A security is any financial instrument with a fungible value (meaning a value that’s essentially equal) that investors can trade. Common securities include stocks, bonds, and index and mutual funds, as well as options and other derivatives that derive their value from other assets. Most securities trade on financial exchanges, and all play a role in aiming to build wealth for individuals, companies, and other investors.
What are securities in finance and how do they work? Here’s a glimpse inside the world of securities in trading.
What is a Security?
A security is a tradable investment vehicle that traders can buy and sell on financial exchanges or other platforms. In general, investors earn money by buying securities at a low price and selling them at a higher one.
Securities in finance have some monetary value; buyers and sellers determine their value when trading them. Securities vary in nature – stocks, for example, represent ownership in a company, while bonds are essentially loan vehicles where borrowers pay lenders interest for their loan money.
Here are some common security categories.
Equity Securities
This type of securities in finance includes stocks and stock funds. Typically traded on exchanges, the price of equity securities rise or fall depending on the economy, the performance of the underlying company that offers the stock (or companies in the fund), and the sector that company or fund operates. Individual stocks may also pay dividends to investors who own them. 💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.
Debt Securities
This group includes bonds and other fixed-income vehicles where lenders borrow money from investors and pay an interest rate (i.e., the price for borrowing) on the investment principal. Bond issuers may include states, local and municipal governments, companies, and banks and other financial institutions. Typically, debt securities pay investors a specific interest rate paid usually twice per year until a maturity date, when the bond expires.
Some common debt securities include:
• Treasury bills. Issued by the U.S. government, T-Bills are considered among the safest securities.
• Corporate bonds. These are bonds issued by companies to raise money without going to the equity markets.
• Bond funds. These allow investors to get exposure to the bond market without buying individual bonds.
Derivatives
This group of securities includes higher-risk investments like options trading and futures which offer investors a higher rate of return but at a higher level of risk.
Derivatives are based on underlying assets, and it’s the performance of those assets that drive derivative security investment returns. For example, an investor can buy a call option based on 100 shares of ABC stock, at a specific price and at a specific time before the option contract expires. If ABC stock declines during that contract period, the call option buyer has the right to buy the stock at a reduced rate, thus locking in gains when the stock price rises again.
Derivatives allow investors to place higher-risk bets on stocks, bonds, and commodities like oil or gold, and currencies. Typically, institutional investors, such as pension funds or hedge funds, are more active in the derivative market than individual investors.
Hybrid Securities
A hybrid security combines two or more distinct investment securities into one security. For example, a convertible bond is a debt security, due to its fixed income component, but also has characteristics of a stock, since it’s convertible.
Hybrid securities sometimes act like debt securities, as when they provide investors with a floating or fixed rate of return, as bonds normally do. Hybrid securities, however, may also pay dividends like stocks and offer unique tax advantages of both stocks and bonds. 💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.
How Security Trading Works
Securities often trade in open financial exchanges where investors can buy or sell securities with the goal of making a financial profit.
Stocks, for example, are listed on global stock exchanges and investors can purchase them during market trading hours. Exchanges are highly regulated and expected to comply with strict fair-trading mandates. For example, U.S.-based stock exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq must adhere to the rules and regulations laid out by Congress and enforced by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Each country has their own rules and regulations for fair and compliant securities trading, including oversight of stocks, bonds, derivatives, and other investment vehicles. Debt instruments, like bonds, usually trade on secondary markets while stocks and derivatives are traded on stock exchanges.
There are many ways for investors to engage in security trading. A few of the most common ones include:
Brokerage Accounts
Once an investor opens a brokerage account with a credentialed investment firm, they can start trading securities.
All a stock or bond investor has to do is fill out the required forms and deposit money to fund their investments. Investors looking to invest in higher-risk derivatives like options, futures, or currencies may have to fill out additional documentation proving their credentials as educated, experienced investors. They may also have to make larger cash deposits, as trading in derivatives is more complex and has more potential for risk.
Some investors with brokerage accounts can engage in margin trading, meaning that they trade securities using money borrowed from the broker.
Retirement Accounts
By opening a retirement account, through work or a bank or brokerage account, investors can invest in a range of securities, including stocks, mutual and index funds, bonds and bond funds, and annuities.
The type of securities you have access to will depend on the type of retirement account that you have. Workplace plans such as 401(k)s typically have fewer investment choices (but higher limits for tax-advantaged contributions) than Individual Retirement Accounts.
The Takeaway
There are many different types of securities that investors may purchase as part of their portfolio. Choosing which securities to invest in will depend on several factors, including your financial goals, current financial picture, and risk tolerance.
A great way to start building a portfolio of securities is by opening a brokerage account on the SoFi Invest® investment platform. Securities on the platform include stocks and exchange-traded funds.
Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).
Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.
FAQ
What are the four types of securities?
The four types of securities are: equity securities (such as stocks), debt securities (such as bonds), derivatives (such as higher-risk investments like options trading), and hybrid securities (such as convertible bonds).
What is a securities investment?
A securities investment is an investment in a security such as stocks, bonds, or derivatives. A security is a tradable type of investment that traders can buy and sell.
What’s the difference between securities and shares?
Stocks, also known as equity shares, are a type of security. The term “securities” refers to a range of different investments, one of which is stocks, or shares.
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In the coveted Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz, every residence tells a story, and every street corner holds a piece of Hollywood history.
This hillside enclave, gracefully abutting Hollywood and weaving through parts of the Santa Monica Mountains, offers a unique blend of metropolitan allure and serene, natural landscapes — and owning a home here is a symbol of status and exclusivity.
The neighborhood is anchored by one of the largest city-owned parks in the country, the historic Griffith Park, a cornerstone that lends the neighborhood an air of tranquility, uncommon in large urban settings.
“Due to the proximity to historic Griffith Park, Los Feliz enjoys less density and more natural ambiance than most other large metropolitan areas,” shares Konstantine Valissarakos, one of the most preeminent real estate agents in Southern California, deeply acquainted with the area’s charm.
The neighborhood is also home to the two Los Feliz Villages, brimming with quaint, world-class restaurants and amenities. These local treasures craft a sense of belonging, making residents feel part of a “loving neighborhood” – a sentiment hard to find in the bustling city of Los Angeles.
“The two Los Feliz Villages offer quaint, world-class restaurants and amenities, making Los Feliz residents feel like they are in a loving neighborhood,” Valissarakos added, noting that “Los Feliz compares in popularity to other worldwide destination cities where the inhabitants can live anywhere globally that they want and feel special.”
Known for being a top home-buying destination for A-listers and architecture aficionados alike, the area has witnessed a significant surge in home prices, reflecting its growing demand.
“Los Feliz is home to many celebrities. Home prices have gone up in Los Feliz in recent years to match the demand,” the agent adds, highlighting the neighborhood’s appeal. “Finding a characterful or historic home in Los Feliz, akin to an art piece residence, has become a coveted dream for many.”
So then, what homes can you find in the sought-after area?
We’ve reached out to some of the top real estate brokerages with active listings in the area, to give you a feel of the type of homes you can buy in Los Feliz — but be warned, they come with steep price tags.
These figures, though eyebrow-raising, are not at all uncommon for Los Feliz, a Los Angeles neighborhood that has luxury and exclusivity woven into its very fabric.
Standout Los Feliz houses for sale, from a sprawling $38 million historic estate to a film director’s fully restored Tuscan chateau
Owning a piece of Los Feliz is not just about buying property; it’s about embracing a lifestyle desired by many but lived by a few.
And the following listings, all of them Los Feliz houses with a storied past and highly desirable attributes, stand as a testament to the caliber of properties that you can find in the sought-after area. Let’s take a closer look, shall we?
#1 The Cockerham Estate, a $38 million Old World Tuscan chateau
The crown jewel of the neighborhood, the Cockerman Estate is a beautifully reimagined 1914 historic property that’s currently both the largest and highest-priced house for sale in Los Feliz.
Custom-built for Los Feliz’ prolific developer William Mead in 1914, the multi-structure private compound spans two acres and is anchored by a 20,000-square-foot mansion, offering 9 bedrooms, 9.5 baths, and an endless list of upscale amenities.
Meticulously renovated throughout by its current owners, entrepreneur Myra Chan and her husband — with design and oversight by prized architect William Heffner AIA of Studio William Heffner — the Cokerham Estate welcomes visitors with a grand 2-story entry with sweeping staircase and honed marble floors that sets the stage for the luxury we find inside.
Notable features include an elegant library and living room with imported stone fireplace, a bar/lounge (also with an eye-catching fireplace and custom wood details), an expansive kitchen with a breakfast room, fireplace, center island, and a separate prep kitchen along with a covered heated terrace and full outdoor kitchen.
We’d also like to give a nod to the massive primary with a sitting room suite, marble fireplace, terrace with views, his and hers baths, and large walk-in closets.
Listed for $38,000,000 with Brett Lawyer of Carolwood Estates, the massive Los Feliz house also comes with a lower-level entertainment space (which includes a bar and lounge), a home gym with head-on city views, a steam room, infrared sauna and salon/glam room area, and an oversized garage with elevator directly servicing all floors.
#2 A Spanish Colonial Revival estate that dates back to 1929, listed for $15.9M
A timeless gem, this Harry Hayden Whiteley, AIA-designed estate blends the grandeur of Mediterranean estates with the allure of old Hollywood glamour.
With 5 bedrooms and 9 bathrooms in the principal residence and 1 bedroom and 2 bathrooms in the detached guest house, the estate sits proudly on a nearly one acre-sized lot, offering sweeping views that stretch across the LA basin and beyond.
The home greets visitors with a grand two-story rotunda entry, adorned with hand-painted art and a sweeping staircase. The grand living room, featuring hardwood floors, an ornate fireplace, and a balcony, overlooks a pool and the cityscape.
A library with a unique coffered ceiling and a Prohibition-style bar, and a majestic dining room with a wood ceiling and French doors to a veranda enhance its appeal.
The chef’s kitchen is equipped with top-grade appliances and a large island. Upstairs, five luxurious bedroom suites preserve the 1920s charm, with the primary suite offering a spa-like bathroom and walk-in dressing closets.
Additional features of the $15.9 million Los Feliz house — listed with top producer Rita Whitney of The Agency — include a gym, a 2,200+ bottle wine vault, a media room with a wet bar, and a sauna. Lush grounds, a four-car garage, and a motor court complete this exquisite Southern California estate.
#3 An Architectural Digest-featured $9.9M house that’s a piece of Hollywood history
Set on one of Los Feliz’ most coveted streets, Bonvue Avenue, this 5,447-square-foot home is like a trip back in time to Hollywood’s golden era.
And its beauty was just as appreciated back then as it is now — the Spanish Colonial was even featured in Architectural Digest soon after it was built, in 1925.
Sited hillside, the multi-tiered property at 4808 Bonvue Ave takes full advantage of panoramic city views while providing complete privacy at street level. The property is listed at $9,995,000 with Marci Kays and Jonathan Mogharrabi with Carolwood Estates.
Offering 5 bedrooms and 6 baths, the meticulously renovated and well-maintained Los Feliz house features a double-height grand living room with coffered, hand-painted ceilings, towering French doors, a step-down den and wet bar, all accessed from the scene-stealing foyer staircase.
The imported English wood-paneled formal dining room includes a second-level verandah, an ornamental plaster ceiling, and stained glass vignettes — a bespoke detail that runs throughout the home and compliments the many hand-painted oak doors.
A chef’s kitchen, 600-bottle wine cellar, elevator, family room, library, staff rooms, and home offices all round up the home’s interior amenities.
But the amenities continue outside, where the extensive grounds feature multi-level terraces, gravel pathways, hidden gathering spaces and repurposed speak-easy, outdoor dining, and an abundance of fruit trees.
A formal lawn with a period fountain leads to a private pool that’s only visible from the home, adding an extra note of charm and seclusion.
#4 Villa Collina, a $7.245M trophy estate once owned by film director James Whale
Remember when we said that most Los Feliz houses tell a story, and every street corner holds a piece of Hollywood’s history?
This following property is no exception, as it was once home to lauded film director James Whale, best known for directing classic horror films including Frankenstein (1931), The Old Dark House (1932), The Invisible Man (1933), and The Bride of Frankenstein (1935), among others.
Before it was purchased by James Whale, Villa Collina was originally built for Clement E. Smoot, an American golfer who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics — where the American team won the gold medal.
The architect, Henry Harwood Hewitt, is known for designing several staple properties across Los Angeles, including poet Alice Lynch’s former home and the Westlake Masonic Temple in Los Angeles in 1914.
Touted as a “One-of-a-kind authentic dramatic Old World Tuscan chateau in epic setting on a huge flat hilltop lot in prime Los Feliz” per the listing, the 4-bed, 4-bath villa was completely restored before hitting the market for $7,245,000.
Nourmand & Associates agent Konstantine Valissarakos and Richard Yohon at Sotheby’s hold the listing.
Among its many features, 4565 Dundee Drive lists an entertainer’s kitchen with chef’s appliances, built-in breakfast nook and French doors, a primary suite with a fully updated deluxe bath with double sinks, a private office and den, and a redesigned hotel-style full guest apartment which doubles as an oversize spa.
Outside, a well-groomed garden, landscaping, and fountains bring peace and tranquility to the property, while a backyard oasis — with a tiled Roman pool and gazebo with built-in seating — lets guests and residents take in the stellar views.
#5 A Weber and Spaulding-designed architectural gem listed for $5.995M
Before Sumner Spaulding and Walter Weber — the architects behind silent film star Harold Lloyd’s 44-room Greenacres mansion — designed Santa Catalina Island’s storied Catalina Casino, they created this residential gem in Los Feliz.
Located in prime Los Feliz at 3659 Shannon Road, the home was designed to make the most of the panoramic views of the hills and LA city lights with original oversized French doors opening up from the first floor onto the sunny backyard, outdoor dining area, and pool deck.
Boasting 7 bedrooms and 7 baths across 6,408 square feet of living space, the 1928-built home retains many original features, including the classic moldings, hardwood floors, built-ins, the dumbwaiter, and double staircases.
Other unique features of the elegant Los Feliz house include three fireplaces, a first-floor library, a formal dining room, living room, and family room, a first-floor bedroom suite, and a dramatic arched hallway connecting the 6 bedrooms upstairs and the office.
There’s also a massive family room with a fireplace on the lower floor, which opens to a separate section of the yard.
This beautiful property is also listed with Konstantine Valissarakos of Nourmand & Associates and Rick Yohon of Sotheby’s.
Which one of the striking Los Feliz houses above do you like most?
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“The level of commercial mortgage debt outstanding has continued to increase despite a continued pullback in borrowing,” said Jamie Woodwell, MBA’s head of commercial real estate research. “A decline in sales transaction and refinance volumes has meant less new debt being extended, but it also means that fewer loans are paying off than in many … [Read more…]
How Do the Pros Create Holiday Magic? (Yes, You Can Try This at Home.)
Whether you’re a minimalist, a maximalist or agnostic about holiday decorating, these designers have some suggestions for you.
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Dec. 1, 2023
It’s that time of year again. The Thanksgiving leftovers are gone, and the December holidays beckon.
Yes, it’s time to decorate.
Whether that means running wild with ribbon and lights, breaking out the family heirlooms or bringing in greenery and flowering bulbs, there are few firm dos and don’ts. But the goal is always the same: creating a festive environment that makes you happy, whichever holidays traditions you observe.
To see how the professionals do it, we followed a few — Jung Lee, an event designer; Elizabeth Roberts, an architect; and Peter Pennoyer, an architect, and his wife, Katie Ridder, an interior designer — as they prepared for a month of celebration.
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A Maximalist Holiday That Mixes Traditions
When Jung Lee, the founder of the event-design firm Fête and the Manhattan home and gift shop Jung Lee New York, decorates her TriBeCa apartment for the holidays, she lets herself get a little carried away.
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A Minimalist, Creative Holiday
Elizabeth Roberts enjoys decorating for the holidays, but you won’t find much in the way of traditional Christmas decorations at this architect’s brownstone in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn.
“I don’t typically go all out,” said Ms. Roberts, 54, who shares the home with her husband, Michael McKnight, 55, their son, Dean, 14, and a rescue dog, Ace. “We typically don’t have a tree here. Or, if we’re hosting Christmas, we’ll often get a tree just the day before, and it comes down right after that.”
germination plate, a small ceramic disc with a hole in the center that can be placed above a glass vase, tumbler or jar to hold a bulb. (Spoiler alert: If you think you’re on Ms. Roberts’s holiday gift list this year, keep an eye on your mailbox.) “You start it at the beginning of December,” she said, “and by the end of December, it’s usually blooming.”
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1 of 5
A Traditional Holiday as Homecoming
For years, Peter Pennoyer and Katie Ridder used the holidays as an opportunity to travel with their children, Jane, now 30, Tony, 28, and Gigi, 23.
That meant “we often wouldn’t have as beautiful a Christmas tree,” Mr. Pennoyer, 66, said. “I remember one year in Hawaii when we ended up with something from Home Depot that was pink and about 19 inches tall.”
During a speech held today at the Citigroup Financial Services Conference in New York, Fannie Chief Daniel Mudd addressed the proposed increase in the conforming loan limit, his company’s outlook, and the economy as a whole.
Speaking about the proposed stimulus, Mudd called it “directionally positive in terms of chipping away at the problem,” and noted that Fannie wouldn’t necessarily be taking on more risk by purchasing larger loans.
“It’s wrong to say, ‘There is a magic line between $417,000 and $418,000, one part is not risky, one part is risky,’” Mudd said. “We will follow the same risk policy, the same underwriting criteria, the same conservative philosophy.”
Mudd also noted that the current mortgage-rate environment was favorable to homeowners, and could potentially “self rescue” some of the at-risk homeowners.
“It will help existing borrowers by lowering their monthly payment,” he said. “The rate cut could thus help a cohort of homeowners to avoid default.”
While lower rates may help some, those currently underwater on their mortgage will still likely need to work out a special arrangement with their current mortgage lender to stay afloat.
Of course Mudd noted that the “vast majority of borrowers are not facing potential rate increases or payment shocks” within Fannie’s portfolio of loans.
Fannie 2008 Outlook
But he did recognize that “a lot of the trends we saw in the latter half of 2007 have rolled right into 2008,” saying it would be a “tough year” and that Fannie was “in a defensive stance with respect to capital.”
“There have been some marginally negative continuation of trends,” he said.
He said the company’s capital was now “in good shape” but expressed that there remained “extraordinary credit challenges to manage through.”
Mudd also commented on the U.S. economy as a whole, saying it “is just on the edge of a recession or a mild recession,” saying housing markets in California, Florida, and the upper Midwest were feeling it the most.
Shares of Fannie Mae were up 18 cents, or 0.55%, to $32.87 in late afternoon trading on Wall Street.
It was late 2022 and Mike was feeling the pressure. Mortgage rates had climbed close to the 7% range and he was determined to remain competitive on pricing with rival loan officers in North Carolina.
But there was a problem: pricing exceptions, in which the lender takes the hit, were becoming scarce at his company. So he did what a lot of retail loan officers in the industry were doing — Mike would reclassify a self-generated lead as a corporate-generated lead, thus slashing his compensation from 125 basis points down to as low as 50 bps, giving him a low enough rate to win the client and eventually close the deal. His manager and company bosses knew that he and other LOs were lying about where the lead source came from, he said.
The lower comp rate stung. After Mike paid his loan officer assistant, he was clearing just 40 bps. Still, it was better than nothing. After all, tens of thousands of loan officers had already exited the industry because they couldn’t generate enough business.
“At this time, I didn’t really think of it as an ethical issue,” Mike, whose last name is being withheld for fear of retaliation, told HousingWire in an interview in late November. “But it started to wear on me to where it was like, okay, I’m getting price-shopped left and right. I’m feeling the pressure to cut my pay, because when I do it, and my agent partners, they see that I do that, and then they’ll tell people they refer to me. ‘Hey, he can dig deeper if he really has to.’”
Mike continued: “Well, doesn’t that smack of bad faith if I’m not offering them my best price from jump? I would get people saying to me, ‘I’m not going to go in with you. I don’t feel comfortable with you, because you tried to get me to go for a higher pricing first, and then only offered a better deal once I told you I had another offer.”
Mike said he left that lender in early 2023 as a result of the ‘bucket game’ and refuses to manipulate where lead sources are coming from at his current shop.
“It’s a race to the bottom,” he said of the practice.
Over the past two months, HousingWire has interviewed more than a dozen loan officers, mortgage executives, attorneys and also reviewed several companies’ loan officer contracts and text messages between recruiters and prospects to shed light on the growing issue of pricing bucket manipulation, which critics say distorts market pricing and could represent a violation of fair lending laws.
It’s unknown how many retail lenders are engaged in the practice of falsifying lead sources to lower loan officer pay, but industry practitioners say it’s widespread, and in most cases, reclassifying leads into different pricing buckets before they lock is not permitted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s rules under Regulation Z.
It’s also unclear whether the CFPB is policing the practice; HousingWire could find no record of enforcement actions taken, and the agency’s audits are not public record.
Evolution of the LO Comp rule
In the wake of the housing crash in 2008, the CFPB created new rules that reshaped how loan officers were compensated. The architects of the new rules wanted to prevent loan officers from taking advantage of borrowers, which was a common occurrence in the days leading up to the Great Recession.
Under an updated Regulation Z, lenders could no longer pay loan officers differently based on terms of loans other than the amount of credit extended. In theory, this means loan officers provide the same service and pricing on loans, reducing the risk of steering.
“LOs also can’t get paid on proxies, and they define proxies to be pretty straightforward: some factor that correlates to terms over a significant number of transactions, and the LOs have the ability to change that factor,” said Troy Garris, co-managing partner at Garris Horn LLP.
But the CFPB did allow loan officers to be compensated differently based on lead sources, which do not fall under the category of terms or proxies and are neither a right or an obligation.
For example, when an existing customer calls the lender’s call center for a new mortgage or refinance, and the lender redirects the loan to the LO, “the LO gets paid less because it was sourced from the company, and it is less work for the LO,” said Colgate Selden, a founding member of the CFPB and an attorney at SeldenLindeke LLP. When it’s an outside lead, “the LOs generated the lead themselves; they are spending time marketing to new borrowers, so they get paid more.”
Attorneys told HousingWire that in the current marketplace, violations of LO Comp rules can arise when lenders and LOs alter compensation by changing the lead source after the initial contact with the borrower to lower their rate and secure the deals. Regulation Z generally does not allow LOs to change which lead source was used.
But, in today’s competitive market, “I do think there’s an incentive, especially on the LO side, to find ways to do something different – and probably also for companies to decide to take more risk,” said Garris. “We believe this is happening because people are frequently asking if there’s a rule change.”
How the ‘bucket game’ works
LOs who spoke to HousingWire said managers often told them they wouldn’t get pricing exceptions on deals, so if they wanted to gain an edge it would have to come out of their pay. Three loan officers at three different retail lenders described it as a feature of their lender’s business model.
“You feel out a prospective client during the initial conversation, get a sense of whether they know how everything works, if they’ve spoken to another lender, if they’re going to shop you, right? And you quote them the best possible rate you could give them that day, knowing that you’ll put them in a bucket just before lock,” said one Wisconsin-based LO. “It doesn’t really matter what you quote them in the initial conversation as long as you can get it below competitors around lock time…either through a pricing exception or the bucket [manipulation].”
One top-producing California-based loan officer said she was excited when a top 35 mortgage lender tried to recruit her with the promise of multiple pricing buckets. Having the buckets would provide her flexibility that her current lender didn’t offer, she thought at the time.
“What the [recruiting] company told me explicitly was the loan originator, when they go to lock the loan, they check a box – is it self, branch or corp gen? And you only get to check one box, but it’s the loan officer’s choosing, not the branch,” she said. “So the loan originator is choosing, not the branch that says I’m going to give you a lead and this is the comp for it. Not the corporate advertisement or online group that says you’re getting this lead from us and here’s documentation that it occurred and now you’re going to get less comp. It’s the ultimate in legalized fraud. Because it’s not true.”
These days, many lenders have pricing buckets for corporate-generated leads, branch leads, builder leads, marketing service agreement (MSAs) leads, internet leads from aggregators and more. In and of itself, it’s legal, provided the lead really did come from the source and it’s diligently tracked by the lender.
Loan officers and mortgage executives interviewed by HousingWire said some lenders justify the practice of manipulating the buckets by telling LOs it’s legal and they’ve been audited by the CFPB, which has not found any wrongdoing. Several executives accused of the practice declined to comment on the record about pricing bucket manipulation, though they all said they track leads as required and are in full compliance with the law.
Selden, the former CFPB attorney, said that LOs are telling borrowers who complain about high mortgage rates that companies are “running a special offer.” Borrowers are directed to the company’s website, where, by indicating the LO name, they supposedly qualify for a special deal with a lower rate. In reality, at lenders without adequate controls to prevent lead source manipulation, this shifts the source from self-generated to an in-house lead.
LOs interviewed by HousingWire said that in some cases they would be able to change the lead referral source themselves, and in other cases they’d need a manager to alter the lead source in the loan origination system.
While many instances of price bucket manipulation were directed by managers, LOs would also self-select, said Mike.
“Most of the time you don’t have a loan estimate from a competitor, you’re just afraid that you’re going to lose it because you’re so embarrassed about the rate. And that’s why a lot of my comrades… were going to the corporate-generated lead bucket before they even confirmed that they had to. Partly because you wanted to lead with your best price.”
Steve vonBerg, an attorney at law firm Orrick in Washington, D.C., worked as a loan officer and underwriter for seven years. He emphasized the potential trouble for lenders and LOs inaccurately classifying the lead source.
“Often, a [CFPB] examiner would see if the lead channel changed later in the process. That could be legitimate: the borrower starts working with an LO, and it’s a self-sourced lead for that LO, but then decides to buy a home in a different state in the middle of the process; the second LO that it has to be transferred to has now an internal-company referral, and so the lead source would legitimately change,” vonBerg said. “But, if there isn’t a legitimate reason for the lead source changing midstream, that would be fairly easy for an examiner to identify.”
“It’s wrong”
Victor Ciardelli is frustrated by the bucket game. Deeply frustrated. The Guaranteed Rate founder and CEO says he is losing money and loan officers to rivals because of a business practice that he says is flagrantly illegal, pervasive, and does not appear to be slowing down anytime soon.
Some rival retail lenders, he says, are creating up to a dozen pricing buckets for their loan officers. The tiered nature of the bucket comp structure in many cases — self generated being the highest at up to 150 bps, 100 bps for another ‘bucket,’ 80 bps for another, down to 60 bps, 40 bps and sometimes all the way to zero — proves that it is a deliberate business strategy, he said.
“It wasn’t intended that the loan officer at the time that they’re talking to the consumer and quoting them a rate, that the loan officer can put the consumer in any bucket they want,” he said in an interview with HousingWire. “But that is exactly what’s happening. What’s exactly happening is the fact that there’s all these different pricing buckets for a lot of these different companies out there. And that the loan officer is allowed to go in and offer the consumer whatever rate based on what the loan officer wants.”
He argued that LOs are maximizing their personal income per borrower.
“It’s no different than what happened prior to Dodd-Frank, where it was the wild, wild West and people were playing games with customers on rates and fees,” said Ciardelli. “It’s the same thing today. There’s no difference except the fact that there’s a law in place that tells the mortgage company and the individual loan officer. And the loan officers know that they’re violating the law. It’s greed.”
Ciardelli says the rival CEOs — he declined to name individuals and said it’s an industry-wide problem — are establishing these buckets and know “full well that the bucket is put in place in order to lie about where the lead source is coming from.”
They have an obligation to know where the leads are coming from, that the loan officers are putting them in the appropriate bucket and that they are being tracked, he said.
“The loan officer may take a hit on that loan, and may make less on that loan, but the company themselves doesn’t take the hit, their margin stays the same. So the company CEO is happy, because they’re like, ‘I’m giving my loan officers all this flexibility to go out and be competitive and win deals. And they’re going to win more deals than anybody else out there, because they’re going to be able to slot the individual borrower into these different lead channels. So the individual CEO is making all the money. They’re the ones killing it.”
Ciardelli says he asked about the bucket pricing game and attorneys all told him no, it’s not legal, he said.
“I’ll play by whatever the law is…But when the rules are set up to be a certain way and people are not following the rules, then that’s a problem.”
Two other executives at large retail lenders also said they’ve lost loan officers to competitors who are sanctioning, if not directing, the manipulation of pricing buckets.
“The LOs get told this is legal, it’s just pricing flexibility so they can compete, and they have a compliance team that monitors it,” said one executive at a regional lender in the South. “Obviously that’s not true… What’s happening is they [the lenders] are pricing high and basically forcing the LOs to cut from say 150 [basis points down to 50 [basis points] on some loans because otherwise they just won’t do enough business. It’s a feature, not a bug, as they say. We asked our attorneys if we could do this and they told us absolutely not.”
The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) is aware of the issue. The organization asked an outside attorney from Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP to study the permissibility of the practice. In a letter sent to members in February 2023, Orrick advised MBA members that changing the lead source of a loan after beginning work on the application in order to make a competitive pricing concession “is not permissible.”
The letter has had little meaningful impact, sources told HousingWire. If anything, the practice has increased over the last year.
Fair lending concerns
Another repercussion in the market is that savvy borrowers gain access to lower rates when lead sources are manipulated. Less educated applicants could be quoted higher rates for the same loan, raising concerns about fair lending practices.
But this argument prompts a broader discussion on the efficacy of the LO comp rule, with divergent opinions on the matter.
“I used to be an MLO for seven years. I was in the industry in the 2000s until it melted down, and then I ended up going to law school because I had lost my job. I originated hundreds of loans myself, and personally, I think overall the rule is a good rule,” vonBerg said.
vonBerg elaborated: “Under the old regime, LOs were not incentivized to offer their consumers the best loan and best pricing for them. They were incentivized to give them the loans and pricing where they would make more money. Although it has some issues that should be corrected, I think the LO comp rule makes a lot of sense, in that it removes a gigantic conflict of interest.”
Not everyone shares this viewpoint.
“The LO comp rulewas designed to prevent steering to high-cost loans. And really, those things don’t exist anymore. We can’t put borrowers in homes that they can’t afford,” said Brian Levy, Of Counsel at Katten and Temple, LLP.
According to Levy, the rule creates “a tremendous amount of anxiety for the mortgage lending industry that doesn’t benefit consumers in any meaningful way.”
“The industry is frustrated. They’re unable to easily reduce prices. For example, in the past, before the rule was around, LOs were able to take less as a commission, just like any other salesperson – a car salesperson – to make the deal work. That’s illegal now for loan officers. The mortgage company can make that decision [of lowering their margins and reducing rate], but the loan officer cannot.”
Levy noted that some consider the LO comp rule to be a de facto fair lending rule.
“But we already have fair lending rules. The idea that if the loan officer is discounting their fees, they would end up discounting on a discriminatory basis would already be problematic under existing law, so you don’t need the LO comp rule to make that illegal. It’s already illegal to discriminate in pricing. That said, it’s not illegal for people to negotiate just like you can negotiate a car price.”
The CFPB has also taken issue with other forms of pricing concessions over the last year. In the summer of 2022, the agency reported that pricing exceptions, in which the lender offers a discount, had harmed protected classes, who were less likely to be offered discounts.
Where’s the CFPB?
Multiple sources said the CFPB audits about 20% of mortgage lenders per year, and because of the prevalence of this practice, would undoubtedly have come across lead bucket pricing manipulation by now.
Why there hasn’t been any enforcement to date or whether there’s a future enforcement action is just on the horizon is hard to know.
The CFPB, which is undertaking a broad review of the LO Comp rule, declined to make anyone available to speak on the issue.
“We cannot comment on any ongoing enforcement or supervision matters,” said Raul Cisneros, a Bureau spokesperson. “Those who witness potential industry misconduct should consider reporting it by going here. Additionally, we always welcome stakeholder feedback on any of our rules, including the loan officer compensation rules.”
In early 2023, the CFPB initiated a review of Regulation Z‘s mortgage loan originator rules, which include certain provisions regarding compensation. However, industry experts do not foresee substantial changes or anticipate the CFPB addressing the issue of lead source manipulation.
“In fact, there haven’t been a lot of public enforcement actions by the CFPB in several years [on the LO comp rule]. But having said that, we used to complain that the CFPB was participating in regulation by enforcement, and now they seem to be regulating by supervisory highlights,” Kris Kully, a law firm Mayer Brown partner, said.
The CFPB’s latest move regarding the LO Comp Rule was to issue a supervisory highlight in the summer stating that compensating an LO differently based on whether a loan product was originated in-house or brokered to an outside lender is prohibited.
Industry practitioners said the lack of enforcement from regulators has allowed the pricing bucket manipulation practice to flourish, creating an uneven playing field.
“You have all these companies that all of a sudden are starting to get a free pass,” Ciardelli said. “They’re like, ‘I’m not having any audits. I’m not having anybody come and say anything to me. I mean, nothing’s really happening. I’m pretty much unscathed here.’ And year after year goes by, there’s no auditors, there’s no issues. And then they start to move the needle on how they’re running their business and decisions they’re making. And they have less fear of the government, less fear of the existing rules that are in place, because the rules that were set up are not being enforced.”
Another mortgage executive speculated that the pricing bucket games will come to an end not because of CFPB enforcement, but because loan officers and executives will battle it out in court.
“I’ve got calls from loan officers who feel like they’ve been pushed into a lower commission scale than they thought they were going to get to start with,” he said. “I hired somebody from a well-known lender. When they hired her, they told her, ‘Hey, these are what the rates are and this is what the commission is.’ When she got over there, the rates they were quoting were the lead-based rates, not the hundred-based points they were promising her… I don’t think the enforcement will come from the CFPB. I think it’ll come from some type of lawsuit like that.”
The lasting impact of LOs cutting their comp to win clients and close deals won’t be clear until mortgage rates meaningfully fall for a sustained period.
But many fear that the genie can’t be put back in the bottle.
“We’ve done this so much that they’ve built it into their pricing,” said Mike, the loan officer in North Carolina. “They are pricing things higher, assuming that we’re going to cut our pay, and protect their margins. So to me that’s the bigger issue for us selfishly, is we start doing that, and it’s going to become the norm. The pricing system and everything is going to assume that we’ll do that.”
He mused that RESPA guidelines prohibit an LO from buying a Realtor partner a Big Mac after a closing but lying about a lead source is not policed.
“Personally being an LO, the biggest issue to me is, they’re screwing with us and just… That’s how all these shops are finding a lifeline to keep their doors open. ‘We don’t have to pay them 100 bps, we can just pay them 50, and they’ll take it on the chin.’ And it’s like, yeah, we’ll take it on the chin. Many of us are using the heck out of our credit cards right now to survive. It’s not cool.”
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Flagstar Bancorp reported a fourth quarter net loss of $30.1 million, or 50 cents per share, compared to net earnings of $6.9 million, or 11 cents per share during the same period a year ago.
For all of 2007, the Michigan-based bank and mortgage lender lost $39.2 million, or 64 cents a share, compared to earnings of $75.2 million, or $1.17 per share in 2006.
The losses were attributed to weaker gains on sales of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”), rising credit costs, and an impairment in the value of its securities available for sale portfolio and its trading portfolio.
Fourth quarter loan production was $6.7 billion, up from $5.4 billion during the fourth quarter of 2006, pushing full year production to $26.7 billion, an increase of 32.2 percent from $20.2 billion in 2006.
Flagstar increased its allowance for loan losses to $104.0 million, or 1.28 percent of loans held for investment, up from $45.8 million, or 0.51 percent of loans held for investment, as of December 31, 2006.
Net charge-offs of loans increased to $12.2 million during the fourth quarter, up from $5.2 million during the same period a year ago, while non-performing loans increased to $197.1 million, up markedly from $57.1 million as of December 31, 2006.
As of the end of the year, subprime loans made up approximately one percent of total assets at the bank.
Single-family residential first mortgage loans held for investment had an average Fico score of 719 and an average original loan-to-value ratio of 73.4%.
During the conference call, the bank said it will only originate home loans that can be sold to the GSEs or the FHA, and warned that it may suspend its dividend in an effort to conserve cash until the mortgage mess eases.
Despite that, the bank said yesterday it was re-launching its jumbo loan program that was temporarily halted after Aurora shut down shop.
In related news, Moody’s Investors Service downgraded the long-term deposit rating for Flagstar Bank to the lowest investment grade of “Baa3” from “Baa2” because of ongoing deterioration in the residential and commercial mortgage markets.
Moody’s said it held a negative outlook on the bank, noting that further delinquencies and defaults are likely to increase credit costs for Flagstar and strain earnings.
Shares of Flagstar were down $1.07, or 12.88 percent, to $7.24 in early afternoon trading on Wall Street.
For a third day, average mortgage rates barely moved yesterday. But that’s good because it means last week’s big falls remain effectively uneroded.
First thing, it was again looking as if mortgage rates today might fall, perhaps modestly or moderately. However, that could change as the hours pass.
Current mortgage and refinance rates
Find your lowest rate. Start here
Program
Mortgage Rate
APR*
Change
Conventional 30-year fixed
7.125%
7.14%
-0.075
Conventional 15-year fixed
6.385%
6.415%
-0.1
Conventional 20-year fixed
6.975%
7%
-0.045
Conventional 10-year fixed
6.12%
6.145%
-0.065
30-year fixed FHA
5.98%
6.88%
-0.095
30-year fixed VA
6.165%
6.315%
-0.13
5/1 ARM Conventional
6.425%
7.675%
-0.035
Rates are provided by our partner network, and may not reflect the market. Your rate might be different. Click here for a personalized rate quote. See our rate assumptions See our rate assumptions here.
Should you lock your mortgage rate today?
Every day that passes makes a corrective bounce (when mortgage rates rise as markets think they’ve got carried away) less likely. And it reinforces my hope that those rates are in a downward trend that could last well into next year.
So, my personal rate lock recommendations are:
LOCK if closing in 7 days
FLOAT if closing in 15 days
FLOAT if closing in 30 days
FLOAT if closing in 45 days
FLOATif closing in 60days
However, with so much uncertainty at the moment, your instincts could easily turn out to be as good as mine — or better. So let your gut and your own tolerance for risk help guide you.
>Related: 7 Tips to get the best refinance rate
Market data affecting today’s mortgage rates
Here’s a snapshot of the state of play this morning at about 9:50 a.m. (ET). The data are mostly compared with roughly the same time the business day before, so much of the movement will often have happened in the previous session. The numbers are:
The yield on 10-year Treasury notes edged lower to 3.90% from 3.92%. (Good for mortgage rates.) More than any other market, mortgage rates typically tend to follow these particular Treasury bond yields
Major stock indexes were mostly falling this morning. (Good for mortgage rates.) When investors buy shares, they’re often selling bonds, which pushes those prices down and increases yields and mortgage rates. The opposite may happen when indexes are lower. But this is an imperfect relationship
Oil prices climbed to $75.14 from $73.12 a barrel. (Bad for mortgage rates*.) Energy prices play a prominent role in creating inflation and also point to future economic activity
Goldprices held steady at $2,049 an ounce. (Neutral for mortgage rates*.) It is generally better for rates when gold prices rise and worse when they fall. Gold tends to rise when investors worry about the economy.
CNN Business Fear & Greed index — ticked down to 77 from 78. (Good for mortgage rates.) “Greedy” investors push bond prices down (and interest rates up) as they leave the bond market and move into stocks, while “fearful” investors do the opposite. So lower readings are often better than higher ones
*A movement of less than $20 on gold prices or 40 cents on oil ones is a change of 1% or less. So we only count meaningful differences as good or bad for mortgage rates.
Caveats about markets and rates
Before the pandemic, post-pandemic upheavals, and war in Ukraine, you could look at the above figures and make a pretty good guess about what would happen to mortgage rates that day. But that’s no longer the case. We still make daily calls. And are usually right. But our record for accuracy won’t achieve its former high levels until things settle down.
So, use markets only as a rough guide. Because they have to be exceptionally strong or weak to rely on them. But, with that caveat, mortgage rates today look likely to decrease. However, be aware that “intraday swings” (when rates change speed or direction during the day) are a common feature right now.
Find your lowest rate. Start here
What’s driving mortgage rates today?
The Federal Reserve
This morning’s Wall Street Journal (paywall) observed: “After their policy meeting last week, Fed officials released projections of at least three rate cuts [in general interest rates] next year. They have since been flummoxed that investors expect even faster and deeper cuts. The result: Confusion over when and how quickly the Fed might cut as the central bank tries to bring inflation down without a painful recession.”
This could turn into a real issue that could push mortgage rates higher, probably in the new year. Wall Street has a long and inglorious record of hearing what it wants the Fed to say rather than what the Fed actually says. And we’ve seen quite recently examples of sharp rises in mortgage rates when markets’ wishful thinking collides with reality.
Still, last week’s Fed meeting did deliver genuinely good news. And, even if mortgage rates rise when investors face the cold light of dawning reality, I’m optimistic that we’ll keep at least most of the recent gains. Just be aware that the path to lower mortgage rates is unlikely to be smooth.
Today
This morning’s economic reports cover existing home sales in November and consumer confidence in December. They’re both published too late for me to assess their likely impact on markets and mortgage rates.
They could push mortgage rates a little higher or lower, but they rarely move them far or for long.
Tomorrow
Tomorrow brings gross domestic product (GDP) figures for the third quarter of this year. This will be the third and final estimate for this number.
The second estimate put GDP growth at 5.2%, up from 2.1% in the second quarter. MarketWatch says that market expectations for tomorrow’s figure have recently been slightly scaled down to 5.1%.
If the actual number tomorrow is lower than 5.1%, that could drag mortgage rates lower. But, if it’s higher, that could push those rates upward.
Friday
We’re due November’s personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index on Friday. Markets might get nervous if that shows inflation rising more than expected because that could destroy the Fed’s new-found optimism.
More on what to expect from the PCE report tomorrow.
Don’t forget you can always learn more about what’s driving mortgage rates in the most recent weekend edition of this daily report. These provide a more detailed analysis of what’s happening. They are published each Saturday morning soon after 10 a.m. (ET) and include a preview of the following week.
Recent trends
According to Freddie Mac’s archives, the weekly all-time low for mortgage rates was set on Jan. 7, 2021, when it stood at 2.65% for conventional, 30-year, fixed-rate mortgages.
Freddie’s Dec. 14 report put that same weekly average at 6.95%, down from the previous week’s 7.03%. Freddie’s data are almost always out of date by the time it announces its weekly figures.
Expert forecasts for mortgage rates
Looking further ahead, Fannie Mae and the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) each has a team of economists dedicated to monitoring and forecasting what will happen to the economy, the housing sector and mortgage rates.
And here are their rate forecasts for the current quarter (Q4/23) and the following three quarters (Q1/24, Q2/24 and Q3/24).
The numbers in the table below are for 30-year, fixed-rate mortgages. Fannie’s were updated on Dec. 19 and the MBA’s on Dec. 13.
Forecaster
Q4/23
Q1/24
Q2/24
Q3/24
Fannie Mae
7.4%
7.0%
6.8%
6.6%
MBA
7.4%
7.0%
6.6%
6.3%
Of course, given so many unknowables, both these forecasts might be even more speculative than usual. And their past record for accuracy hasn’t been wildly impressive.
Important notes on today’s mortgage rates
Here are some things you need to know:
Typically, mortgage rates go up when the economy’s doing well and down when it’s in trouble. But there are exceptions. Read ‘How mortgage rates are determined and why you should care’
Only “top-tier” borrowers (with stellar credit scores, big down payments, and very healthy finances) get the ultralow mortgage rates you’ll see advertised
Lenders vary. Yours may or may not follow the crowd when it comes to daily rate movements — though they all usually follow the broader trend over time
When daily rate changes are small, some lenders will adjust closing costs and leave their rate cards the same
Refinance rates are typically close to those for purchases.
A lot is going on at the moment. And nobody can claim to know with certainty what will happen to mortgage rates in the coming hours, days, weeks or months.
Find your lowest mortgage rate today
You should comparison shop widely, no matter what sort of mortgage you want. Federal regulator the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau found in May 2023:
“Mortgage borrowers are paying around $100 a month more depending on which lender they choose, for the same type of loan and the same consumer characteristics (such as credit score and down payment).”
In other words, over the lifetime of a 30-year loan, homebuyers who don’t bother to get quotes from multiple lenders risk losing an average of $36,000. What could you do with that sort of money?
Verify your new rate
Mortgage rate methodology
The Mortgage Reports receives rates based on selected criteria from multiple lending partners each day. We arrive at an average rate and APR for each loan type to display in our chart. Because we average an array of rates, it gives you a better idea of what you might find in the marketplace. Furthermore, we average rates for the same loan types. For example, FHA fixed with FHA fixed. The end result is a good snapshot of daily rates and how they change over time.
How your mortgage interest rate is determined
Mortgage and refinance rates vary a lot depending on each borrower’s unique situation.
Factors that determine your mortgage interest rate include:
Overall strength of the economy — A strong economy usually means higher rates, while a weaker one can push current mortgage rates down to promote borrowing
Lender capacity — When a lender is very busy, it will increase rates to deter new business and give its loan officers some breathing room
Property type (condo, single-family, town house, etc.) — A primary residence, meaning a home you plan to live in full time, will have a lower interest rate. Investment properties, second homes, and vacation homes have higher mortgage rates
Loan-to-value ratio (determined by your down payment) — Your loan-to-value ratio (LTV) compares your loan amount to the value of the home. A lower LTV, meaning a bigger down payment, gets you a lower mortgage rate
Debt-To-Income ratio — This number compares your total monthly debts to your pretax income. The more debt you currently have, the less room you’ll have in your budget for a mortgage payment
Loan term — Loans with a shorter term (like a 15-year mortgage) typically have lower rates than a 30-year loan term
Borrower’s credit score — Typically the higher your credit score is, the lower your mortgage rate, and vice versa
Mortgage discount points — Borrowers have the option to buy discount points or ‘mortgage points’ at closing. These let you pay money upfront to lower your interest rate
Remember, every mortgage lender weighs these factors a little differently.
To find the best rate for your situation, you’ll want to get personalized estimates from a few different lenders.
Verify your new rate. Start here
Are refinance rates the same as mortgage rates?
Rates for a home purchase and mortgage refinance are often similar.
However, some lenders will charge more for a refinance under certain circumstances.
Typically when rates fall, homeowners rush to refinance. They see an opportunity to lock in a lower rate and payment for the rest of their loan.
This creates a tidal wave of new work for mortgage lenders.
Unfortunately, some lenders don’t have the capacity or crew to process a large number of refinance loan applications.
In this case, a lender might raise its rates to deter new business and give loan officers time to process loans currently in the pipeline.
Also, cashing out equity can result in a higher rate when refinancing.
Cash-out refinances pose a greater risk for mortgage lenders, so they’re often priced higher than new home purchases and rate-term refinances.
Check your refinance rates today. Start here
How to get the lowest mortgage or refinance rate
Since rates can vary, always shop around when buying a house or refinancing a mortgage.
Comparison shopping can potentially save thousands, even tens of thousands of dollars over the life of your loan.
Here are a few tips to keep in mind:
1. Get multiple quotes
Many borrowers make the mistake of accepting the first mortgage or refinance offer they receive.
Some simply go with the bank they use for checking and savings since that can seem easiest.
However, your bank might not offer the best mortgage deal for you. And if you’re refinancing, your financial situation may have changed enough that your current lender is no longer your best bet.
So get multiple quotes from at least three different lenders to find the right one for you.
2. Compare Loan Estimates
When shopping for a mortgage or refinance, lenders will provide a Loan Estimate that breaks down important costs associated with the loan.
You’ll want to read these Loan Estimates carefully and compare costs and fees line-by-line, including:
Interest rate
Annual percentage rate (APR)
Monthly mortgage payment
Loan origination fees
Rate lock fees
Closing costs
Remember, the lowest interest rate isn’t always the best deal.
Annual percentage rate (APR) can help you compare the ‘real’ cost of two loans. It estimates your total yearly cost including interest and fees.
Also, pay close attention to your closing costs.
Some lenders may bring their rates down by charging more upfront via discount points. These can add thousands to your out-of-pocket costs.
3. Negotiate your mortgage rate
You can also negotiate your mortgage rate to get a better deal.
Let’s say you get loan estimates from two lenders. Lender A offers the better rate, but you prefer your loan terms from Lender B. Talk to Lender B and see if they can beat the former’s pricing.
You might be surprised to find that a lender is willing to give you a lower interest rate in order to keep your business.
And if they’re not, keep shopping — there’s a good chance someone will.
Fixed-rate mortgage vs. adjustable-rate mortgage: Which is right for you?
Mortgage borrowers can choose between a fixed-rate mortgage and an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM).
Fixed-rate mortgages (FRMs) have interest rates that never change unless you decide to refinance. This results in predictable monthly payments and stability over the life of your loan.
Adjustable-rate loans have a low interest rate that’s fixed for a set number of years (typically five or seven). After the initial fixed-rate period, the interest rate adjusts every year based on market conditions.
With each rate adjustment, a borrower’s mortgage rate can either increase, decrease, or stay the same. These loans are unpredictable since monthly payments can change each year.
Adjustable-rate mortgages are fitting for borrowers who expect to move before their first rate adjustment, or who can afford a higher future payment.
In most other cases, a fixed-rate mortgage is typically the safer and better choice.
Remember, if rates drop sharply, you are free to refinance and lock in a lower rate and payment later on.
How your credit score affects your mortgage rate
You don’t need a high credit score to qualify for a home purchase or refinance, but your credit score will affect your rate.
This is because credit history determines risk level.
Historically speaking, borrowers with higher credit scores are less likely to default on their mortgages, so they qualify for lower rates.
For the best rate, aim for a credit score of 720 or higher.
Mortgage programs that don’t require a high score include:
Conventional home loans — minimum 620 credit score
FHA loans — minimum 500 credit score (with a 10% down payment) or 580 (with a 3.5% down payment)
VA loans — no minimum credit score, but 620 is common
USDA loans — minimum 640 credit score
Ideally, you want to check your credit report and score at least 6 months before applying for a mortgage. This gives you time to sort out any errors and make sure your score is as high as possible.
If you’re ready to apply now, it’s still worth checking so you have a good idea of what loan programs you might qualify for and how your score will affect your rate.
You can get your credit report from AnnualCreditReport.com and your score from MyFico.com.
How big of a down payment do I need?
Nowadays, mortgage programs don’t require the conventional 20 percent down.
In fact, first-time home buyers put only 6 percent down on average.
Down payment minimums vary depending on the loan program. For example:
Conventional home loans require a down payment between 3% and 5%
FHA loans require 3.5% down
VA and USDA loans allow zero down payment
Jumbo loans typically require at least 5% to 10% down
Keep in mind, a higher down payment reduces your risk as a borrower and helps you negotiate a better mortgage rate.
If you are able to make a 20 percent down payment, you can avoid paying for mortgage insurance.
This is an added cost paid by the borrower, which protects their lender in case of default or foreclosure.
But a big down payment is not required.
For many people, it makes sense to make a smaller down payment in order to buy a house sooner and start building home equity.
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Choosing the right type of home loan
No two mortgage loans are alike, so it’s important to know your options and choose the right type of mortgage.
The five main types of mortgages include:
Fixed-rate mortgage (FRM)
Your interest rate remains the same over the life of the loan. This is a good option for borrowers who expect to live in their homes long-term.
The most popular loan option is the 30-year mortgage, but 15- and 20-year terms are also commonly available.
Adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM)
Adjustable-rate loans have a fixed interest rate for the first few years. Then, your mortgage rate resets every year.
Your rate and payment can rise or fall annually depending on how the broader interest rate trends.
ARMs are ideal for borrowers who expect to move prior to their first rate adjustment (usually in 5 or 7 years).
For those who plan to stay in their home long-term, a fixed-rate mortgage is typically recommended.
Jumbo mortgage
A jumbo loan is a mortgage that exceeds the conforming loan limit set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
In 2023, the conforming loan limit is $726,200 in most areas.
Jumbo loans are perfect for borrowers who need a larger loan to purchase a high-priced property, especially in big cities with high real estate values.
FHA mortgage
A government loan backed by the Federal Housing Administration for low- to moderate-income borrowers. FHA loans feature low credit score and down payment requirements.
VA mortgage
A government loan backed by the Department of Veterans Affairs. To be eligible, you must be active-duty military, a veteran, a Reservist or National Guard service member, or an eligible spouse.
VA loans allow no down payment and have exceptionally low mortgage rates.
USDA mortgage
USDA loans are a government program backed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. They offer a no-down-payment solution for borrowers who purchase real estate in an eligible rural area. To qualify, your income must be at or below the local median.
Bank statement loan
Borrowers can qualify for a mortgage without tax returns, using their personal or business bank account. This is an option for self-employed or seasonally-employed borrowers.
Portfolio/Non-QM loan
These are mortgages that lenders don’t sell on the secondary mortgage market. This gives lenders the flexibility to set their own guidelines.
Non-QM loans may have lower credit score requirements, or offer low-down-payment options without mortgage insurance.
Choosing the right mortgage lender
The lender or loan program that’s right for one person might not be right for another.
Explore your options and then pick a loan based on your credit score, down payment, and financial goals, as well as local home prices.
Whether you’re getting a mortgage for a home purchase or a refinance, always shop around and compare rates and terms.
Typically, it only takes a few hours to get quotes from multiple lenders — and it could save you thousands in the long run.
Time to make a move? Let us find the right mortgage for you
Current mortgage rates methodology
We receive current mortgage rates each day from a network of mortgage lenders that offer home purchase and refinance loans. Mortgage rates shown here are based on sample borrower profiles that vary by loan type. See our full loan assumptions here.
There are many changes you can make to reduce the environmental impact your home and your daily life has on the planet. Even simple adjustments like using green cleaning products, finding ways to reuse your kitchen scraps, or locking your windows shut, can lead to less waste and energy savings. Whether you just bought a house in Miami, Los Angeles, or anywhere in between, here are some great ways to save energy, reduce your carbon footprint, and save money all from the comfort of your own home.
Reconsider your grocery shopping habits
To reduce waste and save energy at home, adopt eco-friendly grocery shopping habits.
“Subscribing to a milk delivery service with reusable glass bottles, reusing bags at a bulk grocery store, and selecting glass or metal packaging can make a tremendous difference in reducing our consumption of plastics,” says Lyons, CO-based BrightHeart Decor.
These simple adjustments in your grocery shopping routine can make a significant difference in promoting sustainability at home.
Save energy with LED lighting
In addition to upgrading the look of your home’s interior, changing up the lighting can make your home more efficient. LED bulbs are much more energy-efficient than other alternatives, and incorporating them throughout your home is an easy way to conserve energy.
“The easiest DIY way to save energy is to install LED lighting and click the thermostat one to two degrees up or down,” according to Edge Energy “Another way to conserve energy is to get an energy audit and do basic installations of any cost-effective retrofits.”
Reduce your household’s consumption of water
A common area of waste in many households is water usage. The average US household consumes over 300 gallons of water per day, and much of this is unnecessary. If you’re looking for ways to save water, simply being mindful of when the water is running unnecessarily can go a long way.
“Try cutting down on your daily water usage at home by saving six liters of water a minute by turning off your tap while you brush your teeth,” suggests Bamboodu, an online store that specializes in eco-friendly products. “Use natural biodegradable cleaning products that don’t contain chemicals, and install taps and showers with automatic shut-off.”
Use smart home technology to save energy and avoid expensive repairs
We all know that technology has made our lives easier, but it can also save money by reducing energy waste. Sensors on home appliances can not only prevent food and energy waste, but also alert homeowners to potential issues that could prove costly if missed.
“Smart homes enable homeowners to save energy and money by automatically regulating lights and thermostats using geofencing and motion sensor technology,” says Agile Home Automation. “Leak detectors can notify homeowners of problems before they become costly repair situations. Freezer and refrigerator sensors can notify homeowners if a door is not closed properly, or if the unit is beginning to fail before the food is ruined.”
“Using automation for lighting, temperature control, and window coverings is the most cost-effective way to reduce waste, and manage and save energy use in your home,” adds Brad Smith, president of Audio Video Design. “Today’s products sync with circadian rhythms and the astronomical clock for personal and precise customization.”
Be friendly to the environment (and your pocket) by going solar
With recent improvements in solar technology, saving money on electricity with solar panels is easier than it’s ever been. Take advantage of clean energy and save yourself some money in the process.
“Homeowners can install solar on their roof or property and pay no more than they were paying for electricity before, and hedge against rising electric costs while making the planet a cleaner place to live,” says Madison, NJ -based Green House Solar. “Not only will solar save energy, but it will also increase the resale value of your home.”
“Homeowners can save energy and get a greater return on investment by pairing their solar system with a smart home system,” adds Freedom Forever, a Temecula, CA-based company that combines solar and smart technology. “These systems enable homeowners to schedule when appliances consume electricity, allowing you to use more of your solar power and send less to the grid.
Find ways to save and reuse your produce
A great way to prevent food waste is by getting the most out of your produce scraps. Get more out of your veggies by using the scraps for a homemade vegetable broth.
“To make the most of your produce, save your vegetable scraps,” says blogger Nutti Nelli. “Once you fill up a half-gallon of scraps, bring five cups of water to a boil and add your veggie scraps, one teaspoon of salt, and one teaspoon of black pepper, and simmer for one hour. Drain the scraps, and now you have four cups of vegetable broth to use for cooking, soups, curries, or stews.”
Think twice about the cleaning products you’re using
When it comes to eco-friendly cleaning products, the first thing that probably comes to mind is biodegradable products. While these are great, you can go a step further by eliminating plastic packaging entirely.
“Save space and eliminate plastic from your cleaning routine when you use USDA certified biobased products,” says Beyond Clean Products, a company that specializes in eco-friendly cleaning products. “Consider incorporating detergent sheets and auto dish tabs that are 100 percent plastic-free.”
Keep windows locked to avoid any air leaks
Whether you’re running the AC during the summer or heating your home in the chilly winter months, the last thing you want is to run up your bill because of air leaks. Locking your windows not only secures your home, but also the air inside it.
“Keep your windows locked to save energy in your home, says Home Energy Saving Solutions. “The lock is not only for security, but it also keeps the window close-packed and creates a seal along the weather-stripping of the window. An unlocked window is an open window.”
Recycle your leftover household paint
If you’ve got leftover paint lying around after a recent home project, you may be wondering how exactly you’re supposed to get rid of it. Product Care Recycling cautions against simply throwing old paint in the trash.
“A fresh coat of paint can give your home new life,” they say. “However, leftover paint, like other hazardous household products, does not belong in the trash. It should be recycled to avoid contaminating our soil and water sources and to divert landfill waste.”
Enrich your soil and decrease landfill waste
Whether you already have a home garden or just want to help the environment, composting is a great way to get the most out of your food waste. The planet will appreciate it and so will your plants.
“Composting is one of the most impactful actions you can take to both reduce household waste heading to landfills and create an ultra-nourishing natural resource that your garden will love,” says Sustainable Jungle, a website that shares sustainability tips and tricks. “Some cities even offer discounts on composters to help encourage this community supporting activity.”
Use dimmable indoor lighting
Home lighting is another area where energy waste can take place. Since most light bulbs operate at full capacity when turned on, you may end up using more energy than you need to keep your home lit, especially during the day. Dimmable lights give your home a more natural glow, saving energy in the process.
“One of the most effective ways to reduce your electricity bill is to install a lighting control system or smart lighting,” says TSP Smart Spaces. “We’re all used to running our lights at 100 percent, but the reality is that not only do we not need to use 100 percent of the energy of a bulb all the time. Dimmable LEDs create a much more enjoyable living experience, and natural lighting that costs 20 to 50 percent less to run compared to regular switches.”