market returns than many investors realize. As Morgan Stanley notes, in recent years dividend payments have lost ground compared to capital gains. From 2013 to 2022, only about 17% of the stock market’s overall returns came in the form of dividend payments. However, this has less to do with reduced payments and more to do with the explosive gains in stock value over that decade.
Historically, though, dividend payments have accounted for anywhere between 37% and 40% of the market’s overall returns.
Morgan Stanley expects a reversion to norms. “The next several years are likely to be marked by lower equity returns and higher volatility,” Skelly writes, “which could lead dividends to account for a greater portion of total stock market return.”
If the economy does slip into a recession, or even if the stock market simply enters longer-term bear territory, then capital gains-based returns will suffer. Long-term investors who can afford to wait out a downturn will probably be fine, but anyone who is looking to generate returns in the next year or two will probably face much less reliable, often less profitable, share prices. Dividend stocks can help offset that risk.
Signals for Good Fundamentals
Long-term investors should take note too, though.
As Morgan Stanley writes, dividends are a very strong bellwether for the underlying strength of a company. “When a company can reliably pay dividends or even increase them, it likely has a certain level of financial strength and discipline. For investors, this regular income stream can offer some hedge in what continues to be an uncertain stock market. In fact, in 2022, the S&P 500 overall lost about 18%, but the S&P 500 Value Index (which is often used as a proxy for dividend stocks) kept its losses to about 5%, and the S&P 500 High Dividend Index lost about 1%.”
In essence, when a company can afford to pay or maintain dividend payments, it’s signaling that it has significant cash on hand above and beyond its business needs. Now, to be sure, this is not always the case. It is not unheard of for corporate leadership to recklessly reward themselves and other investors at the expense of long-term business interests. So make sure you evaluate a company’s whole picture. If dividend payments take place in the context of weak leadership or an atmosphere of poor judgment, pay attention.
Otherwise, dividends can show that the company has strong revenue, good cash reserves and a handle on its debt, and that it expects this situation to continue. Especially if the economy enters recession, that’s an excellent signal for fundamental value. It suggests that this company can be a good long-term investment, regardless of current share prices.
Inflation Hedge
Finally, dividend stocks have historically been an excellent hedge against inflation.
Dividend-paying stocks tend to make up an enormous portion of the stock market’s return during periods of high inflation. One analysis by Fidelity found that when inflation was at 5% in the 1940s, 1970s and 1980s, dividends made up 54% of the S&P 500’s overall returns. This is in large part because companies can adjust their dividend payments on a quarterly basis, letting them keep up with the changing value of money.
In an atmosphere of ongoing inflation, dividend stocks are historically a strong choice.
Where to Focus Your Attention
For active stock pickers who would like to pursue a defensive dividend strategy, Morgan Stanley recommends four key areas of investment:
Industrials: Manufacturing and logistics firms are likely to benefit from increased infrastructure and defense spending, according to Morgan Stanley.
Health care: Medical firms have tended to outperform the market in past recessions, and are poised to take advantage of new technologies.
Consumer goods: Morgan Stanley expects these firms to raise consumer prices and recover well from high commodity prices over the past year.
Global stocks: Investing in global high-dividend stocks can allow investors to diversify their portfolios and capitalize on the momentum in this area.
When you look for dividend stocks, be somewhat judicious. In particular, be careful of stocks with yields that are too high, Skelly advises. This can signal an imbalance between the stock’s share price and its dividend payments, suggesting high payments that the underlying business may not be able to sustain.
Also, look at the stock’s price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio. Despite concerns over bear market territory, investors are also worried that many of the market’s high-performing stocks may be overvalued relative to the company’s underlying earnings. In those cases, investors can often expect the stock to lose value, and to lose value particularly quickly in the event of a recession.
Bottom Line
Many investors are worried about a recession in late 2023. To insulate your portfolio, Morgan Stanley recommends investing in dividend stocks to take advantage of their historic stability and potential for outsized returns in down markets. Active stock pickers who wish to pursue this strategy may consider dividend stocks in the industrial, health care and consumer goods sectors.
Dividend Investing Tips
If you need help investing in dividend stocks or want more guidance when it comes to your whole portfolio, consider speaking with a financial advisor. Finding a financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can have a free introductory call with your advisor matches to decide which one you feel is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
Interested in dividend investing? You’ll want to familiarize yourself with how dividends are taxed. The exact dividend tax rate you pay varies by the type of dividends you have: non-qualified or qualified. Here’s everything you need to know about dividend taxes.
Eric Reed
Eric Reed is a freelance journalist who specializes in economics, policy and global issues, with substantial coverage of finance and personal finance. He has contributed to outlets including The Street, CNBC, Glassdoor and Consumer Reports. Eric’s work focuses on the human impact of abstract issues, emphasizing analytical journalism that helps readers more fully understand their world and their money. He has reported from more than a dozen countries, with datelines that include Sao Paolo, Brazil; Phnom Penh, Cambodia; and Athens, Greece. A former attorney, before becoming a journalist Eric worked in securities litigation and white collar criminal defense with a pro bono specialty in human trafficking issues. He graduated from the University of Michigan Law School and can be found any given Saturday in the fall cheering on his Wolverines.
We at The Motley Fool have always been champions of the individual investor, encouraging each person to take control of her or his financial destiny. In theory, the transition of America’s retirement apparatus from defined-benefit plans — i.e., pensions that pay a monthly amount — to defined-contribution plans — such as 401(k)s and 403(b)s — is consistent with this Foolish philosophy. The individual makes all the contribution, investment, distribution, and inheritance decisions, whereas with a defined-benefit pension, the worker has very little control.
However, for the majority of Americans, the transition away from defined-benefit has not been to their benefit. It requires each person to become an investing expert and financial planner in their spare time, and too many Americans don’t seem to have the time, interest, inclination, or skills.
According to the Employee Benefit Research Institute, the average 401(k) account is a tad over $60,000; those within a decade of retirement have a bit more, with an average balance of $78,000, but more than a third have less than $25,000. Almost half of workers (43%) between the ages of 45 and 54 reported they weren’t saving anything for retirement.
Not that traditional defined-benefit pensions don’t have their own problems. Many are underfunded, and the benefits accrue mostly to workers who stay with the same employer for many years, which is less common in today’s mobile workplace. But it’s clear that 401(k)-based retirement planning will result in not much of a retirement for many workers.
We can chalk a good deal of this up to people not taking responsibility for their finances, but the problem also lies with the 401(k) system itself. Employees are stuck with the plan and the investments that have been chosen by the employer and/or HR department (who may be fine people, but not necessarily investment experts). Too often, the fund choices are mediocre or worse, and the costs are high.
Get Ready to Look Under the Hood Unfortunately, you likely don’t know the true costs of your 401(k). They’re hidden in boring legal filings or embedded in the expense ratios of the mutual funds within the plan. But that’s all about to change.
Beginning later this year, 401(k) plans will be required to disclose how much the administration of the plan and the investments is costing participants. This is important information, since — according to human resources consultant Towers Watson — an increase of 0.5% of expenses (i.e., $50 for every $10,000 invested) could consume eight years’ worth of savings for an above-average earner. After all, the $30 billion to $60 billion the financial-services industry makes from 401(k)s each year doesn’t grow on trees; it’s usually taken directly from investors’ accounts.
The amount of fees being extracted from 401(k) accounts may be shocking to some investors. Indeed, many might be surprised they’re paying fees at all, if an AARP survey is to be believed, which found that 70% of worker didn’t know they were paying fees. Alas, that is just not the case.
With the new disclosures, it will be easier to see what you’re paying, and whether that’s too much.
Generally, smaller plans pay higher costs — “smaller” meaning both the number of plan participants as well as total assets in the plan. According to a study [PDF] conducted by Deloitte for the Investment Company Institute (a trade organization for the mutual fund industry, so not necessarily an unbiased crew), the median all-in cost — which includes administrative costs as well as investment expenses — to plan participants in 2011 was 0.78%. But the numbers vary widely, with plan size being the primary factor.
The median cost for a plan with more than $1 billion in assets was 0.38%, whereas the median cost for a plan with less than $1 million was 1.41%. Similarly (and relatedly), the median cost for a plan with fewer than 100 participants was 1.29%, compared to 0.43% for those with more than 10,000 participants.
You can use those figures as a benchmark to determine where your fees fall in relation to other plans. Then, figure out who’s paying those fees — you or your employer. Chances are, it’s the person you see in the mirror (unless your boss follows you into the bathroom, which is kinda weird). According to the Deloitte study:
[P]articipants bear the majority of 401(k) expenses. Similar to any other employee benefit (e.g., health insurance), the employer determines whether the employee, employer, or both will pay for the benefit. According to the Survey, on average, participants pay 91% of total plan fees while employers pay 5% and the plans cover 4%. This compares with participants paying 78%, employers paying 18% and plans paying 4% in the 2009 Fee Study.
In other words, employees are paying the majority of fees, and the share that they’re paying is going up.
Are you getting your money’s worth from your 401(k)? Here’s how to find out, and what to do about it:
Evaluate your investment choices. See if the funds in your plan, over the past five years, have beaten a relevant index fund as well as the majority of other funds with a similar investing objective. This information may be found in your quarterly statements or on the website of your plan provider. Important note: Your funds’ mileage may vary from the information on Morningstar or other fund-info sites since funds in 401(k)s often have additional costs.
Use the side brokerage account, if offered. Approximately 20% of 401(k)s allow participants to open an account with a discount brokerage within the plan. This will let you buy individual stocks, bonds, ETFs, and other mutual funds. However, compare the benefits to the costs, since these accounts often have higher maintenance fees.
Advocate for a better plan. Talk to the folks in your HR department and raise your concerns. After all, their retirement is on the line, too, and they should also be motivated to have the best possible plan. Here’s an example of a letter you can write to ask for a better plan.
Don’t ignore other accounts. If your 401(k) is stin(k)y, contribute just enough to take full advantage of the employer match, and then max out an IRA with the discount brokerage of your choice. You might pay lower costs and have more investment options. However, if you are in a higher tax bracket — and thus ineligible for the Roth IRA, and your contributions to a traditional IRA wouldn’t be deductible — then it might make sense to invest in non-dividend-paying stocks you’ll hold for many, many years. You don’t get a tax break up front, but you’ll pay long-term capital gains when you do sell, which (at least according to current laws) are lower than the taxation rate on ordinary income (the rate at which your paycheck and traditional 401(k) and IRA distributions are taxed).
Move your money. You generally can’t transfer the money in your 401(k) to another account while you’re still working for the employer sponsoring the plan, but some companies allow it, especially for older workers. If your plan is sub-par, ask if your employer allows “in-service distributions.” If so, or once you leave that employer, transfer the money to an IRA. But do not just get a check and cash it; that is considered a distribution, which will be subject to taxes and a 10% penalty if you’re not 59 ½ years old. Instead, get the money to an IRA, ideally through a “trustee-to-trustee transfer,” in which the money is sent directly from your 401(k) to the IRA.
Get help. If you’re looking for professional advice with your investment choices, look for a fee-only planner who charges by the hour, such as the Certified Financial Planners at the Garrett Planning Network or the National Association of Personal Financial Advisors. She or he can also estimate whether you’re saving enough to retire when and how you want.
Hug Your Boss, Then Make the Request Employers deserve credit for sponsoring retirement plans. They don’t have to do it, it consumes the HR department’s time, and it might even cost them actual money. I’m on the 401(k) committee of The Motley Fool (where the company covers all administrative costs, thank you very much), and I can tell you that it’s more work than most people would think.
But don’t be bashful about politely asking for a better plan. No one is planning your retirement for you, and no one cares more about your retirement more than you do. The more your retirement will rely on your own contribution and investment decisions, the more you must take charge.
Investing isn’t new to me. I opened my first CD in high school back in the good old days of 5 percent interest, and I started contributing to my 401(k) as soon as I was eligible (at age 21). I did everything right according to the articles I read. I:
Contributed enough to get the maximum employer match
Saved/invested around 10 percent of my income
Opened up an IRA
Before I break my arm patting myself on the back, let me tell you that I made a huge error. I stopped too soon in my investing education. Instead of continuing to learn, I rested on my investing laurels — and who knows how much money I’ve lost out on because I forgot that no one cares more about my money than I do.
And my huge error led me to make many mistakes. For instance, I didn’t realize until (embarrassingly) recently that different funds in your 401(k) have different fees. Selecting funds with low fees can make a huge difference in returns. Or “buy and hold” is not the same as “buy and forget about it.” And then there’s the issue of investing and taxes.
But doing something (even if I didn’t evaluate or understand my choices) is better than nothing, right? So there I stayed, comfortable in my stinky 401(k), letting my financial adviser make fund recommendations for my IRA.
Until this year. This year, I vowed to tackle my investing fear and ignorance. I’ve been reading old posts on Get Rich Slowly, collecting a list of investing books I want to read and perusing investing websites. I’ve created this list (along with my impressions of each resource) to help me learn more about investing, and I hope it helps you, too. It’s not an exhaustive list, of course. Also, in the interest of full disclosure, I get no compensation for including any of these resources.
Get Rich Slowly Blog Posts
For new readers, I dug through the GRS archives to find some solid investing posts. I wanted the posts to highlight different investing strategies and philosophies. I’m sure I missed a few, but this should save you from poking around the Investing archives — at least a few minutes, anyway.
Dividend-paying stocks This is a fairly recent post, focusing on dividend-paying stocks.
Roth IRAs Here is a great post on Roth IRAs.
Developing an investment policy statement – Before starting to invest, analyze why you are investing. What’s the point? Figuring that out first will help you form an investing strategy.
How the stock market works – The day this post ran was the day I understood more about the stock market. Sure, things have changed since this 1952 video, but the basics are still the same.
DRIPs This post succinctly covers dividend reinvestment programs.
Mutual funds Here is a great introduction to mutual funds.
Index funds This post describes why many people (including J.D.) have most of their portfolios in index funds.
Bonds No list would be complete without mentioning bonds.
Mutual fund prospectus Part of becoming an educated investor involves understanding where your money is going. Here’s how to read (and understand) a mutual fund prospectus.
Books
Best books on investing – This post covers eight well-known investing books, but it’s missing some good ones.
One of the good ones it’s missing is Peter Lynch’s “One Up On Wall Street.” It’s old, but I like his focus on simplicity and buying what you know.
“Control Your Cash” by Greg McFarlane and Betty Kincaid is another favorite. This book actually covers all the usual financial topics (credit scores, buying a car and a house, taxes, etc.), but has a couple of chapters on investing and securities. What I like about this book is that it explains investing in a way that I can understand, using a writing style that is funny and still pertains to a wide variety of investors.
Other Blogs and Websites
Bite the Bullet Investing This just-launched blog appears to be created for the investing novice. Posts cover terms such as equity and return and topics like using other people’s money. Great if you’re just starting out.
SEC guide Use this guide to learn how to read financial statements. I think this is a very easy to understand set of terms.
The Oblivious Investor This site is organized well and Mike Piper writes clearly, without a lot of “fluff.” I found his information on index funds to be easy to understand. I haven’t checked out any of his books, but he’s written several on various topics. I think he appeals to a wide variety of investors.
Seeking Alpha This site has been mentioned several times in the comments of various GRS articles, so I thought it was worth checking out. It covers individual stocks and has some great articles. To read the entire article, you must register (though it’s free, I dislike the extra step). If you’re serious, it has a Pro subscription service in addition to the free information. I think there is some great information here, but it’s too advanced for me at this time.
The Motley Fool One of my favorite articles on the site is “13 steps to investing foolishly.” Like Seeking Alpha, they offer a premium subscription service along with their free information. This site has something for a range of investors. (GRS contributor Robert Brokamp is the Fool’s adviser for its Rule Your Retirement service.)
Morningstar has 172 free investment courses. Topics include “Investing for the long run” and “The magic of compounding.” Did I mention they were free?
Guide to Transparent Investing Frankly, I’m overwhelmed reading my own list. But if you pick anything from this list, please read this guide. Published in 2007, this 53-page discusses DIY financial planning, risk tolerance, and how to create a portfolio to minimize the bite of taxes. It explains fundamental concepts well and includes charts. I wish I’d read this guide years ago.
When doing a list like this, it’s so easy to miss lots of great resources. Which ones would you add?
If you visit personal finance or investing blogs on a regular basis, you’ve probably read countless articles on the virtues of passive income. After all, many personal finance experts believe that passive income is the key to early retirement, financial independence, and permanent wealth. But, what is it exactly?
A Definition:
Investopedia describes passive income as “earnings an individual derives from a rental property, limited partnership or other enterprise in which he or she is not actively involved.”
In addition to rental property, typical sources of passive income can include money earned from investments such as mutual funds, dividend-paying stocks, Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), and asset-backed securities. Unconventional forms of passive income can include earnings from copyrights, patents, and licenses or even royalties. The birth of the Internet also created a generation of entrepreneurs forging their own path toward passive income via the Internet, including Pat Flynn from Smart Passive Income. Except, according to Flynn, blogging is just part of the game.
“Although a blog isn’t passive in nature, it’s one of the best platforms for launching other passive income opportunities.“
-Pat Flynn
Simply put, passive income is the opposite of active income. The money you earn at your 9-to-5 job is not passive income, nor is the money you earn through your side hustle or garage sale. Real passive income is earned in your sleep and regardless of the amount of effort you put into it. And that’s why the idea of passive income has always been so popular. J.D. even wrote about passive income back in 2006, which seems like a lifetime ago.
“Passive Income is money that you earn without having to work for it. When you earn interest on a savings account, you are earning money passively; it accrues whether you’re working or not.”
-J.D. Roth
The pursuit of passive income through rental property: Is it the right time?
One of the most popular ways to generate passive income is to buy (or finance) an income-producing rental property and become a landlord. And, according to a recent study from the Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University, now may be the perfect time.
According to Harvard researchers, the percentage of households that rent is on the rise, up from 31 percent in 2004 to 35 percent in 2012. That may not sound like a giant surge, but it is when you’re dealing with the entire population of the United States. To keep things in perspective, the Harvard study claims that the total number of renting households surpassed 43 million in 2013.
Researchers blame the increase in renters on a convergence of factors, including a record number of foreclosures in 2008 and economic troubles caused by the Great Recession. However, it also points to certain benefits that make renting a popular option. Some of the benefits of renting named in the study: greater mobility, protection from fluctuations in the housing market, and freedom from home maintenance and repairs.
The fact is, renting has simply become the best option for many. In fact, recent reports show that rents have skyrocketed in many parts of the country due to increased demand, so much so that the cost of renting has moved out of reach for many middle-class families. And while that’s bad news for those who simply want an affordable place to call home, it’s a real estate investor’s dream.
My Experience as a Landlord
Becoming a landlord might sound tempting, but — trust me — it’s not as glamorous as it seems. It’s also not nearly as passive as many think it to be, despite what Investopedia or others claim. As someone who has owned and managed two single-family rental properties for almost a decade, I must confess that the income I’ve earned has been anything but effortless. The truth: It’s actually been a lot of work.
For example, we’ve spent far too many weekends painting and cleaning our properties in between tenants. We’ve driven to and arranged countless meetings to discuss remodeling projects and repairs. We’ve had to deal with a whole host of random issues such as late rent payments, feuding neighbors, and secret pets. Once, one of our properties was even left in total shambles — with oil-stained carpet, missing doors, busted windows, and broken everything.
Using Passive Income for Early Retirement and Financial Independence
On the other hand, we do expect all of our hard work to pay off sooner or later. The fact is, both of our properties should be completely paid off in about 12 years. By then, we’ll be 46 years old and (hopefully) on the homestretch of our journey to retirement. Since we’ll have two children nearing college around that time, we plan to use our monthly rental income to help pay for their higher education. After that, we’ll keep it for ourselves and use the earnings to supplement our own income and early retirement plans. Our properties currently rent for around $1,800 total, but that’s only because I’ve promised not to raise rent on either of our long-term tenants. But they’ll move out eventually. And when they do, we hope to pull in at least $2,200 per month or more.
Want to Become a Landlord? Consider This
Since real estate markets are vastly different in different parts of the country, I couldn’t possibly write something that applies to everyone. On the other hand, if you’re considering purchasing an income-producing property to secure your own stream of passive income, there are certain things you should know:
You need plenty of cash — Banks have tightened lending standards significantly over the last decade, which means that a down payment of at least 20 percent is almost always required. If you can’t afford to come up with the down payment, then you probably can’t afford to own rental property in the first place.
You are taking a risk — Many people think owning rental property is always a money-making endeavor. However, that couldn’t be further from the truth. Investing in rental property has plenty of risks including nonpayment, property damage, prolonged vacancies, and more.
Bad things do happen — When you’re a landlord, “no news” is typically good news. However, there’s a reason why so many people are hesitant to get into the game. We’ve all heard rental horror stories and the fact is that many of them are true. You’d be amazed at the kind of damage people can leave behind, and how much of a headache it can cause. You know the saying, “Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.”
Before you jump in head first, it’s important to understand what you’re getting into. That typically means researching the rental market in your area and gaining an understanding of current and past trends in rents and occupancy.
It’s also important to figure out what you need to earn in order to cover your expenses and turn a profit. And if you don’t like dealing with people or doing repairs, you can also research property managers in your area. For a monthly fee, they’ll do most of the heavy lifting for you — including finding tenants, hiring out repairs, and more.
Becoming a landlord isn’t for everyone, but it is a great way to earn (somewhat) passive income. And if early retirement, money for college, or financial independence are your goals, it’s just another way to make them happen.
Have you ever considered buying rental properties as a source of passive income? If so, why? If not, why not?
A common misbelief is that one must be rich to invest. It’s easy to invest with little money in a variety of assets and save for your goals. More platforms let you “micro invest” and purchase small amounts of expensive assets.
Even if you only invest a few dollars each month, that money can start building wealth.
Consistently investing small amounts can be more effective than waiting to accumulate a lump sum because you can earn compound interest.
Some people may never invest because they don’t think they have enough money.
In This Article
Best Ways to Start Investing with Little Money
It’s possible to invest as little as $5 at a time and diversify your portfolio. As your financial situation improves, you can increase your monthly investments and try more ideas.
1. Invest in Index Funds
Investing in index funds can be the best option to start investing small amounts of money.
First, index funds let you invest in hundreds of companies with a single investment to quickly diversify your portfolio and minimize risk.
Second, most index funds have low investing fees and expense ratios. For example, a fund with a 0.03% expense ratio costs 30 cents in annual fees.
Most brokers don’t charge trade commissions to buy or sell index funds. Paying fewer fees means you can invest more cash.
Some of the types of index funds you can invest in include:
US stocks
International stocks
Emerging markets
Corporate bonds
Government bonds
Real estate investment trusts (REITs)
The various online stock brokers offer stock and bond index exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These funds trade like individual stocks. The share price fluctuates during the market day and you can buy shares at any time.
Your 401k provider likely offers index mutual funds. The investing strategy is the same except the share price updates once a day after the stock market closes.
Most online brokers offer index funds and don’t charge any trade commissions. However, some can be easier to invest with when you have little money.
Minimum Investment: $5 (varies by broker)
Betterment
Using a robo-advisor like Betterment can be one of the easiest ways to invest in index funds. This fully-automated investing app automatically rebalances your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.
You can also enable tax-loss harvesting to minimize your taxable investment income by selling investment losses to offset your investment gains.
You will answer several questions about your age, investment goals and risk tolerance to recommend an investment portfolio of stock and bond index ETFs.
As you grow older, Betterment shifts your portfolio to a more conservative allocation.
Not having to manage your portfolio is one advantage of using a robo-advisor when you don’t have the time or desire to self-manage your investments.
Betterment also offers fractional investing so you can buy partial shares of funds to instantly diversify your portfolio.
Other brokers may require you to buy whole shares which makes buying multiple funds at once difficult if you have limited funds.
You can create a portfolio with $0 and start investing with a $10 initial deposit. The annual account fee for Betterment is 0.25% of your portfolio value.
Acorns
Another unique way to invest in index funds is by using Acorns. This micro-investing app invests your spare change by rounding up your debit and credit card purchases.
You can choose to invest in a premade portfolio of stocks and bonds with different risk levels.
Acorns buys fractional shares of index ETFs when with as little as $5. Taxable and retirement investment accounts are available along with an online checking account.
Monthly plan fees range between $1 and $5 per month.
2. Workplace Retirement Accounts
A workplace retirement account such as a 401k, 403b or a Thrift Savings Plan (TSP), this can be the best place to start investing with little money. See if your employer offers matching contributions. If so, invest enough each month to earn the full match and invest “free money.”
If your workplace doesn’t offer a retirement plan or matching contributions, you can open an individual retirement account (IRA). Most brokers offer IRAs with no account fees or minimum initial deposits. You have multiple investment options.
One perk of investing with a retirement account is the tax benefits. You only pay taxes once. Traditional contributions reduce your current annual income, grow tax-deferred and you pay income taxes when you make a withdrawal. Roth contributions require you to pay income taxes upfront but your withdrawals are tax-free.
Your workplace retirement account investment options can include:
Stock index mutual funds
Bond index mutual funds
Target date funds
Company stock
The investment options are different for each employer yet most plans offer target date funds. Choosing a target date fund that’s nearest to your planned retirement year can be a good option. The fund invests in stocks and bonds and adjusts to a conservative risk tolerance as retirement approaches.
If you only decide to invest in a target date fund, you won’t have to rebalance your asset allocation. However, you should monitor the target date fund performance. You may also decide to self-manage your portfolio by buying index funds to reduce your investment fees.
You can invest as little as $1 at a time into each fund. If you’re uncomfortable managing your own retirement account, Blooom can provide a free portfolio analysis and recommend a portfolio allocation.
Minimum investment: $1
3. Individual Stocks
After establishing an index fund portfolio, you may decide to buy stock in individual companies. There are many online brokers to choose from and most don’t charge account fees or trade commissions to buy or sell shares.
You may decide to buy dividend-paying stocks to earn consistent passive income. Another option is holding companies with strong growth potential that can beat the stock market but may not pay a dividend.
M1 Finance is one of the best free investing apps. You can buy fractional shares of stocks and ETFs with a minimum $25 investment. There are also premade ETF portfolios that can make it easier to diversify. As you invest new money, M1 rebalances your asset allocation.
The minimum initial deposit is $100 for taxable accounts and $500 for retirement accounts to start using M1 Finance.
You can also consider investing with Charles Schwab. You can buy fractional stock slices as small as $5 for many stocks and there are no trade fees or account minimums. But, you will need to self-manage your investment portfolio.
Minimum investment: $5
Tip: Using one of the top investment sites can make it easier to research stocks.
4. Crowdfunded Real Estate
Real estate is a longstanding way to earn passive income without relying on the stock market. However, owning investment properties is expensive and can be time-consuming.
Thanks to real estate crowdfunding, you can invest small amounts of money into commercial and multi-family real estate. These properties have multiple tenants and can provide a more stable income than a single-family rental property. A property manager screens the tenants, collects rent and makes repairs.
You can earn recurring dividends from monthly rent payments. It’s also possible to make money when a property sells for a higher value than the original purchase price.
DiversyFund is one of the best crowdfunding platforms. You can start investing as little as $500. The Growth REIT lets you invest in multifamily apartments across the United States.
One downside of crowdfunded real estate is the multi-year investment commitment. Most platforms require a five-year investment to avoid early redemption fees. As a tradeoff for the long-term commitment, you can earn annual returns that compete with the historical S&P 500 average return of 7% per year.
Minimum investment: $500
5. Small Business Bonds
The bond index funds you invest in hold corporate and government debt. Investing in small business bonds can help you earn a higher yield. Worthy Bonds yield 5% per year and let you invest as little as $10 at a time.
Each bond matures in 36 months but you can sell your position sooner with no early withdrawal penalty.
Read our Worthy Bonds review to learn more.
Minimum investment: $10
6. High-Yield Savings Accounts
It’s wise to keep cash that you need instant access to in a high-yield savings account. Banks are a low-risk way to earn passive income but your returns are not as high.
You might consider keeping your emergency fund in a high-yield savings account that doesn’t charge any account fees. Also, consider opening separate “sinking fund” accounts for various savings goals to avoid borrowing money. A savings account can also be a good place to park cash until you decide where to invest it and earn a higher potential return.
Ally Bank has a competitive interest rate for the high-yield savings account. There are no account fees or minimum balance requirements. The Surprise Savings booster tool can help you calculate a “safe-to-spend” amount and transfer your extra cash into savings.
Minimum investment: $1
7. Certificates of Deposit
Investing in stocks and bonds can provide higher investment returns but carry more risk. A bank certificate of deposit locks in a specific interest rate for the investment term. For example, a 12-month term CD has the same interest rate for the next 12 months.
Instead of keeping your free cash in an interest-bearing savings account, consider opening a bank CD with a similar or higher interest rate.
If the savings account interest rate drops, the CD can earn more interest until the CD matures. Most CDs have early redemption penalties if you withdraw the cash before the term ends. At the end of the term, you can redeem your CD balance penalty-free or renew the CD at the then-current term.
Some banks, including CIT Bank, offer no-penalty CDs. These CDs don’t charge an early withdrawal penalty but may offer lower yields than a term CD.
As bank interest rates are low, the passive income you earn from CDs can be lower than the inflation rate. But earning some interest income can be better than nothing.
Minimum investment: $100
8. Peer-to-Peer Investing
You earn income from savings accounts and bank CDs as the bank lends your money at a higher interest rate. Peer-to-peer lending platforms let you earn a higher rate as you lend directly to the borrower and bypass the bank.
Prosper lets you invest in crowdfunded personal loans with a three-year or five-year repayment term. Borrowers make monthly payments and you make money from the interest payment, minus a 1% service fee. The historical annual returns are between 3.5% and 7.6%.
You can lose money if the borrower defaults on the loan. To avoid losing money, Prosper lets you buy notes in $25 increments and recommends a $2,500 initial investment to properly diversify. You can invest in multiple loans to diversify your portfolio.
Prosper also assigns each borrower a risk rating and you can see basic credit profile details. There’s also an auto-invest feature that spreads your investment across multiple risk ratings. You might be able to easily diversify your portfolio by auto-investing and avoid investing in too many risky loans.
Minimum investment: $25
9. Physical Gold
Precious metals such as physical gold and silver are a popular alternative asset. Unless you invest in gold royalty stocks, you won’t earn dividend income. You make money by selling your precious metal investments above your purchase price.
Buying gold coins and bars can be one of the best ways to invest in gold. Physical gold is expensive and you may not be able to buy an entire ounce or gram at once.
Vaulted lets you buy fractional shares of physical gold bars. Your stash is held at the Royal Canadian Mint. Once your balance is high enough, you can request FedEx delivery to receive your physical gold. There is a 1.8% transaction fee to buy or sell and a 0.4% annual maintenance fee.
It’s also possible to invest in gold trust ETFs that trade on the stock market. Most investing apps let you trade these funds. The share price mimics the price of physical gold.
But most gold ETFs don’t offer physical delivery as the fund family owns the bullion.
Minimum investment: $10
10. Cryptocurrency
When you’re deciding what to invest in first, cryptocurrency probably isn’t going to be at the top of the list. After all, this digital asset is highly volatile and doesn’t earn interest.
Many people who buy crypto do so as an alternative to stocks and gold.
For example, you might buy cryptocurrency as a way to diversify once you hold a sufficient amount of stocks, index funds and gold.
The most popular cryptocurrency is Bitcoin. This cryptocoin has the best name recognition and more merchants accept it as payment instead of paper currency.
There are other “alt-coins” like Ethereum that can also be worth owning if you believe in the long-term potential of cryptocurrency.
It has been fairly difficult to buy cryptocurrency but more platforms are making it easy to buy cryptocurrency. PayPal and Square let you buy Bitcoin and use it to pay for purchases.
However, you won’t be able to move your Bitcoin balance off of their platform.
Another easy way to buy cryptocurrency is through an online broker like eToro. You can trade cryptocurrency futures after a minimum $50 initial deposit.
EToro also lets you copy the investment portfolios of experienced cryptocurrency investors which can improve your income potential.
A third way to buy cryptocurrency is using a digital currency exchange such as Coinbase. Buying directly from an exchange lets you own real Bitcoin and alt-coins. You can transfer them to a cryptocurrency wallet for added security from hackers.
No matter where you decide to buy cryptocurrency, you can buy fractional shares of Bitcoin and other coins. Investment minimums and transaction fees vary by platform.
Minimum investment: $2 (varies by platform)
11. Treasury Bonds
Most investors get exposure to government bonds by holding bond index funds in their brokerage account or 401k workplace retirement plan.
As bonds can be pricey and confusing to buy, bond funds make it easy to earn passive income.
You can have more control over which bonds you own by buying U.S. Treasury bonds. You can choose the maturity date. Each Treasury bond has a $100 minimum investment with a maturity date of up to 30 years.
It’s also possible to buy Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPs) as a hedge against future inflation.
Another option is purchasing Series I or Series EE Savings Bonds. Both types of savings bonds have a $25 minimum investment.
You can buy Treasury bonds from TreasuryDirect.
Minimum investment: $100 for Treasury notes and bonds ($25 for savings bonds)
12. Fine Wine
A long-term investing idea is owning fine wine. You can open a standard portfolio at Vinovest with a $1,000 minimum initial investment.
Vinovest automatically builds your wine portfolio making it easy to start if you’re unfamiliar with wine investing.
Each bottle in your portfolio remains in climate-controlled cellars across the world and is insured against damages. You decide when to sell your wine. It’s possible to request delivery if you want to open a bottle.
Collectible wine can increase in value as it ages and the scarcity of unopened bottles increases. Wine investing is like owning physical gold and doesn’t earn dividend income.
It can take up to 30 years to earn the best value before you sell a bottle.
Minimum investment: $1,000
13. Fine Art
Another unique investment option is investing in fine art. Masterworks lets you buy shares in classic and modern pieces with a $1,000 minimum investment.
The holding period for most pieces is between three and ten years. You earn a profit if the piece sells for a profit.
Due to the relatively high initial minimum investment and waiting years to earn income, you may invest small amounts of money in other ideas first to make money fast.
Minimum investments: $1,000
Summary
There are many ways to start investing little money today and earn recurring income. Many platforms have small minimum investments which make it easy to try several ideas and diversify your portfolio.
As you increase your income, you can boost your monthly investment.
How do you invest your money? Which idea are you going to try first?
Josh is a personal finance writer and Founder of MoneyBuffalo.com. He has been featured in publications like Student Loan Hero, Well Kept Wallet and the US News and World Report.
In Best Low-Risk Investments for 2023, I provided a comprehensive list of low-risk investments with predictable returns. But it’s precisely because those returns are low-risk that they also provide relatively low returns.
In this article, we’re going to look at high-yield investments, many of which involve a higher degree of risk but are also likely to provide higher returns.
True enough, low-risk investments are the right investment solution for anyone who’s looking to preserve capital and still earn some income.
But if you’re more interested in the income side of an investment, accepting a bit of risk can produce significantly higher returns. And at the same time, these investments will generally be less risky than growth stocks and other high-risk/high-reward investments.
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Determine How Much Risk You’re Willing to Take On
The risk we’re talking about with these high-yield investments is the potential for you to lose money. As is true when investing in any asset, you need to begin by determining how much you’re willing to risk in the pursuit of higher returns.
Chasing “high-yield returns” will make you broke if you don’t have clear financial goals you’re working towards.
I’m going to present a large number of high-yield investments, each with its own degree of risk. The purpose is to help you evaluate the risk/reward potential of these investments when selecting the ones that will be right for you.
If you’re looking for investments that are completely safe, you should favor one or more of the highly liquid, low-yield vehicles covered in Best Low-Risk Investments for 2023. In this article, we’re going to be going for something a little bit different. As such, please note that this is not in any way a blanket recommendation of any particular investment.
Best High-Yield Investments for 2023
Table of Contents
Below is my list of the 18 best high-yield investments for 2023. They’re not ranked or listed in order of importance. That’s because each is a unique investment class that you will need to carefully evaluate for suitability within your own portfolio.
Be sure that any investment you do choose will be likely to provide the return you expect at an acceptable risk level for your own personal risk tolerance.
1. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)
Let’s start with this one, if only because it’s on just about every list of high-yield investments, especially in the current environment of rising inflation. It may not actually be the best high-yield investment, but it does have its virtues and shouldn’t be overlooked.
Basically, TIPS are securities issued by the U.S. Treasury that are designed to accommodate inflation. They do pay regular interest, though it’s typically lower than the rate paid on ordinary Treasury securities of similar terms. The bonds are available with a minimum investment of $100, in terms of five, 10, and 30 years. And since they’re fully backed by the U.S. government, you are assured of receiving the full principal value if you hold a security until maturity.
But the real benefit—and the primary advantage—of these securities is the inflation principal additions. Each year, the Treasury will add an amount to the bond principal that’s commensurate with changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Fortunately, while the principal will be added when the CPI rises (as it nearly always does), none will be deducted if the index goes negative.
You can purchase TIPS through the U.S. Treasury’s investment portal, Treasury Direct. You can also hold the securities as well as redeem them on the same platform. There are no commissions or fees when buying securities.
On the downside, TIPS are purely a play on inflation since the base rates are fairly low. And while the principal additions will keep you even with inflation, you should know that they are taxable in the year received.
Still, TIPS are an excellent low-risk, high-yield investment during times of rising inflation—like now.
2. I Bonds
If you’re looking for a true low-risk, high-yield investment, look no further than Series I bonds. With the current surge in inflation, these bonds have become incredibly popular, though they are limited.
I bonds are currently paying 6.89%. They can be purchased electronically in denominations as little as $25. However, you are limited to purchasing no more than $10,000 in I bonds per calendar year. Since they are issued by the U.S. Treasury, they’re fully protected by the U.S. government. You can purchase them through the Treasury Department’s investment portal, TreasuryDirect.gov.
“The cash in my savings account is on fire,” groans Scott Lieberman, Founder of Touchdown Money. “Inflation has my money in flames, each month incinerating more and more. To defend against this, I purchased an I bond. When I decide to get my money back, the I bond will have been protected against inflation by being worth more than what I bought it for. I highly recommend getting yourself a super safe Series I bond with money you can stash away for at least one year.”
You may not be able to put your entire bond portfolio into Series I bonds. But just a small investment, at nearly 10%, can increase the overall return on your bond allocation.
3. Corporate Bonds
The average rate of return on a bank savings account is 0.33%. The average rate on a money market account is 0.09%, and 0.25% on a 12-month CD.
Now, there are some banks paying higher rates, but generally only in the 1%-plus range.
If you want higher returns on your fixed income portfolio, and you’re willing to accept a moderate level of risk, you can invest in corporate bonds. Not only do they pay higher rates than banks, but you can lock in those higher rates for many years.
For example, the average current yield on a AAA-rated corporate bond is 4.55%. Now that’s the rate for AAA bonds, which are the highest-rated securities. You can get even higher rates on bonds with lower ratings, which we will cover in the next section.
Corporate bonds sell in face amounts of $1,000, though the price may be higher or lower depending on where interest rates are. If you choose to buy individual corporate bonds, expect to buy them in lots of ten. That means you’ll likely need to invest $10,000 in a single issue. Brokers will typically charge a small per-bond fee on purchase and sale.
An alternative may be to take advantage of corporate bond funds. That will give you an opportunity to invest in a portfolio of bonds for as little as the price of one share of an ETF. And because they are ETFs, they can usually be bought and sold commission free.
You can typically purchase corporate bonds and bond funds through popular stock brokers, like Zacks Trade, TD Ameritrade.
Corporate Bond Risk
Be aware that the value of corporate bonds, particularly those with maturities greater than 10 years, can fall if interest rates rise. Conversely, the value of the bonds can rise if interest rates fall.
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4. High-Yield Bonds
In the previous section we talked about how interest rates on corporate bonds vary based on each bond issue’s rating. A AAA bond, being the safest, has the lowest yield. But a riskier bond, such as one rated BBB, will provide a higher rate of return.
If you’re looking to earn higher interest than you can with investment-grade corporate bonds, you can get those returns with so-called high-yield bonds. Because they have a lower rating, they pay higher interest, sometimes much higher.
The average yield on high-yield bonds is 8.29%. But that’s just an average. The yield on a bond rated B will be higher than one rated BB.
You should also be aware that, in addition to potential market value declines due to rising interest rates, high-yield bonds are more likely to default than investment-grade bonds. That’s why they pay higher interest rates. (They used to call these bonds “junk bonds,” but that kind of description is a marketing disaster.) Because of those twin risks, junk bonds should occupy only a small corner of your fixed-income portfolio.
High Yield Bond Risk
In a rapidly rising interest rate environment, high-yield bonds are more likely to default.
High-yield bonds can be purchased under similar terms and in the same places where you can trade corporate bonds. There are also ETFs that specialize in high-yield bonds and will be a better choice for most investors, since they will include diversification across many different bond issues.
5. Municipal Bonds
Just as corporations and the U.S. Treasury issue bonds, so do state and local governments. These are referred to as municipal bonds. They work much like other bond types, particularly corporates. They can be purchased in similar denominations through online brokers.
The main advantage enjoyed by municipal bonds is their tax-exempt status for federal income tax purposes. And if you purchase a municipal bond issued by your home state, or a municipality within that state, the interest will also be tax-exempt for state income tax purposes.
That makes municipal bonds an excellent source of tax-exempt income in a nonretirement account. (Because retirement accounts are tax-sheltered, it makes little sense to include municipal bonds in those accounts.)
Municipal bond rates are currently hovering just above 3% for AAA-rated bonds. And while that’s an impressive return by itself, it masks an even higher yield.
Because of their tax-exempt status, the effective yield on municipal bonds will be higher than the note rate. For example, if your combined federal and state marginal income tax rates are 25%, the effective yield on a municipal bond paying 3% will be 4%. That gives an effective rate comparable with AAA-rated corporate bonds.
Municipal bonds, like other bonds, are subject to market value fluctuations due to interest rate changes. And while it’s rare, there have been occasional defaults on these bonds.
Like corporate bonds, municipal bonds carry ratings that affect the interest rates they pay. You can investigate bond ratings through sources like Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch.
Fund
Symbol
Type
Current Yield
5 Average Annual Return
Vanguard Inflation-Protected Securities Fund
VIPSX
TIPS
0.06%
3.02%
SPDR® Portfolio Interm Term Corp Bond ETF
SPIB
Corporate
4.38%
1.44%
iShares Interest Rate Hedged High Yield Bond ETF
HYGH
High-Yield
5.19%
2.02%
Invesco VRDO Tax-Free ETF (PVI)
PVI
Municipal
0.53%
0.56%
6. Longer Term Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
This is another investment that falls under the low risk/relatively high return classification. As interest rates have risen in recent months, rates have crept up on certificates of deposit. Unlike just one year ago, CDs now merit consideration.
But the key is to invest in certificates with longer terms.
“Another lower-risk option is to consider a Certificate of Deposit (CD),” advises Lance C. Steiner, CFP at Buckingham Advisors. “Banks, credit unions, and many other financial institutions offer CDs with maturities ranging from 6 months to 60 months. Currently, a 6-month CD may pay between 0.75% and 1.25% where a 24-month CD may pay between 2.20% and 3.00%. We suggest considering a short-term ladder since interest rates are expected to continue rising.” (Stated interest rates for the high-yield savings and CDs were obtained at bankrate.com.)
Most banks offer certificates of deposit with terms as long as five years. Those typically have the highest yields.
But the longer term does involve at least a moderate level of risk. If you invest in a CD for five years that’s currently paying 3%, the risk is that interest rates will continue rising. If they do, you’ll miss out on the higher returns available on newer certificates. But the risk is still low overall since the bank guarantees to repay 100% of your principle upon certificate maturity.
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7. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending
Do you know how banks borrow from you—at 1% interest—then loan the same money to your neighbor at rates sometimes as high as 20%? It’s quite a racket, and a profitable one at that.
But do you also know that you have the same opportunity as a bank? It’s an investing process known as peer-to-peer lending, or P2P for short.
P2P lending essentially eliminates the bank. As an investor, you’ll provide the funds for borrowers on a P2P platform. Most of these loans will be in the form of personal loans for a variety of purposes. But some can also be business loans, medical loans, and for other more specific purposes.
As an investor/lender, you get to keep more of the interest rate return on those loans. You can invest easily through online P2P platforms.
One popular example is Prosper. They offer primarily personal loans in amounts ranging between $2,000 and $40,000. You can invest in small slivers of these loans, referred to as “notes.” Notes can be purchased for as little as $25.
That small denomination will make it possible to diversify your investment across many different loans. You can even choose the loans you will invest in based on borrower credit scores, income, loan terms, and purposes.
Prosper, which has managed $20 billion in P2P loans since 2005, claims a historical average return of 5.7%. That’s a high rate of return on what is essentially a fixed-income investment. But that’s because there exists the possibility of loss due to borrower default.
However, you can minimize the likelihood of default by carefully choosing borrower loan quality. That means focusing on borrowers with higher credit scores, incomes, and more conservative loan purposes (like debt consolidation).
8. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
REITs are an excellent way to participate in real estate investment, and the return it provides, without large amounts of capital or the need to manage properties. They’re publicly traded, closed-end investment funds that can be bought and sold on major stock exchanges. They invest primarily in commercial real estate, like office buildings, retail space, and large apartment complexes.
If you’re planning to invest in a REIT, you should be aware that there are three different types.
“Equity REITs purchase commercial, industrial, or residential real estate properties,” reports Robert R. Johnson, PhD, CFA, CAIA, Professor of Finance, Heider College of Business, Creighton University and co-author of several books, including The Tools and Techniques Of Investment Planning, Strategic Value Investing and Investment Banking for Dummies. “Income is derived primarily from the rental on the properties, as well as from the sale of properties that have increased in value. Mortgage REITs invest in property mortgages. The income is primarily from the interest they earn on the mortgage loans. Hybrid REITs invest both directly in property and in mortgages on properties.”
Johnson also cautions:
“Investors should understand that equity REITs are more like stocks and mortgage REITs are more like bonds. Hybrid REITs are like a mix of stocks and bonds.”
Mortgage REITs, in particular, are an excellent way to earn steady dividend income without being closely tied to the stock market.
Examples of specific REITs are listed in the table below (source: Kiplinger):
REIT
Equity or Mortgage
Property Type
Dividend Yield
12 Month Return
Rexford Industrial Realty
REXR
Industrial warehouse space
2.02%
2.21%
Sun Communities
SUI
Manufactured housing, RVs, resorts, marinas
2.19%
-14.71%
American Tower
AMT
Multi-tenant cell towers
2.13%
-9.00%
Prologis
PLD
Industrial real estate
2.49%
-0.77%
Camden Property Trust
CPT
Apartment complexes
2.77%
-7.74%
Alexandria Real Estate Equities
ARE
Research Properties
3.14%
-23.72%
Digital Realty Trust
DLR
Data centers
3.83%
-17.72%
9. Real Estate Crowdfunding
If you prefer direct investment in a property of your choice, rather than a portfolio, you can invest in real estate crowdfunding. You invest your money, but management of the property will be handled by professionals. With real estate crowdfunding, you can pick out individual properties, or invest in nonpublic REITs that invest in very specific portfolios.
One of the best examples of real estate crowdfunding is Fundrise. That’s because you can invest with as little as $500 or create a customized portfolio with no more than $1,000. Not only does Fundrise charge low fees, but they also have multiple investment options. You can start small in managed investments, and eventually trade up to investing in individual deals.
One thing to be aware of with real estate crowdfunding is that many require accredited investor status. That means being high income, high net worth, or both. If you are an accredited investor, you’ll have many more choices in the real estate crowdfunding space.
If you are not an accredited investor, that doesn’t mean you’ll be prevented from investing in this asset class. Part of the reason why Fundrise is so popular is that they don’t require accredited investor status. There are other real estate crowdfunding platforms that do the same.
Just be careful if you want to invest in real estate through real estate crowdfunding platforms. You will be expected to tie your money up for several years, and early redemption is often not possible. And like most investments, there is the possibility of losing some or all your investment principal.
Low minimum investment – $10
Diversified real estate portfolio
Portfolio Transparency
10. Physical Real Estate
We’ve talked about investing in real estate through REITs and real estate crowdfunding. But you can also invest directly in physical property, including residential property or even commercial.
Owning real estate outright means you have complete control over the investment. And since real estate is a large-dollar investment, the potential returns are also large.
For starters, average annual returns on real estate are impressive. They’re even comparable to stocks. Residential real estate has generated average returns of 10.6%, while commercial property has returned an average of 9.5%.
Next, real estate has the potential to generate income from two directions, from rental income and capital gains. But because of high property values in many markets around the country, it will be difficult to purchase real estate that will produce a positive cash flow, at least in the first few years.
Generally speaking, capital gains are where the richest returns come from. Property purchased today could double or even triple in 20 years, creating a huge windfall. And this will be a long-term capital gain, to get the benefit of a lower tax bite.
Finally, there’s the leverage factor. You can typically purchase an investment property with a 20% down payment. That means you can purchase a $500,000 property with $100,000 out-of-pocket.
By calculating your capital gains on your upfront investment, the returns are truly staggering. If the $500,000 property doubles to $1 million in 20 years, the $500,000 profit generated will produce a 500% gain on your $100,000 investment.
On the negative side, real estate is certainly a very long-term investment. It also comes with high transaction fees, often as high as 10% of the sale price. And not only will it require a large down payment up front, but also substantial investment of time managing the property.
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11. High Dividend Stocks
“The best high-yield investment is dividend stocks,” declares Harry Turner, Founder at The Sovereign Investor. “While there is no guaranteed return with stocks, over the long term stocks have outperformed other investments such as bonds and real estate. Among stocks, dividend-paying stocks have outperformed non-dividend paying stocks by more than 2 percentage points per year on average over the last century. In addition, dividend stocks tend to be less volatile than non-dividend paying stocks, meaning they are less likely to lose value in downturns.”
You can certainly invest in individual stocks that pay high dividends. But a less risky way to do it, and one that will avoid individual stock selection, is to invest through a fund.
One of the most popular is the ProShares S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrat ETF (NOBL). It has provided a return of 1.67% in the 12 months ending May 31, and an average of 12.33% per year since the fund began in October 2013. The fund currently has a 1.92% dividend yield.
The so-called Dividend Aristocrats are popular because they represent 60+ S&P 500 companies, with a history of increasing their dividends for at least the past 25 years.
“Dividend Stocks are an excellent way to earn some quality yield on your investments while simultaneously keeping inflation at bay,” advises Lyle Solomon, Principal Attorney at Oak View Law Group, one of the largest law firms in America. “Dividends are usually paid out by well-established and successful companies that no longer need to reinvest all of the profits back into the business.”
It gets better. “These companies and their stocks are safer to invest in owing to their stature, large customer base, and hold over the markets,” adds Solomon. “The best part about dividend stocks is that many of these companies increase dividends year on year.”
The table below shows some popular dividend-paying stocks. Each is a so-called “Dividend Aristocrat”, which means it’s part of the S&P 500 and has increased its dividend in each of at least the past 25 years.
Company
Symbol
Dividend
Dividend Yield
AbbVie
ABBV
$5.64
3.80%
Armcor PLC
AMCR
$0.48
3.81%
Chevron
CVX
$5.68
3.94%
ExxonMobil
XOM
$3.52
4.04%
IBM
IBM
$6.60
5.15%
Realty Income Corp
O
$2.97
4.16%
Walgreen Boots Alliance
WBA
$1.92
4.97%
12. Preferred Stocks
Preferred stocks are a very specific type of dividend stock. Just like common stock, preferred stock represents an interest in a publicly traded company. They’re often thought of as something of a hybrid between stocks and bonds because they contain elements of both.
Though common stocks can pay dividends, they don’t always. Preferred stocks on the other hand, always pay dividends. Those dividends can be either a fixed amount or based on a variable dividend formula. For example, a company can base the dividend payout on a recognized index, like the LIBOR (London Inter-Bank Offered Rate). The percentage of dividend payout will then change as the index rate does.
Preferred stocks have two major advantages over common stock. First, as “preferred” securities, they have a priority on dividend payments. A company is required to pay their preferred shareholders dividends ahead of common stockholders. Second, preferred stocks have higher dividend yields than common stocks in the same company.
You can purchase preferred stock through online brokers, some of which are listed under “Growth Stocks” below.
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Preferred Stock Caveats
The disadvantage of preferred stocks is that they don’t entitle the holder to vote in corporate elections. But some preferred stocks offer a conversion option. You can exchange your preferred shares for a specific number of common stock shares in the company. Since the conversion will likely be exercised when the price of the common shares takes a big jump, there’s the potential for large capital gains—in addition to the higher dividend.
Be aware that preferred stocks can also be callable. That means the company can authorize the repurchase of the stock at its discretion. Most will likely do that at a time when interest rates are falling, and they no longer want to pay a higher dividend on the preferred stock.
Preferred stock may also have a maturity date, which is typically 30–40 years after its original issuance. The company will typically redeem the shares at the original issue price, eliminating the possibility of capital gains.
Not all companies issue preferred stock. If you choose this investment, be sure it’s with a company that’s well-established and has strong financials. You should also pay close attention to the details of the issuance, including and especially any callability provisions, dividend formulas, and maturity dates.
13. Growth Stocks
This sector is likely the highest risk investment on this list. But it also may be the one with the highest yield, at least over the long term. That’s why we’re including it on this list.
Based on the S&P 500 index, stocks have returned an average of 10% per year for the past 50 years. But it is important to realize that’s only an average. The market may rise 40% one year, then fall 20% the next. To be successful with this investment, you must be committed for the long haul, up to and including several decades.
And because of the potential wide swings, growth stocks are not recommended for funds that will be needed within the next few years. In general, growth stocks work best for retirement plans. That’s where they’ll have the necessary decades to build and compound.
Since most of the return on growth stocks is from capital gains, you’ll get the benefit of lower long-term capital gains tax rates, at least with securities held in a taxable account. (The better news is capital gains on investments held in retirement accounts are tax-deferred until retirement.)
You can choose to invest in individual stocks, but that’s a fairly high-maintenance undertaking. A better way may be to simply invest in ETFs tied to popular indexes. For example, ETFs based on the S&P 500 are very popular among investors.
You can purchase growth stocks and growth stock ETFs commission free with brokers like M1 Finance, Zacks Trade, Wealthsimple.
14. Annuities
Annuities are something like creating your own private pension. It’s an investment contract you take with an insurance company, in which you invest a certain amount of money in exchange for a specific income stream. They can be an excellent source of high yields because the return is locked in by the contract.
Annuities come in many different varieties. Two major classifications are immediate and deferred annuities. As the name implies, immediate annuities begin paying an income stream shortly after the contract begins.
Deferred annuities work something like retirement plans. You may deposit a fixed amount of money with the insurance company upfront or make regular installments. In either case, income payments will begin at a specified point in the future.
With deferred annuities, the income earned within the plan is tax-deferred and paid upon withdrawal. But unlike retirement accounts, annuity contributions are not tax-deductible. Investment returns can either be fixed-rate or variable-rate, depending on the specific annuity setup.
While annuities are an excellent idea and concept, the wide variety of plans as well as the many insurance companies and agents offering them, make them a potential minefield. For example, many annuities are riddled with high fees and are subject to limited withdrawal options.
Because they contain so many moving parts, any annuity contracts you plan to enter into should be carefully reviewed. Pay close attention to all the details, including the small ones. It is, after all, a contract, and therefore legally binding. For that reason, you may want to have a potential annuity reviewed by an attorney before finalizing the deal.
15. Alternative Investments
Alternative investments cover a lot of territory. Examples include precious metals, commodities, private equity, art and collectibles, and digital assets. These fall more in the category of high risk/potential high reward, and you should proceed very carefully and with only the smallest slice of your portfolio.
To simplify the process of selecting alternative assets, you can invest through platforms such as Yieldstreet. With a single cash investment, you can invest in multiple alternatives.
“Investors can purchase real estate directly on Yieldstreet, through fractionalized investments in single deals,” offers Milind Mehere, Founder & Chief Executive Officer at Yieldstreet. “Investors can access private equity and private credit at high minimums by investing in a private market fund (think Blackstone or KKR, for instance). On Yieldstreet, they can have access to third-party funds at a fraction of the previously required minimums. Yieldstreet also offers venture capital (fractionalized) exposure directly. Buying a piece of blue-chip art can be expensive, and prohibitive for most investors, which is why Yieldstreet offers fractionalized assets to diversified art portfolios.”
Yieldstreet also provides access to digital asset investments, with the benefit of allocating to established professional funds, such as Pantera or Osprey Fund. The platform does not currently offer commodities but plans to do so in the future.
Access to wide array of alternative asset classes
Access to ultra-wealthy investments
Can invest for income or growth
Learn More Now
Alternative investments largely require thinking out-of-the-box. Some of the best investment opportunities are also the most unusual.
“The price of meat continues to rise, while agriculture remains a recession-proof investment as consumer demand for food is largely inelastic,” reports Chris Rawley, CEO of Harvest Returns, a platform for investing in private agriculture companies. “Consequently, investors are seeing solid returns from high-yield, grass-fed cattle notes.”
16. Interest Bearing Crypto Accounts
Though the primary appeal of investing in cryptocurrency has been the meteoric rises in price, now that the trend seems to be in reverse, the better play may be in interest-bearing crypto accounts. A select group of crypto exchanges pays high interest on your crypto balance.
One example is Gemini. Not only do they provide an opportunity to buy, sell, and store more than 100 cryptocurrencies—plus non-fungible tokens (NFTs)—but they are currently paying 8.05% APY on your crypto balance through Gemini Earn.
In another variation of being able to earn money on crypto, Crypto.com pays rewards of up to 14.5% on crypto held on the platform. That’s the maximum rate, as rewards vary by crypto. For example, rewards on Bitcoin and Ethereum are paid at 6%, while stablecoins can earn 8.5%.
It’s important to be aware that when investing in cryptocurrency, you will not enjoy the benefit of FDIC insurance. That means you can lose money on your investment. But that’s why crypto exchanges pay such high rates of return, whether it’s in the form of interest or rewards.
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17. Crypto Staking
Another way to play cryptocurrency is a process known as crypto staking. This is where the crypto exchange pays you a certain percentage as compensation or rewards for monitoring a specific cryptocurrency. This is not like crypto mining, which brings crypto into existence. Instead, you’ll participate in writing that particular blockchain and monitoring its security.
“Crypto staking is a concept wherein you can buy and lock a cryptocurrency in a protocol, and you will earn rewards for the amount and time you have locked the cryptocurrency,” reports Oak View Law Group’s Lyle Solomon.
“The big downside to staking crypto is the value of cryptocurrencies, in general, is extremely volatile, and the value of your staked crypto may reduce drastically,” Solomon continues, “However, you can stake stable currencies like USDC, which have their value pegged to the U.S. dollar, and would imply you earn staked rewards without a massive decrease in the value of your investment.”
Much like earning interest and rewards on crypto, staking takes place on crypto exchanges. Two exchanges that feature staking include Coinbase and Kraken. These are two of the largest crypto exchanges in the industry, and they provide a wide range of crypto opportunities, in addition to staking.
Invest in Startup Businesses and Companies
Have you ever heard the term “angel investor”? That’s a private investor, usually, a high net worth individual, who provides capital to small businesses, often startups. That capital is in the form of equity. The angel investor invests money in a small business, becomes a part owner of the company, and is entitled to a share of the company’s earnings.
In most cases, the angel investor acts as a silent partner. That means he or she receives dividend distributions on the equity invested but doesn’t actually get involved in the management of the company.
It’s a potentially lucrative investment opportunity because small businesses have a way of becoming big businesses. As they grow, both your equity and your income from the business also grow. And if the business ever goes public, you could be looking at a life-changing windfall!
Easy Ways to Invest in Startup Businesses
Mainvest is a simple, easy way to invest in small businesses. It’s an online investment platform where you can get access to returns as high as 25%, with an investment of just $100. Mainvest offers vetted businesses (the acceptance rate is just 5% of business that apply) for you to invest in.
It collects revenue, which will be paid to you quarterly. And because the minimum required investment is so small, you can invest in several small businesses at the same time. One of the big advantages with Mainvest is that you are not required to be an accredited investor.
Still another opportunity is through Fundrise Innovation Fund. I’ve already covered how Fundrise is an excellent real estate crowdfunding platform. But through their recently launched Innovaton Fund, you’ll have opportunity to invest in high-growth private technology companies. As a fund, you’ll invest in a portfolio of late-stage tech companies, as well as some public equities.
The purpose of the fund is to provide high growth, and the fund is currently offering shares with a net asset value of $10. These are long-term investments, so you should expect to remain invested for at least five years. But you may receive dividends in the meantime.
Like Mainvest, the Fundrise Innovation Fund does not require you to be an accredited investor.
Low minimum investment – $10
Diversified real estate portfolio
Portfolio Transparency
Final Thoughts on High Yield Investing
Notice that I’ve included a mix of investments based on a combination of risk and return. The greater the risk associated with the investment, the higher the stated or expected return will be.
It’s important when choosing any of these investments that you thoroughly assess the risk involved with each, and not focus primarily on return. These are not 100% safe investments, like short-term CDs, short-term Treasury securities, savings accounts, or bank money market accounts.
Because there is risk associated with each, most are not suitable as short-term investments. They make most sense for long-term investment accounts, particularly retirement accounts.
For example, growth stocks—and most stocks, for that matter—should generally be in a retirement account. While there will be years when you will suffer losses in your position, you’ll have enough years to offset those losses between now and retirement.
Also, if you don’t understand any of the above investments, it will be best to avoid making them. And for more complicated investments, like annuities, you should consult with a professional to evaluate the suitability and all the provisions it contains.
FAQ’s on High Yield Investment Options
What investment has the highest yield?
The investment with the highest yield will vary depending on a number of factors, including current market conditions and the amount of risk an investor is willing to take on. Generally speaking, investments with the potential for high yields also come with a higher level of risk, so it’s important for investors to carefully consider their options and choose investments that align with their financial goals and risk tolerance.
Some examples of high-yield investments include:
1. Stocks: Some stocks may offer high dividend yields, which is the annual dividend payment a company makes to its shareholders, expressed as a percentage of the stock’s current market price.
2. Real estate: Investing in real estate, either directly by purchasing property or indirectly through a real estate investment trust (REIT), can potentially generate high returns in the form of rental income and appreciation of the property value.
3. High-yield bonds: High-yield bonds, also known as junk bonds, are bonds that are issued by companies with lower credit ratings and thus offer higher yields to compensate for the added risk.
4. Private lending: Investing in private loans, such as through peer-to-peer lending platforms, can potentially offer high yields, but it also carries a higher level of risk.
5. Commodities: Investing in commodities, such as precious metals or oil, can potentially generate high returns if the prices of those commodities rise. However, the prices of commodities can also be volatile and subject to market fluctuations.
It’s important to note that these are just examples and not recommendations. As with any investment, it’s crucial to carefully research and consider all the potential risks and rewards before making a decision.
Where can I invest my money to get high returns?
There are a number of places you can invest your money to get high returns. One option is to invest in stocks, which typically offer higher returns than other investment options. Another option is to invest in bonds, which are considered a relatively safe investment option.
You could also invest in real estate, which has the potential to provide high returns if done correctly. Finally, you could also invest in commodities, such as gold or silver, which can be a risky investment but can also offer high returns.
What investments can I make a 10% return?
It’s difficult to predict exactly what investments will generate a 10% return, as investment returns can vary depending on a number of factors, including market conditions and the performance of the specific investment. Some investments, such as stocks and real estate, have the potential to generate returns in excess of 10%, but they also come with a higher level of risk. It’s important to remember that past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results, and that all investments carry some degree of risk