The jobs figures were bolstered by the return of striking auto and film industry workers, and indicated that the economy continues to operate at a brisk clip despite Federal Reserve interest rate hikes. Health care saw a strong jobs uptick in November, adding 77,000, while government (49,000), manufacturing (28,000), and leisure and hospitality (40,000) also … [Read more…]
Federal Reserve left its key short-term interest rate unchanged again Wednesday, hinted that rate hikes are likely over and forecast three cuts next year amid falling inflation and a cooling economy.
That’s more rate cuts than many economists expected.
The decision leaves the Fed’s benchmark short-term rate at a 22-year high of 5.25% to 5.5% following a flurry of rate increases aimed at subduing the nation’s sharpest inflation spike in four decades. The central bank has now held its key rate steady for three straight meetings since July.
That provides another reprieve for consumers who have faced higher borrowing costs for credit cards, adjustable-rate mortgages and other loans as a result of the Fed’s moves. Yet Americans, especially seniors, are finally reaping healthy bank savings yields after years of paltry returns.
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Will the Fed raise interest rates again?
The central bank didn’t rule out another rate increase as it downgraded its economic outlook for next year while lowering its inflation forecast. In a statement after a two-day meeting, it repeated that it would assess the economy and financial developments, among other factors, to determine “the extent of any additional (rate hikes) that may be appropriate to return inflation to 2% over time.”
Fed Chair Jerome Powell said at a news conference, noting the Fed’s key rate is “at or near its peak.”
while the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at a record high after rising 1.4% following the Fed’s signals that it’s probably done lifting rates and is forecasting three cuts next year. The 10-year Treasury was down to about 4% from 4.21% on Tuesday.
Last month, Powell said high Treasury yields, if persistent, likely would constrain the economy and require fewer Fed rate increases,
In its statement Wednesday, however, the central bank didn’t acknowledge the recent decline in Treasury yields, suggesting yields are still relatively high and could spike again, crimping the economy.
“Tighter financial and credit conditions for households and businesses are likely to weigh on economic activity, hiring and inflation,” the Fed said, repeating the language of its previous statement.
Is inflation really slowing down?
The Fed’s middle-ground approach may have been cemented Tuesday by a mixed report on the consumer price index. The good news was that overall inflation barely budged in November amid falling gasoline prices, pushing down annual price gains to 3.1% from 3.2%, still well above the Fed’s 2% goal.
The Federal Reserve System is the U.S.’s central bank.
When does the Fed meet again?
The first Federal Reserve meeting of the new year will be from Jan. 30 through 31.
Federal reserve calendar
Jan. 30-31
March 19-20
April 30- May 1
June 11-12
July 30-31
Sept. 17-18
Nov. 6-7
Dec. 17-18
The U.S. economy was strong in the third quarter as consumers continued to spend despite high interest rates and inflation.
The value of all services and products generated in the U.S., or GDP, rose at a seasonally adjusted 4.9% for the year in the months spanning July to September, according to the Commerce Department. That was more than twice the 2.1% increase in the previous quarter and the most aggressive pace of growth since the end of 2021 when the economy surged back from a recession sparked by the pandemic.
a recession over the next year, down from the 61% odds forecast in May.
Barclays predicted a loss of roughly 375,000 jobs by the middle of next year. But consumer spending remains robust despite high inflation and interest rates that are making credit card use and consumer loans more expensive. And that may help stave off a recession, says Barclays economist Jonathan Millar.
What does FOMC stand for?
The FOMC is the Federal Open Market Committee, the voting body responsible for setting interest rates. The 12-member committee includes seven members of the Board of Governors and five of the 12 Reserve Bank presidents.
What causes inflation?
Inflation can have many roots. Typically, it’s caused by “a macroeconomic excess of spending over the economy’s relative ability to produce goods and services,” said Josh Bivens, the director of research at the Economic Policy Institute, a left-leaning think tank based in Washington D.C.
That means more people are wanting items and services than there is adequate supply, leading producers to raise prices.
“If everyone in the economy, tomorrow, decided they weren’t going to save any money from their paychecks, and they’re just going to spend every last dollar out of the blue, they would all run to the stores and try to buy things,” Bivens said. “But, producers haven’t produced enough to accommodate that big surge of across-the-board spending. So, you would see prices bid up.”
Inflation can also happen when there are too few producers, or there aren’t enough employees to provide the coveted products and services, Bivens said.
Finally, economies also have some “built-in inflation” to help keep inflation in check. In the U.S., that target is 2%, meaning businesses can raise prices 2% annually year and that shouldn’t overburden consumers. That’s also the typical cost of living raise offered by employers.
Inflation meaning
Inflation is the term for a “generalized rise in prices,” according to Josh Bivens, head of research at the Economic Policy Institute, a left-leaning think tank based in Washington D.C.
Everything from food to rent can become costlier due to inflation. But it is the overall impact that determines what the inflation rate actually is.
“Inflation, though, really is meant to only refer to all goods and services, together, rising in price by some common amount,” Bivens said. The Federal Reserve’s inflation goal is 2%, which means businesses can hike prices by 2% a year and that shouldn’t cause consumers financial distress. Cost of living increases to workers’ pay are also expected to meet that target to ensure consumers can adequately deal with the rising costs of goods and services.
What is CPI?
In November, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) ‒ a measure of the average shift in prices for different products and services ‒ was 3.1%, down slightly from the month before.
Annual inflation is down dramatically from the 9.1% in June 2022 that marked a 40-year high but remains above the 2% target the Fed sees as the level that signals the rate of price increases is under control.
Why is CPI important?
The Federal Reserve watches two key aspects of the economy, price stability and maximum employment, and those are the main factors it takes into account for its interest rate decisions. The CPI is a primary measure the Fed looks at to help determine if prices are “stable.’’
What is the difference between CPI and core CPI?
Core prices don’t count the volatile costs of food and energy items, giving a more accurate window into longer-term trends.
Are wages going up in 2024?
If you’re deemed a top performer at a company that is offering raises, you’ve got a pretty good chance of getting a pay boost next year.
About 3 out of four business leaders told ResumeBuilder.com they intended to give raises. But half of those company executives said only 50% or less of their staff members would see a pay hike, and 82% of the raises would hinge on performance. For those who do manage to get the salary boost, 79% of employers said the pay hikes would be greater than those given in recent years.
Are U.S. Treasury yields rising?
Not recently.
The 10-year Treasury yield was above 5% in November when the Fed kept rates steady for the second consecutive month the first time it had left the key rate unchanged two months in a row in almost two years.
That led to mortgage rates spiking to almost 8% and pushed up other borrowing costs for consumers and businesses. Stocks meanwhile sank close to a recent low, leading Fed Chair Jerome Powell to say such financial pressures could achieve the same cooling effect on the economy as additional rate hikes.
But in the following weeks, 10-year Treasury yields dipped to 4.2% and stocks rebounded. That might make the Fed resist rate cuts in case the economy heats up and causes the broader dip in prices “to stall at an uncomfortably elevated level,” Barclays says.
Barclays and Goldman Sachs forecast that rate cuts won’t happen until the spring, and that there will be only two, to a range of 4.75% to 5%, with more cuts implemented in the next two years.
When will inflation go back to normal?
It may take a little while.
Inflation’s decline likely “won’t show much progress in coming months,” Barclays wrote in a research note.
Overall price hikes have eased significantly since peaking at 9.1% in June 2022, a four-decade high. And in October, broader inflation as well as core prices experienced a dip, leading to a lower 10-year Treasury yield.
But core prices, which exclude the volatile costs of food and energy, will probably rise 0.3% each of the next three months, Goldman Sachs says. Used cars and furniture have been getting cheaper as the supply-chain shortages of the pandemic end. Meanwhile, health care, auto repairs, car insurance and rent continue to get more expensive, as employers pay higher wages to attract workers amid a labor shortage lingering from the global health crisis.
What is core inflation right now?
Core prices, which leave out the more volatile costs of food and energy, bumped up 0.3% in November, slightly more than the 0.2% uptick seen the previous month. That kept the yearly increase at 4%, the lowest rate since September 2021.
New inflation tax brackets
Inflation may also impact the amount of taxes you have to pay.
The Internal Revenue Service said in its annual inflation adjustments report that there will be a 5.4% bump in income thresholds to reach each new level in next year’s tax season.
In 2024, the lowest rate of 10% will apply to individuals with taxable income up to $11,600 and joint filers up to $23,200. The top rate of 37% will apply to individuals earning over $609,350, and married couples filing jointly who make at least $731,200 a year.
The IRS makes these adjustments annually, using a formula based on the consumer price index to account for inflation and stave off “bracket creep,” which happens when inflation shifts taxpayers into a higher bracket though they’re not seeing any real rise in pay or purchasing power.
The 2024/25 increase is less than last year’s 7% increase, but much more than recent years when inflation was below the current 3.1% inflation rate.
Will Social Security get a raise because of inflation?
Yes, but it will be a lot less than what recipients received in 2023.
The cost-of-living adjustment, or COLA, to Social Security benefits will be 3.2% next year. That’s roughly one-third of the 8.7% increase given in 2023, which marked a forty-year high.
The 2024 COLA hike is above the average 2.6% raise recipients have received over the past two decades, but seniors remain concerned about being able to pay their expenses as well as the increasing possibility Social Security benefits will be reduced in coming years, according to a retirement survey of 2,258 people by The Senior Citizens League, a nonprofit seniors group.
How does raising rates lower inflation?
The federal funds rate is what banks pay each other to borrow overnight. If that rate increases, banks usually pass along that extra cost, meaning it becomes more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow as rates rise on credit cards, adjustable rate mortgages and other loans. That’s why the funds rate is the key mechanism used by the Federal Reserve to calm inflation.
Simply put, companies and consumers don’t borrow as much when loans cost them more, and that means an overheated economy can cool and inflation may dip.
Will credit card interest rates continue to rise this holiday season?
The Fed’s string of rate hikes, aimed at easing the highest inflation in four decades, are a big reason credit card interest rates have reached record highs just in time for the holiday season.
Some retail credit cards now charge more than 33% interest, topping a 30% threshold that stores and banks were previously able to bypass but seldom did – until now.
“They can charge that much,” said Chi Chi Wu, a senior attorney at the nonprofit National Consumer Law Center. “Credit cards can actually charge whatever they want. It’s a little-known fact.”
The domino effect of a high benchmark rate and soaring credit card interest could put many Americans in financial straits this holiday season.
Though some consumers are paring back to deal with high prices, rising debt and shrinking savings, the average shopper expects to spend $1,652 this year on holiday purchases, according to the consultancy Deloitte, more than was typically spent in the last three years.
A lot of the buying will be done with credit cards. In an October poll of 1,036 shoppers by CardRates.com, nearly 4 in 10 respondents said they intend to have holiday credit card debt in the new year.
The nation’s collective credit card debt was $1.08 trillion, at the end of September, a record high. And the average interest rate was 21%, the highest ever documented by the Federal Reserve.
Savings account impact of high rates
The upside to the Fed’s string of rate hikes has been that consumers were able to earn good interest on their savings for the first time in years. Even when the Fed leaves interest rates unchanged, savers can do well.
Unfortunately, most account holders aren’t making the most of that potential opportunity.
Roughly one-fifth of Americans who have savings accounts don’t know how much interest they’re earning, according to a quarterly Paths to Prosperity study by Santander US, part of the global bank Santander. Among those who did know their account’s interest rate, most were earning less than 3%.
But consumers have time to make a change that could enable them to make more from their savings.
“We’re still a long way from (the Fed) beginning to cut rates,” said Greg McBride, chief financial analyst at financial services platform Bankrate. “This is great news for savers, who will continue to enjoy inflation-beating returns in the top-yielding, federally insured online savings accounts and certificates of deposit. For borrowers, interest rates staying higher for a longer period underscores the urgency to pay down and pay off costly credit card debt and home equity lines.”
The string of Fed rate hikes that began in March 2022 has made it costlier for consumers to borrow as interest rates on credit cards and other loans increased dramatically.
At the same time, inflation has made daily needs more expensive, pushing more Americans to lean on credit cards to get by. But lenders have become more reluctant to issue new cards, so in the midst of the holiday season, more shoppers are seeking higher credit limits, experts say.
In October, the application rate for higher limits rose to 17.8% from 11.2% in the same month the previous year, and from 12.0% in 2019, New York Fed data showed.
For some consumers, a higher limit on a card they already have is about their only option.
“After COVID, inflation and interest rates went out of control … people have less emergency funds for car repairs or buying presents,” said Brandon Robinson, president and founder of JBR Associates, which specializes in retirement strategies. “What they’re doing is using more credit card utilization – over 30% or well over 50% of their credit card allowance – and then can’t get approved for another card because their credit rating is down.”
Inflation is leading more Americans to work multiple jobs
The number of Americans working at least two jobs is at its highest peak since before the COVID-19 pandemic, according to federal data, an uptick that may reflect the financial pressure people are feeling amid high inflation.
Almost 8.4 million people had multiple jobs in October, the Labor Department said, a figure that represents 5.2% of the laborforce, the highest percentage since January 2020.
“Paying for necessities has become more of a challenge, and affording luxuries and discretionary items has become more difficult, if not impossible for some, particularly those at the lower ends of the income and wealth spectrums,” Mark Hamrick, senior economic analyst at Bankrate, told USA TODAY in an email.
People may also be moonlighting to sock away cash in case they’re laid off since job cuts typically peak at the start of a new year.
What is the Federal Reserve’s 2024 meeting schedule? Here is when the Fed will meet again.
What is the mortgage interest rate today?
Mortgage rates are falling, so is it time to buy?
It depends.
First of all, the Fed doesn’t directly set mortgage rates, but its actions have an impact. For instance, when the central bank was steadily boosting its key rate, the yield on the 10-year treasury bond went up as well. Because those bonds are a gauge for the interest applied to an average 30-year loan, mortgage rates increased.
But over the past six weeks, mortgage rates have been declining, averaging 7% for a 30-year fixed mortgage. That’s down from almost 7.8% at the end of October, according to data released by Freddie Mac on Dec. 7.
That may be giving some wannabe homeowners the confidence to start house hunting. For the week ending Dec. 1, mortgage applications rose 2.8% from the prior week, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association.
“However, in the big picture, mortgage rates remain pretty high,” says Danielle Hale, senior economist for Realtor.com. “The typical mortgage rate according to Freddie Mac data is roughly in line with what we saw in August and early to mid-September, which were then 20 plus year highs.”
So, many potential buyers may still need to sit on the sidelines, waiting for rates to drop further, says Sam Khater, chief economist for Freddie Mac. Hale and many other experts believe mortgage rates will dip next year.
Interest rate projection 2024
The Fed is expected to cut interest rates next year, though markets and economists disagree about how many rate cuts there will be.
Futures markets forecast there will be four or five rate cuts in 2024, amounting to a quarter of a percentage point each. The cuts, they predict, should start by spring, and ultimately drop interest rates as low as 4% to 4.25%.
But core prices, which leave out the volatile costs of food and energy and are the metric followed more closely by the Fed, ticked up 0.3% in November, higher than the 0.2% increase the month before. That might make the Fed more hesitant to nip rates in the immediate future.
Goldman Sachs and Barclays expect there to be only two rate decreases in 2024. And Fed Chair Jerome Powell has cautioned in recent public remarks that it was “premature” to talk about rate cuts.
November inflation report
Inflation dipped slightly last month, with falling gas prices mitigating the impact of rising rents.
Consumer prices overall increased 3.1% from a year earlier, slightly below the 3.2% rise in October, according to the Labor Department’s consumer price index. That slower pace moves the inflation rate nearer to the level, reached in June, that was the lowest in over two years. Month over month, prices increased a slight 0.1%.
Core prices, however, which leave out the more erratic costs of food and energy and which are more closely monitored by the Fed, increased 0.3% in November after rising 0.2% the previous month. That means core inflation’s yearly increase remained at 4%, though it’s the lowest level since September 2021.
In adjusting to new case-mix systems under the Patient Driven Payment Model (PDPM), the changes to reimbursement rates might be more widespread and large-scale than anticipated, posing financing threats to the nursing home sector because lenders are basing loans on rate projections that are expected to be scaled back.
The goal of budget neutrality – in which reimbursements should cancel out costs associated with care – especially when it comes to Medicaid rates, may come back to bite providers and investors in the nursing home space who are currently securing deals based on higher reimbursement projections.
That’s according to Marc Zimmet, CEO of Zimmet Healthcare Services Group. While budget adjustment factors are not a new phenomenon, what will be new is the scale to which states will be clawing back money after adjusting to new case-mix systems under PDPM.
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What’s more, expectations of Medicaid rate increases are driving transaction volume, with banks underwriting loans based on a formula for state Medicaid reimbursement under PDPM. However, such projections aren’t expected to stay in place, Zimmet said, as states aim for budget neutrality.
Learning from Medicare adjustment
When CMS transitioned to PDPM, they looked at scores from assessments that were done when there was no PDPM – and providers weren’t “optimizing,” he said. Now, after the switch, providers are indeed trying to optimize reimbursement. Efforts to better capture depression is a good example, with assessment scores coming in much higher than Medicare had anticipated.
This resulted in 5% in overspending for the first year of PDPM, or $1.7 billion more than under RUGs, short for Resource Utilization Groups.
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The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) had intended to spend the same amount of Medicare money on nursing home care through PDPM as it had under the system it replaced.
“[CMS] comes in and says, we’re doing a recalibration, we’re taking the money back because it was supposed to be budget neutral. That happens all the time with Medicaid. When Medicaid does a transition, they model it based on old assessments,” said Zimmet.
What changes with the transition is provider behavior, he continued, as they start capturing everything that drives reimbursement.
“So then the [initial] rates don’t come in at $200, they come in at $250. The nursing homes are all psyched. [They think] they ‘re getting a windfall,” Zimmet said, using hypothetical numbers. But, just like what happens with Medicare rate adjustments, states notice that nursing homes are spending above budget and, because the transition is supposed to be budget neutral, they now “claw back the money,” said Zimmet, explaining the process by which the reductions to reimbursements are made on the state level.
The difference now, he said, is that this claw back is happening in dozens of states.
He calls it the “great transition,” since there are a large number of states changing their payment model. History tells us that when there’s a change of payment model, provider behavior changes, he said.
On paper, it’s going to look like facilities are getting big Medicaid rate increases, but history also tells us that states don’t come up with all that money. A budget adjustment factor, or recalibration, will pare back any reimbursement beyond what was accounted for in the state budget.
In the end, Zimmet expects the same operators that were good at optimizing under RUGS will continue to be good at optimizing under PDPM moving forward – net results will be the same.
Implications for dealmaking
As industry leaders keep track of Medicaid rate changes and budget adjustment proceeds at the state level, Zimmet said this will affect dealmaking as well – and already has.
He’s getting calls from banks who do underwriting for nursing home loans. They’re buying facilities and seeing that rates have gone up, and are now basing loans on these increased rate projections.
“The state is not all of a sudden going to come up with another $100 million dollars. There’s going to be a budget adjustment,” he said. “It’s a bubble. These loans are going to be made, are being made, and the rates are not going to be what they think they’re going to be on paper, they will be clawed back; you’re going to have [something] like the housing crisis.”
This scenario is unfolding in multiple states, he said, as banks are lending based on reimbursements that aren’t going to stay in place – they’re going to get clawed back.
State example
Some states have already started addressing the change between RUGS and PDPM in terms of Medicaid rates, Zimmet said, pointing to Pennsylvania and Colorado in particular.
For Colorado’s Medicaid nursing home rate, statewide average rates increased 10% starting in July, and another increase of 3% is anticipated for July 2024 and then no less than 1.5% in July 2025, according to Doug Farmer, president and CEO of the Colorado Health Care Association.
“Between now and July 1, 2025, there will be a process to determine the structure of our [Medicaid] rates moving forward. That rate methodology will be taking into account the interest of stabilizing the profession, ensuring access and working to address the increases in behavioral health needs in long term care settings,” Farmer said in an email to Skilled Nursing News.
Colorado moved away from RUGS and began using PDPM on July 1 2023, he said.
“For this first year, the state enacted a ‘hold harmless’ in rate setting, which ensured that no provider saw a rate decrease as a result of the change,” said Farmer. “That ‘hold harmless’ was used because providers did not have time to begin coding under the new PDPM-based requirement prior to the shift in methodology.”
Pennsylvania won a significant 17% increase in its Medicaid rate in 2022 after no increases for a decade. This year, the state approved a $16 million increase in Medicaid rates, about $10 million short of what associations had advocated for.
Looking ahead, there’s much volatility in the state when it comes to Medicaid rates, especially as new staffing requirements take effect requiring one nurse aide for every 12 residents during day shifts, according to a report from the Philadelphia Inquirer.
State lawmakers still have to agree on a budget for fiscal 2024, but Medicaid regulators warn that Pennsylvania nursing homes – nearly twice as many as last year – may face a 5% cut to their daily Medicaid rate, according to a report from the Philadelphia Inquirer in June.
To make matters even more confusing, less than half as many as last year could see their Medicaid rates go up 5% or more in the state.
The decision to become a physician assistant, or PA, is a noble but big one. PAs work at hospitals, medical offices, nursing homes, retail clinics, community health centers, and in the federal government.
Becoming a PA often means taking on student loans, which begs the question: Is PA school worth the debt?
Average Cost of PA School
In the 2019-2020 school year, the average cost of PA school was $56,850 for two years at an in-state school and $101,500 for an out-of-state school, according to the American Academy of Physician Assistants.
Before sticker shock sets in, the average salary of certified PAs in 2022 was $125,270 per year. Those working in outpatient care centers, one of the highest paying locations, average a mean annual salary of $137,040.
Once those salaries are claimed and regularly earned, there’s the matter of loan repayment. This guide will help readers consider strategies to handle PA school debt.
Recommended: How Much Does PA School Cost?
Physician Assistant (PA) School Repayment Options
Fortunately, there are options available for PAs who are mindful of interest and debt accumulating in their name. The big one is the federal government’s Public Service Loan Forgiveness program, which kicks in “if you are employed by a U.S. federal, state, local, or tribal government or not-for-profit organization.” PSLF forgives the remaining balance on Direct Loans after 120 qualifying payments (a big number that can often boil down to 10 years’ worth of payments) under a qualifying repayment plan.
Another option for PAs is an income-driven repayment plan. There are four plans to choose from, including Income-Contingent Repayment, Pay As You Earn, Revised Pay As You Earn, and Income-Based Repayment. Similar to Public Service Loan Forgiveness, the motivation for these plans is working toward student loan forgiveness — if PAs can’t qualify for PSLF, possibly because they work for a private employer, they could still receive loan forgiveness after 20 or 25 years of repayment under an income-driven repayment plan. 💡 Quick Tip: Some student loan refinance lenders offer no fees, saving borrowers money.
Other Payment Programs
There are also federal and state programs that reimburse health care workers in underserved areas, also called Health Professional Shortage Areas. The Health Resources & Services Administration offers a searchable online database of shortage areas by state and county, and a tool to check if a location has been officially designated as an underserved area.
Then there are State-based Loan Repayment Programs, whose financial incentive can vary depending on specialty. Colorado, for example, offers $90,000 for a full-time PA ($45,000 for a part-time PA), and PAs must “agree to work for a term of three years at an approved site, work part-time or full-time with a minimum of clinical contact hours, and also meet the hourly requirements during the entire service obligation.”
States vary in requirements and awards. The Health Resources & Services Administration also is of help in looking into SLRPs.
Planning for the Future
One way to minimize the shock of shouldering PA school debt is to build a budget — and stick to it. Although pretty much everyone knows that budgeting is a smart idea, few actually put it into practice: According to the National Foundation for Credit Counseling, more than half the population (56%) did not have a budget in 2021.
A simple way to create a budget is to list out all of your fixed expenses. Fixed expenses do not change month-to-month and include things like rent or mortgage payments, car payments, student loan payments, daycare costs, cell phone services, gym memberships, and more. Next, list out your variable expenses, which do change depending on the month. Variable expenses include food, gas, entertainment, utilities, clothing, and emergency expenses. If your income does not exceed your spending, create spending limits for your variable expenses. Make sure to budget for retirement, emergency savings, and other miscellaneous expenses that may crop up.
Refinancing School Debt
It’s no secret that pretty much any type of higher education career often means taking on considerable student loan debt. If it reaches a point where making real progress on repaying the loans feels nearly impossible, federal student loan repayment and forgiveness programs either don’t apply or aren’t the right fit, or personal loans are involved, then refinancing with a private lender might be a good option.
With refinancing, a new loan is used to pay off one or more existing federal or private loans. In addition to combining multiple loans into one, qualified borrowers may also land a better interest rate, reducing the amount they pay in interest over the life of the loan assuming the loan term does not change.
Recommended: Student Loan Refinancing Calculator
However, refinancing federal student loans with a private lender means a borrower is no longer eligible for many of the state and federal programs mentioned above, or other protections and benefits extended to federal student loan borrowers. Those looking to combine federal loans only can consider a student loan consolidation.
Refinancing Student Loans With SoFi
Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.
With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.
SoFi Student Loan Refinance If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.
SoFi Loan Products SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Veterans who are unable to work because of a service-related disability may qualify for Total Disability Based on Individual Unemployability (TDIU) benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs. They receive the same benefits as veterans with a 100% disability rating (even if they don’t have that rating)
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To qualify for TDIU, you must be unable to work and have a minimum level of service-related disability rating.
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) reviews claims and provides benefits for TDIU.
How much is TDIU?
In 2024, TDIU benefits range from $3,737.85 to $4,433.39
. Monthly compensation might be higher for eligible veterans with multiple children.
Veterans who qualify for TDIU are eligible for the same benefits as someone who has a 100% disability rating with VA disability benefits. The VA adjusts the rates based on the SSA’s annual cost-of-living adjustment
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Receiving TDIU comes with enhanced eligibility status for VA health care benefits. That isn’t a guarantee that you’ll receive them, but the VA says you are more likely to be approved for them if you receive TDIU.
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How to qualify for TDIU
To qualify for TDIU, a veteran must:
Have a service-related disability rating of 60% or higher, or two service-related disabilities: one with a rating off 40% or higher, and a combined disability rating of at least 70%
.
Be unable to work in a job that supports them consistently because of the service-related disability.
🤓Nerdy Tip
If you have one service-related disability, it must have a rating of at least 60%.
If you have two service-related disabilities, at least one must be rated 40% or higher — but together, they must have a combined rating of at least 70%.
The VA assigns the percentage ratings for disabilities.
You meet the unemployed requirement if you are unable to earn enough to support yourself, also known as substantial gainful activity (SGA). Generally, this means you are unable to work consistently and pay for necessities such as food and shelter.
The Social Security Administration (SSA) determines the monthly income limit to qualify for TDIU. The substantial gainful activity limit for 2023 is $1,470 per month ($2,460 if you’re blind). In 2024, the limit is $1,550 per month ($2,590 if blind).If you earn more than the monthly income limit, you are unlikely to qualify for TDIU.
You don’t have to be unemployable in every field to qualify for TDIU
. You can still qualify for TDIU if you have marginal employment, which is a job that provides earnings below the current poverty threshold for an individual. Marginal employment can also include work in a “protected environment,” such as family business where you receive accommodations that other jobs cannot provide. In that case, you might still qualify for TDIU even if you earn more than the annual poverty threshold.
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TDIU qualification examples
Here are several examples of how people might qualify or not qualify for TDIU.
Single disability approved for TDIU
Haley has a service-related disability that affects her shoulder and is rated at 70%. She is a truck driver and struggles to drive for long periods of time. She has had to take more time off recently because of her disability, and it has dropped her income to $1,245 a month.
Haley is approved for TDIU because:
Her single disability is rated above 60%.
Her disability keeps her from earning more than the SGA limit.
Single disability not approved for TDIU
Manuel has a service-related disability that is rated 90% and affects his digestive system. He is a teacher. His disability requires him to use the restroom every hour or so and keeps him from sitting through long meetings or participating in outdoor activities where a restroom isn’t nearby. He currently earns $3,400 a month.
Even though Manuel’s single disability is higher than 60%, the VA doesn’t approve him for TDIU because he is still able to earn more than the monthly income limit. An alternative is for him to speak with his employer about accommodations for certain situations.
Two disabilities approved for TDIU
Aisha has two service-related disabilities. One affects her neck and is rated 60%, and the other affects her grip strength and is rated 90%. Together they have a disability rating of 70%. She works as a contract architect for a construction company and is only paid for the projects she completes. Because she can only sit for so long and must take frequent breaks to rest her neck and hands, her income has dropped to $1,360 a month.
Aisha is approved for TDIU because:
Of her two service-related disabilities, one is rated at least 40%.
Her combined rating for her disabilities is at least 70%.
Her disabilities are affecting her ability to earn more than the monthly income limit.
Two disabilities not approved for TDIU
Deidra has two service-related disabilities. One affects their lung capacity and is rated at 70%, and the other affects their sinus cavity and is rated 30%. Together they have a disability rating of 50%. They work as wait staff at a cafe and depend on hourly wages plus tips to earn a living. Because they have limited lung capacity, they must go a little slower at work than their colleagues and take breaks if they get out of breath. They also have to limit how long they are in the kitchen because any smoke can bother their lungs and sinuses. Despite not cutting their hours, they are serving fewer tables and working more slowly than other wait staff because of their disabilities. This has affected their tips and dropped their income to $1,480 a month.
Even though Deidra’s income is below the monthly income limit, the VA doesn’t approve them for TDIU because their combined disability rating is below 70%. An alternative is for them to speak with their employer about accommodations for certain situations and apply for Social Security disability insurance (SSDI).
When determining TDIU benefits, the VA doesn’t consider the following information:
The applicant’s age
.
How non-service-related disabilities affect the applicant’s ability to keep substantial gainful employment.
Reasons (other than the applicant’s service-related disability) the applicant left a job.
TDIU vs. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)
The main difference between TDIU and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) is that TDIU is for disabled veterans who are unable to work in a job that supports them consistently, and SSDI is for disabled people who are not able to work at all. Although the two programs have the same goal, they have several differences.
Veterans Affairs
Social Security Administration
Program contribution
Doesn’t require the beneficiary to contribute financially to the program.
Requires beneficiaries to have contributed financially to the program.
Disability type
Considers only service-related disabilities that prevent someone from working.
Doesn’t restrict disabilities to those related to military service.
Disability rating
Doesn’t require someone to have a VA rating of 100%.
Requires someone to be completely disabled (the equivalent of a VA rating of 100%).
Work ability
Only requires that an applicant be unable to work a job that meets the definition of substantial gainful employment.
Requires that an applicant be unable to work any type of job.
Veterans may qualify for both TDIU and SSDI, but the programs are from different federal agencies, which means you’ll have to apply to each program separately if you want to receive benefits for both
.
🤓Nerdy Tip
The SSA expedites veterans’ claims for SSDI benefits. You might need to self-identify as a veteran when you apply for SSDI and provide proof of VA-rated disability.
How to apply for TDIU
To receive TDIU benefits, you’ll apply for VA disability benefits and provide documentation such as medical records to show that you are unable to keep steady employment. You’ll also submit records of your work history and education so the VA understands what work you’ve done in the past and what you’re trained to do.
When filing a disability claim for TDIU, you’ll submit two forms that are unique to these types of benefits:
A Veteran’s Application for Increased Compensation Based on Unemployability (VA Form 21-8940).
A Request for Employment Information in Connection with Claim for Disability Benefits (VA Form 21-4192).
The first form requires information about your disability and medical treatment, employment history and education
. You’ll need to provide dates that you were in the hospital within the last 12 months, the dates you last worked full-time and became unable to work because of your disability, the highest annual income you earned during your career and the time lost at each job you’ve held during the past five years due to your service-related disability.
Your most recent employer will fill out and submit the second form
. They will send it directly to the VA after they’ve filled it out, so you only need to provide them with the form.
3 things to know about TDIU
The forms require a lot of information. Because TDIU requires two additional forms, you’ll have to provide a lot of information about your disability and work history. It might take you a while to collect all of this information, so be prepared to gather everything in advance.
Your most recent employer needs to submit a form. Your employer must fill out the Request for Employment Information in Connection with Claim for Disability Benefits — you can’t do it. The employer’s HR department should know how to handle the form. Once you’ve provided the form, ask for an estimate of when they’ll submit the form to the VA, and ask for an email confirming that they’ve submitted it.
You can also receive additional government assistance. Because VA benefits are separate from SSA benefits and those offered through individual states, such as Medicaid, you can also apply for other assistance programs. However, qualifying for TDIU does not guarantee that you are eligible for other benefit programs.
AI’s impact on the job market and society is a topic of much debate. However, its potential to assist businesses in making informed decisions is undeniable. Artificial intelligence (AI) has permeated various aspects of our lives, sparking discussions about its possibilities and challenges. Will we witness the realization of AI’s capabilities in the upcoming year? SAS, a frontrunner in AI and analytics, has enlisted the insights of executives and experts from across the organization to forecast trends and pivotal developments in AI for 2024. Here are some of the forecasts they have put forward.
Generative AI will augment (not replace) a comprehensive AI strategy
SAS, with a recent commitment of $1 billion to AI-powered industry solutions, emphasizes the growing significance of generative AI in organizational strategies. In 2024, organizations will shift towards integrating this technology to complement industry-specific AI strategies.
In banking, simulated data for stress testing and scenario analysis will help predict risks and prevent losses. In health care, that means the generation of individualized treatment plans. In manufacturing, generative AI can simulate production to identify improvements in quality, reliability, maintenance, energy efficiency and yield.
Bryan Harris, Chief Technology Officer, SAS
AI will create jobs
Although introducing new AI technologies in 2024 and beyond may lead to temporary disruptions in the job market, it will also ignite the creation of numerous new jobs and roles, thereby contributing to economic expansion.
In 2023, there was a lot of worry about the jobs that AI might eliminate. The conversation in 2024 will focus instead on the jobs AI will create. An obvious example is prompt engineering, which links a model’s potential with its real-world application. AI helps workers at all skill levels and roles to be more effective and efficient.
Udo Sglavo, Vice President of Advanced Analytics SAS
AI will enhance responsible marketing
While AI holds the potential for optimizing marketing and advertising initiatives, it is essential to recognize that biased data and models can yield skewed outcomes.
As marketers, we must consciously practice responsible marketing. Facets of this are awareness of the fallibility of AI and alertness to possible bias creeping in. In SAS Marketing, we are implementing model cards that are like an ingredient list, but for AI. Whether you create or apply AI, you are responsible for its impact. That’s why all marketers, regardless of technical know-how, can review the model cards, validate that their algorithms are effective and fair, and adjust as needed.
Jennifer Chase, Chief Marketing Officer, SAS
Financial firms will embrace AI amid a Dark Age of Fraud
Even as consumers show increased vigilance against fraud, fraudsters use generative AI and deepfake technology to refine their multitrillion-dollar trade. Phishing messages are becoming more sophisticated, and imitation websites appear remarkably authentic. With simple online tools, a criminal can replicate a voice after just a few seconds of audio.
We are entering the Dark Age of Fraud, where banks and credit unions will scramble to make up for lost time in AI adoption – incentivized, no doubt, by regulatory shifts forcing financial firms to assume greater liability for soaring APP [authorized push payment] scams and other frauds.
Stu Bradley, Senior Vice President of Risk, Fraud and Compliance Solutions, SAS
Shadow AI will challenge CIOs
CIOs previously faced challenges with ‘shadow IT’ and will now encounter ‘shadow AI’ – solutions utilized by or developed within an organization without official approval or monitoring by IT.
Well-intentioned employees will continue to use generative AI tools to increase productivity. And CIOs will wrestle daily with how much to embrace these generative AI tools and what guardrails should be put in place to safeguard their organizations from associated risks.
Jay Upchurch, Chief Information Officer, SAS
Multimodal AI and AI simulation will reach new frontiers
The next step in generative AI is the combination of text, images, and audio into one model. This is called multimodal AI, which allows for the simultaneous processing of diverse inputs.
An example of this will be the generation of 3D objects, environments and spatial data. This will have applications in augmented reality [AR], virtual reality [VR], and the simulation of complex physical systems such as digital twins.
Marinela Profi, AI/Generative AI Strategy Advisor, SAS
Digital-twin adoption will accelerate
Organizations can refine operations, enhance product quality, boost safety measures, improve reliability, and decrease emissions through digital twins.
Technologies like AI and IoT [Internet of Things] analytics drive important sectors of the economy, including manufacturing, energy and government. Workers on the factory floor and in the executive suite use these technologies to transform huge volumes of data into better, faster decisions. In 2024, the adoption of AI and IoT analytics will accelerate through broader use of digital-twin technologies, which analyze real-time sensor and operational data and create duplicates of complex systems like factories, smart cities and energy grids.
Jason Mann, Vice President of IoT, SAS
Insurers will confront climate risk, aided by AI
After years of waiting, climate change has evolved from a potential threat to a real and urgent danger. The global insurance industry faced more than $130 billion in losses from natural disasters in 2022, putting immense pressure on insurers worldwide. In the United States, insurers face scrutiny for increasing premiums and pulling out of heavily affected states like California and Florida, leaving millions of customers in a difficult position.
To survive this crisis, insurers will increasingly adopt AI to tap the potential of their immense data stores to shore up liquidity and be competitive. Beyond the gains they realize in dynamic premium pricing and risk assessment, AI will help them automate and enhance claims processing, fraud detection, customer service and more.
Troy Haines, Senior Vice President of Risk Research and Quantitative Solutions, SAS
AI importance will grow in government
AI will soon have an impact on government workforces. Governments struggle to attract and keep AI experts because of their high salaries, but they will actively seek out this talent to support regulatory efforts.
And like enterprises, governments will also increasingly turn to AI and analytics to boost productivity, automate menial tasks and mitigate that talent shortage.
Reggie Townsend, Vice President of the SAS Data Ethics Practice
Generative AI will bolster patient care
In 2024, organizations will continue to advance health and enhance patient and member experiences by developing AI-powered tools for personalized medicine. These tools will include patient-specific avatars for clinical trials and the generation of individualized treatment plans.
Additionally, we will see the emergence of generative AI-based systems for clinical decision support, delivering real-time guidance to payers, providers and pharmaceutical organizations.
Steve Kearney, Global Medical Director, SAS
Deliberate AI deployment will make or break insurers
In 2024, a top 100 global insurer will face closure due to prematurely implementing generative AI. Insurers are rapidly introducing autonomous systems without customizing them to their business models. They aim to use AI for expedited claims processing to counteract recent poor business performance. However, following layoffs in 2023, the remaining workforce will need more support to oversee AI’s ethical and widespread implementation.
The myth of AI as a cure-all will trigger tens of thousands of faulty business decisions that will lead to a corporate collapse, which may irreparably damage consumer and regulator trust.
Franklin Manchester, Global Insurance Strategic Advisor, SAS
Public health will get an AI boost from academia
The COVID-19 pandemic has made it evident that safeguarding our population will necessitate exceptional technology and collaboration. Public health embraces technological advancements like never before.
Whether overdoses or flu surveillance, using data to anticipate public health interventions is essential. Forecasting and modeling are rapidly becoming the cornerstone of public health work, but the government needs help. Enter academia. We will see an increase in academic researchers carrying out AI-driven modeling and forecasting on behalf of the government.
Dr. Meghan Schaeffer, National Public Health Advisor and Epidemiologist, SAS
At SAS Innovate, April 16-19, 2024, in Las Vegas, you have the opportunity to discuss with SAS executives, gain insights into their forecasts, and delve into the newest developments in AI and analytics. Secure your spot to receive updates on the conference and take advantage of early-bird pricing.
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Mihaela Lica Butler is senior partner at Pamil Visions PR. She is a widely cited authority on public relations issues, with an experience of over 25 years in online PR, marketing, and SEO.She covers startups, online marketing, social media, SEO, and other topics of interest for Realty Biz News.
A proposal by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to ban medical debt from credit reports is drawing the ire of the financial services industry, which claims not enough has been done to study the root cause of the problematic medical billing: The fractured health care system.
Advocates have been pushing for years for the CFPB to take medical debt off credit reports, claiming millions of consumers are pursued for debts they don’t owe or that are inaccurate. In September, the CFPB released an outline of a sweeping proposal to amend the Fair Credit Reporting Act. The plan was announced by Vice President Kamala Harris from the White House, with CFPB Director Rohit Chopra saying that medical debt has “little predictive value in credit decisions.”
In comments that closed last week about the proposal, financial firms and trade groups said that if enacted, the plan would restrict lending, increase costs and result in more denials of credit to low- and moderate-income consumers. Experts claim the CFPB’s proposal would make credit reports less accurate, increasing risks for lenders.
“Conceptually, the CFPB is getting into a dangerous place, because they’re saying medical debt doesn’t have predictive value — and that’s not their job,” said Kim Phan, a partner at the law firm Troutman Pepper, who focused on privacy and data security. “The industry has the right to decide what has value and what doesn’t.”
The CFPB said it expects to publish a report in December summarizing the feedback it received on its proposal from small businesses that will include written comments from stakeholders. Next year, the bureau plans to issue a notice of proposed rulemaking that will give the public an opportunity to comment on the plan before it is finalized.
Phan said that unless the CFPB scales back the proposal or makes changes, she expects the bureau will be sued by a trade group or credit bureau once a final rule has been issued. Taking medical debt off credit reports impacts a consumer’s credit capacity, which is one of the seven factors of credit used in underwriting decisions, Phan said.
“If a consumer earns $30,000 a year and just took on $100,000 of medical debt, their capacity to take on new credit is much more restricted,” Phan said.
The CFPB estimates that roughly 100 million people struggle with unpaid medical bills. The scope of the problem is so large that roughly 50 consumer groups banded together to urge the CFPB to take action.
Chi Chi Wu, senior attorney at the National Consumer Law Center, said consumers get stuck with unpaid medical bills for many reasons, though the majority are due to an insurance company denying a claim, paying only part of a claim or a health care provider demanding payment.
“Medical bills are complicated and bizarre and bureaucratic because, unlike a credit card, where the consumer has bought something, a third party is involved in the payment process,” said Wu, who is the lead author of the legal manual Fair Credit Reporting. “Everybody knows the health care system in this country is a mess. Consumers are asking why they got a bill when the insurance company was supposed to cover it.”
Still, collectors say that taking medical debt off credit reports does not tackle the underlying problems with medical billing disputes. Consumers will still owe the debt and the CFPB will be taking away a traditional tool that creditors use to spur debtors to pay: The threat of nonpayment that impacts a consumer’s credit score.
“Just because the debt is not on a credit report doesn’t mean the consumer doesn’t have to pay it,” said Jennifer Whipple, president of Collection Bureau Services, a family-owned debt collection agency in Missoula, Mont. “The proposal is not addressing the issue the CFPB is trying to fix in terms of people having insurance billing or denial issues or unsupportable health care.”
Earlier this year, the three credit bureaus, Equifax, Experian and TransUnion, agreed to remove medical debts of $500 or less from credit reports, which represented roughly 70% of all medical debts. Debt collectors want the CFPB to study the impact of that change, with a focus on health care providers not being paid, before removing the remaining 30% of medical debts still on credit reports.
“It’s too important an issue not to study and not to use data-driven analysis,” said Scott Purcell, CEO of ACA International, the trade group for collectors and creditors.
Whipple, who is the treasurer of ACA, said the CFPB’s message to consumers is that they do not have to pay their medical bills because there will be no impact to their credit. That kind of message, she said, could result in some consumers thinking they don’t need to pay for health care coverage at all.
“If the message is that medical bills won’t be on a credit report, then consumers may think they don’t need to pay a high premium every month or maybe even carry health insurance,” Whipple said. “Folks on Medicare or Medicaid will think they don’t owe the debt and so they may not take the time to fill out the forms to continue to get coverage.”
Banning medical debt from credit reports is just one piece of the CFPB’s proposal, which would subject a wide range of companies to the Fair Credit Reporting Act’s requirements. The plan also has been criticized for restricting the sale of so-called credit header data by the three main credit bureaus, which some experts say could potentially cut off critical information to law enforcement agencies.
The FCRA requires that information on credit reports to be accurate, and was intended to provide a way for consumers to dispute erroneous information on credit reports and give creditors an unbiased and fungible metric of a borrower’s ability to repay. In its proposal, the CFPB said that consumer complaints about medical debt underscore how ineffective, time-consuming and costly the dispute process has become. Legal experts say the CFPB’s proposed changes will reverberate throughout the financial ecosystem with unknown consequences.
“Medical debt is an insurance problem, and to say you can’t collect it or report it doesn’t solve the insurance issues and it also doesn’t help poor people,” said Joann Needleman, a practice leader and member of the law firm Clark Hill.
Wu, at the National Consumer Law Center, said consumers often find out about a medical debt when they try to buy a car or refinance their mortgage and are told that they can’t get approved for a loan.
“Consumers will pay the debt because they don’t have time to go back and dispute it,” she said.
Andrew Nigrinis, an economist at Legal Economics LLC and a former CFPB economist, said the CFPB did not provide a valid economic analysis of the impact of the proposal. He also said the CFPB’s research that found removing medical debt would increase credit scores was hardly a surprise.
“It’s the same logic that if you took away mortgage delinquencies from credit reports, then obviously credit scores would go up,” he said. “It’s not a profound result.”
Medical debt is a major problem for states that failed to implement the expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act and have a high percentage of uninsured residents. In a study he conducted for the collections industry, Nigrinis found that the loss of predictive information on credit reports would result in more lending to unqualified borrowers, higher litigation costs to collect debts, and lost income for medical providers due to nonpayment of services.
“The debt collection industry is very competitive and they pass costs on to consumers,” he said. “Presumably, debt collection rates would go up and so would costs of financing and denials of financing.”
Needleman added that the CFPB “is deciding which debts that a consumer should pay — and that’s not their role.”
Keep in mind that this method might not be feasible for everyone to follow, especially in places like New York City, San Francisco, and Boston where rent is extremely high. For example, the average monthly rent in New York City is $5,600, meaning you would need an annual salary of at least $224,000 to follow the 30% rule.
If you live in a high-cost city and find this rule unrealistic for your scenario, you may want to consider following a different budgeting technique.
2. 50/30/20 Rule
The 50/30/20 rule is a technique that divides your after-tax income into three categories—50% toward needs, 30% toward wants and 20% toward savings. This method isn’t as straightforward since rent is a part of the broader “need” category.
Let’s walk through a step-by-step example to determine your rent budget according to the 50/30/20 rule:
Step 1: Determine 50% of your monthly income: If your monthly take-home pay is $6,000, then allot $3,000 per month toward needs.
Step 2: Add up your other expenses in the “needs” category: Other expenses in the “needs” category include minimum payments on loans, groceries, health care, car payments, and utilities. In this example, let’s say each month you spend $500 on groceries, $100 on health insurance, $150 on utilities, $20 on credit card bills, and $500 on a car payment, which totals $1,270.
Step 3: Subtract the other “needs” expenses from the total “needs” budget to determine your monthly rent: To determine your rent budget, you would subtract $1,270 from $3,000, which equals $1,730.
If, after using this template, you find that your rent budget is lower than you’d prefer, you can lower your other “needs” expenses to allot more money toward your rent budget. For example, you could get a more modest vehicle, shop at a more affordable grocery store, or take steps to lower your utility bill.
3. 70/20/10 Rule
Similarly to the 50/30/20 rule, the 70/20/10 rule divides your post-tax income into three different categories. With this technique, 70% goes to spending, 20% to saving and investing and 10% to debt repayment and donations. With this rule, rent is a part of the “monthly spending” category.
Here’s how to calculate your monthly rent budget according to the 70/20/10 rule:
Step 1: Determine 70% of your monthly income. If your take-home pay is $6,000, allocate $4,200 to the “spending” category.
Step 2: Add up your other monthly spending expenses: Let’s estimate that you have the same “needs” expenses as the example above, which total $1,270. Your monthly “wants” budget includes $250 on eating out, $200 on clothing shopping, $85 on a gym membership, $200 on entertainment, and $300 on travel. Your total monthly spending would equal $2,305.
Step 3: Subtract your monthly spending expenses from the 70% spending budget to determine your monthly rent budget: To determine your budget, you would subtract $2,305 from $4,200, which equals $1,895.
With this rule, you may have more wiggle room to increase your rent budget by cutting down spending on your wants. For example, you could reduce the frequency of eating out or spend less money on clothes to grow your rent budget.
Other Factors to Consider
Remember that there isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach to how much to spend on rent. When deciding between different rental options, consider how the following factors may add additional costs or offer savings opportunities:
Location: Consider the distance to places you frequent and how that might affect costs. For example, you might find that rent is $100 less further out of the city. However, if you drive to the city for work every day, gas money might eat at your cost savings. Not to mention the additional time it adds to your commute.
Amenities: Consider what amenities the apartment offers that could save you money on other parts of your budget. For example, an on-site gym could save you approximately $75 monthly on a separate gym membership.
Remote work: If you work from home, you might put your transportation cost savings toward your rent budget to allow additional space for a home office.
Utilities: Some landlords include utilities in the rent price, while others don’t. Since the average electric bill is $137, it’s important to take this factor into account.
Internet and cable: Consider whether your rent includes internet and cable. Some complexes may require you to purchase an internet and cable package.
How to Save Money on Rent
Due to rising rent costs across the U.S., staying within your rental budget can be a challenging task. Consider the following tips to save money on rent:
Get a roommate: As of February 2023, the average monthly rent for a one-bedroom apartment in the U.S. is $1,152, while the average rent for a two-bedroom apartment is $1,320, which means getting a roommate can save you $492 a month.
Sign your lease in the winter: Studies have shown that December through March are the cheapest months to sign a lease due to decreased demand during the winter season.
Negotiate with your landlord: If you’ve been a reliable tenant or have a strong rental application, you may be able to negotiate your rent. Keep in mind that you’ll likely have more luck negotiating with an independent landlord than a property management company.
Offer to pay upfront: If you have enough savings, offer to pay a few months to a year of rent up front in exchange for a discount.
Opt for a long-term lease: Many landlords prefer long-term tenants and will offer lower rates if you sign a longer lease.
Move to a cheaper area: Generally, rent is more expensive in cities compared to rural or suburban areas. However, If you want to live in an urban area, consider opting for a smaller, more affordable city like Tulsa, OK, rather than a large city like New York, NY.
Budgeting techniques like the 30% rule, the 50/30/20 rule, or the 70/20/10 rule can provide you with a guideline of how much of your income to spend on rent. Additionally, looking for ways to save on rent can help you reach your other financial goals.
Now that you’ve determined your rent budget, credit score is another factor to consider when apartment searching. Landlords and property managers will likely perform a credit check to help determine your ability to pay rent. Generally, your credit score should be in the “good” range (670 or above) to improve the odds of your applications getting approved. While you can get an apartment with bad credit, you might have to jump through additional hoops.
Unsure what your credit score is? Check your credit score for free today to make sure you’re ready to sign a lease.
Who doesn’t like a little something extra? While there are some benefits your employer is required to provide you, they may also give you additional perks in the form of what are known as “fringe benefits.”
Here’s a look at some examples of fringe benefits, how they work, and whether they’re taxable.
What Are Fringe Benefits?
Typically, employers compensate their employees with a traditional paycheck and some additional benefits that they must provide, such as workers’ compensation coverage or unemployment.
But in an effort to keep workers happy, loyal, and motivated — attract new talent — many organizations also offer fringe benefits such as health insurance, childcare assistance, and employee stock options. These extras are above and beyond a regular paycheck and are often included in a hiring package. 💡 Quick Tip: We love a good spreadsheet, but not everyone feels the same. An online budget planner can give you the same insight into your budgeting and spending at a glance, without the extra effort.
Common Fringe Benefits
Here’s a look at some common fringe benefits:
• Accident and health benefits: Provides help with health-related costs not covered by your traditional insurance plan.
• Athletic facilities: Provides access to on- and off-site athletic and gym facilities.
• Dependent care assistance: Helps you pay for some care-related expenses for qualifying dependents, including children, a disabled spouse or legally dependent parents.
• Adoption assistance: Provides payment and reimbursement for expenses related to adopting a child.
• Employee stock options: Gives employees the chance to buy a certain amount of company stock at a specified price and by a certain time.
• Group-term life insurance coverage: Allows employers to provide their employees with up to $50,000 in tax-free insurance. Coverage is traditionally 1-2x salary, where the first $50,000 is received tax-free, then any additional coverage is taxed.
• Health savings accounts (HSAs): Provides tax-advantaged savings accounts for employees enrolled in high-deductible health plans. These accounts may receive contributions by the employer or simply be funded on a pre-tax basis by the employee to help them pay for dental and health care costs.
• Transportation and commuting benefits: Helps employees get to and from work, such as through the use of a company vehicle. Employees may also be able to have qualified transportation costs taken from their pre-tax pay, which reduces their taxable income.
• Tuition reduction: Allows employers to chip in for the cost of tuition to educate an employee and sometimes their spouse or children.
• Meals: Provides employees with free on-site food and snacks.
For a more complete list of fringe benefits, check out IRS Publication 15-B .
Are Fringe Benefits Taxable?
Generally speaking, most fringe benefits are subject to employment taxes. The taxes are taken out of your paycheck and reported on your annual tax return. (If you’re a contractor, you’ll typically report fringe benefits on a Form 1099-MISC. If you’re a non-employee, fringe benefits are not subject to employment tax.)
That said, the IRS does consider some fringe benefits nontaxable. This means they’re not subject to federal income tax withholding, Social Security, Medicare, or federal unemployment tax, nor must they be reported on your tax return. Often, in order for a fringe benefit to avoid being taxed, certain qualifications must be met.
Here are some extra perks that are considered nontaxable (the full list is available on the IRS’ site:
• Retirement planning services
• Adoption assistance
• Meals and snacks (If certain conditions are met)
• Health insurance (up to a certain dollar amount)
• Group-term life insurance (up to a certain amount of coverage)
• Commuting or transportation benefits
• Dependent care assistance (up to a certain amount)
• Awards given for achievements
Tax-Advantaged Fringe Benefits
Some fringe benefits allow employees to direct a certain amount of funds pretax toward qualified accounts and expenses, which can lower their taxable income.
These tax-advantaged benefits are (somewhat oddly) known as “cafeteria plans,” because they allow employees to select the benefits they want. You must be permitted to choose from at least one taxable benefit, like cash, and one qualified benefit. Examples of qualified benefits include:
• 401(k) plans
• Accident and health benefits, excluding Archer medical savings accounts and long-term care insurance.
• Adoption assistance
• Dependent care assistance
• Group-term life insurance coverage
• HSAs (distributions from HSAs can be used to purchase long-term care coverage.)
There are, predictably, a few more nuanced rules about cafeteria plans and employee tax treatment. While most regular employees receive normal tax treatment, other employees or contractors may not be treated as such for cafeteria plans.
If you have tax-related questions about fringe benefits, it might be a good idea to consult your attorney or preferred tax specialist. 💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.
Planning Around Fringe Benefits
Employers typically offer fringe benefits to make the work environment better for the people who currently work there and more desirable for prospective employees.
Some benefits may hold a lot of appeal. For example, 401(k)s are a powerful tool for saving for your retirement. But others may be less appealing. For instance, you may decide you don’t want to use FSAs, which often restrict how much you can contribute and when you have to spend the funds.
It’s common to choose which fringe benefits you want when you’re starting a new job and filling out your initial paperwork. However, many companies will allow you to go back and make changes if you decide later that some choices aren’t right for you.
The Takeaway
Fringe benefits can run the gamut from use of the company car to adoption assistance to employee stock options (to name just a few examples). These extra perks are in addition to your paycheck and can be a powerful way to keep workers happy and loyal while also attracting new talent.
Generally speaking, most fringe benefits are taxable, though some — like retirement planning assistance, athletic facilities, and on-site meals and snacks — are not. Some fringe benefits will even allow you to direct a portion of funds pretax toward qualified accounts and expenses, which can help lower your taxable income.
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Whether you’re purchasing a new pair of eyeglasses, stocking up on over-the-counter medications, or paying for your child’s daycare, there may be certain expenses your health insurance plan doesn’t cover.
In those cases, having a flexible spending account, or FSA, could help you save money. This special savings account lets you set aside pretax dollars to pay for eligible out-of-pocket healthcare expenses, which in turn can lower your taxable income.
Let’s take a look at how these accounts work.
What Is an FSA?
An FSA is an employer-sponsored savings account you can use to pay for certain health care and dependent costs. It’s commonly included as part of a benefits package, so if you purchased a plan on the Health Insurance Marketplace, or have Medicaid or Medicare, you may no longer qualify for a FSA. There are three types of FSA accounts:
• Health care FSAs, which can be used to pay for eligible medical and dental expenses.
• Dependent care FSAs, which can be used to pay for eligible child and adult care expenses, such as preschool, summer camp, and home health care.
• Limited expense health care FSA, which can be used to pay for dental and vision expenses. This type of account is available to those who have a high-deductible health plan with a health savings account.
How Do You Fund an FSA?
If you opt into an FSA, you’ll need to decide on how much to regularly contribute throughout the year. Those contribution amounts will be automatically deducted from your paychecks and placed into the account. Whatever money you put into an FSA isn’t taxed, which means you can keep more of what you earn.
Your employer may also throw some money into your FSA account, but they are under no legal obligation to do so.
You can use your FSA throughout the year to either reimburse yourself or to help pay for eligible expenses for you, your spouse, and your dependents (more on that in a minute). Typically, you’ll be required to submit a claim through your employer and include proof of the expense (usually a receipt), along with a statement that says that your regular health insurance does not cover that cost.
Some employers offer an FSA debit card or checkbook, which you can use to pay for qualifying medical purchases without having to file a reimbursement claim through your employer. 💡 Quick Tip: When you have questions about what you can and can’t afford, a spending tracker app can show you the answer. With no guilt trip or hourly fee.
What Items Qualify for FSA Reimbursement?
The IRS decides which expenses qualify for FSA reimbursement, and the list is extensive. Here’s a look at some of what’s included — you can see the full list on the IRS’ website.
• Health plan co-payments and deductibles (but not insurance premiums)
• Prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses
• Dental and vision expenses
• Prescription medications
• Over-the-counter medicines
• First aid supplies
• Menstrual care items
• Birth control
• Sunscreen
• Home health care items, like thermometers, crutches, and medical alert devices
• Medical diagnostic products, like cholesterol monitors, home EKG devices, and home blood pressure monitors
• Home health care
• Day care
• Summer camp
Are There Any FSA Limits?
For 2023, health care FSA and limited health care FSA contributions are limited to $3,050 per year, per employer. Your spouse can also contribute $3,050 to their FSA account as well.
Meanwhile, dependent care FSA contributions are limited to $5,000 per household, or $2,500 if you’re married and filing separately.
Does an FSA Roll Over Each Year?
In general, you’ll need to use the money in an FSA within a plan year. Any unspent money will be lost. However, the IRS has changed the use-it-or-lose-it rule to allow a little more flexibility.
Now, your employer may be able to offer you a couple of options to use up any unspent money in an FSA:
• A “grace period” of no more than 2½ extra months to spend whatever is left in your account
• Rolling over up to $610 to use in the following plan year. (In 2024, that amount increases to $640.)
Note that your employer may be able to offer one of these options, but not both.
One way to avoid scrambling to spend down your FSA before the end of the year or the grace period is to plan ahead. Calculate all deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, prescription drugs, and other possible costs for the coming year, and only contribute what you think you’ll actually need.
Recommended: Flexible Spending Accounts: Rules, Regulations, and Uses
How Can You Use Up Your FSA?
You can consider some of these strategies to get the most out of your FSA:
• Buy non-prescription items. Certain items are FSA-eligible without needing a prescription (but save your receipt for the paperwork!). These items may include first-aid kits, bandages, thermometers, blood pressure monitors, ice packs, and heating pads. Check out the FSA Store to find out which items may be covered.
• Get your glasses (or contacts). You may be able to use your FSA to cover the cost of prescription eyeglasses, contact lenses, and sunglasses as well as reading glasses. Contact lens solution and eye drops may also be covered.
• Keep family planning in mind. FSA-eligible items can include condoms, pregnancy tests, baby monitors, fertility kits. If you have a prescription for them, female contraceptives may also be covered.
• Don’t forget your dentist. Unfortunately, toothpaste and cosmetic procedures are not covered by your FSA, but dental checkups and associated costs might be. These could include copays, deductibles, cleanings, fillings, X-rays, and even braces. Mouthguards and cleaning solutions for your retainers and dentures may be FSA-eligible as well. 💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.
Flexible Savings Account (FSA) vs. Health Savings Account (HSA)
You may have heard of a health savings account (HSA). It’s easy to confuse it with an FSA, as they share some similarities.
Both types of accounts:
• Offer some tax advantages
• Can be used to pay for co-payments, deductibles, and eligible medical expenses
• Can be funded through employee-payroll deductions, employer contributions, or individual deductions
• Have a maximum contribution amount. In 2023, people with individual coverage can contribute up to $3,850 per year, while those with family coverage can cset aside up to $7,750 per year.
That said, there are some key differences between HSAs and FSAs:
• You must be enrolled in a high deductible health plan in order to qualify for an HSA.
• HSAs do not have a use-it-or-lose-it rule. Once you put money in the account, it’s yours.
• If you quit or are fired from your job, your HSA can go with you. This happens even if your employer contributed money to the account.
• If you’re 55 or older, you can contribute an additional $1,000 to your HSA as a catch-up contribution — similar to the catch-up contributions allowed with an IRA.
• If you withdraw money from your HSA for a non-qualified expense before the age of 65, you’ll pay taxes on it plus a 20% penalty.
• If you withdraw money from your HSA for any type of expense after age 65, you don’t pay a penalty. However, the withdrawal will be taxed like regular income.
Recommended: Benefits of Health Savings Accounts
The Takeaway
Flexible spending accounts are offered by employers and can be a useful tool for paying for health care- or dependent-related expenses. Notably, you fund the account with pretax dollars taken from your paycheck, which can lower your taxable income and help you save money.
You typically need to spend your FSA money within a plan year, though your employer may give you the option to either roll over a portion of the balance into the next year or use it during a grace period. There are also guidelines around what you can spend the FSA funds on and how much you can contribute to your account.
Take control of your finances with the SoFi Insights money tracker app. Connect all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.
SoFi helps you stay on top of your finances.
SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.
External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.